Abstract: A display may have display layers that form an array of pixels. An angle-of-view adjustment layer may overlap the display layers. The angle-of-view adjustment layer may include an array of adjustable light blocking structures formed from electrochromic material. The electrochromic material may be interposed between first and second electrode layers. When it is desired to operate the display in a private viewing mode, control circuitry may apply a current to the first and second electrodes that causes the electrochromic material to become more opaque, thereby restricting the angle of view of the display. When it is desired to operate the display in a public viewing mode, control circuitry may apply a current to the first and second electrodes that causes the electrochromic material to become more transparent, thereby opening up the angle of view of the display.

Abstract: A light emitting element ink and a method of manufacturing a display device are provided. The light emitting element ink includes a light emitting element solvent, a light emitting element dispersed in the light emitting element solvent, the light emitting element including a plurality of semiconductor layers and an insulating film surrounding outer surfaces of the semiconductor layers, a thickener dispersed in the light emitting element solvent, wherein a compound of the thickener includes a functional group capable of forming a hydrogen bond together with a compound of the light emitting element solvent or another compound of the thickener and the compound of the thickener is represented by Chemical Formula 1.

Abstract: Disclosed are an antioxidant which increases chemical durability of a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) and a method for manufacturing the same. The antioxidant may prevent chemical degradation of the fuel cell and have improved antioxidation capability through a reduction reaction annealing process.

Abstract: An inkjet composition for an inkjet printer, a light-emitting device including the same, and a method of manufacturing the light-emitting device are provided. The ink composition may include light-emitting diodes and a solvent. The solvent may have a first viscosity at a first temperature section that may be greater than a second viscosity at a second temperature section. The solvent may include an ester compound of citric acid, glycol, alkanediol, alkanolamine, alkenic acid, alkenol, a pyrrolidone group-containing compound, glycerol, a compound represented by Formula 1, a compound represented by Formula 2, or any combination thereof: Substituents in Formula 1 and Formula 2 may be understood as described in connection with the detailed description. Each of the light-emitting diodes may have a size in a range of about 0.1 ?m to about 10 ?m.

Abstract: A device comprising a light emitting diode (LED) substrate, and a meta-molecule wavelength converting layer positioned within an emitted light path from the LED substrate, the a meta-molecule wavelength converting layer including a plurality of nanoparticles, the plurality of nanoparticles configured to increase a light path length in the wavelength converting layer.

Abstract: An ink used in forming a functional layer of a self-luminous element by a printing method, the ink including a functional material and a mixed solvent. The mixed solvent includes solvents each having different vapor pressures. The functional material is dissolved or dispersed in the mixed solvent. A solvent that has a lowest vapor pressure among the solvents has a viscosity of at least 53 mPa·s, and a viscosity of the mixed solvent is 15 mPa·s or less.

Abstract: A particle layer is positioned over a light output surface of a light emitting diode. A transparent protection layer positioned between and in contact with the light output surface and the particle layer. The particle layer comprises a multitude of optically scattering or luminescent particles and a thin coating layer of transparent material coating particles of the multitude. The particles are characterized by a D50 greater than about 1.0 ?m and less than about 30. ?m; the coating layer has a thickness less than about 0.20 ?m. The protection layer is less than about 0.05 ?m thick and includes one or more materials different from material of the coating layer. The protection and coating layers can each include one or more metal or semiconductor oxides. Oxide precursor reactivities, with respect to the corresponding light output surface, are less for protection layer material than for coating layer material.

Abstract: Nozzle designs which have been found to be effective in governing overspray in OVJP are provided. Aspects of the invention have been found to be effective in reducing or avoiding sudden pressure drops at the end of the nozzle close to the substrate, and may be advantageously employed in obtaining, for example, greater consistency between the nozzle outlet diameter and the deposited pattern width.

Abstract: A thin film of amorphous metal oxide includes zinc (Zn), silicon (Si) and oxygen (O), the atomic ratio of Zn/(Zn+Si) being 0.30 to 0.95.

Abstract: A method includes obtaining a potassium hexafluorosilicate (PFS)-based powder, obtaining a fluidization material, and mixing the PFS-based powder with the fluidization material to form a PFS-based mixture. The PFS-based mixture is configured to be mixed with a resinous material to form a flowing phosphor blend configured to be placed onto a light source to form a phosphor on the light source.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a light-emitting element, in particular, a method for manufacturing a light-emitting element with high emission efficiency is provided. In the method for manufacturing a light-emitting element that includes a light-emitting layer containing a host material and a light-emitting material that is an organic compound or an organic metal complex, the light-emitting layer is formed by co-evaporation of the light-emitting material and the host material, and the light-emitting layer is deposited by co-evaporation while the percentage of the partial pressure of carbon dioxide with respect to the total pressure in an evaporation chamber for the co-evaporation is kept higher than that in the air.

Abstract: Provided is an organic light emitting diode display device and a manufacturing method thereof. The method includes: preparing a thin film transistor layer on a glass substrate; preparing a plurality of organic light emitting diode elements on a thin film transistor layer; preparing a barrier layer and a buffer layer on the thin film transistor layer, wherein the barrier layer covers the plurality of organic light emitting diode elements; preparing a plurality of island structures on the barrier layer or on the buffer layer, wherein the plurality of island structures are located a non-light emitting region on the barrier layer or the buffer layer. The path of water vapor entering the OLED display device can be prolonged to enhance the absorption of water vapor and to enhance the packaging result of the OLED display device.

Abstract: A method of producing hybrid fluorescent material includes dispersing Lu3Al5O12:Ce fluorescent material particles in a first solution; mixing the first solution in a second solution, the second solution including a mixture of a first metallic salt containing at least one element selected from the group consisting of yttrium, gadolinium, and terbium, a second metallic salt containing aluminum and/or gallium, and a third metallic salt containing cerium, wherein the mixing attaches (Y,Gd,Tb)3(Al,Ga)5O12:Ce fluorescent material precursor particles on surfaces of the Lu3Al5O12:Ce fluorescent material particles to obtain a hybrid fluorescent material precursor; separating the hybrid fluorescent material precursor particles from the first and second solutions; and calcining the hybrid fluorescent material precursor particles to obtain a hybrid fluorescent material of Lu3Al5O12:Ce fluorescent material particles covered by (Y,Gd,Tb)3(Al,Ga)5O12:Ce fluorescent material.

Abstract: A method for producing an electronic component and an electronic component, having barrier layers for the encapsulation of the component. The method involves providing a substrate (1) with at least one functional layer (22), and an electronic component, applying at least one first barrier layer (3) on the functional layer (22) by way of plasmaless atomic layer deposition (PLALD), and applying at least one second barrier layer (4) on the functional layer (22) by way of plasma-enhanced chemical v0apor deposition (PECVD).

Abstract: The present invention provides a heat emitting body including a) a transparent substrate, and b) a conductive heat emitting pattern having a boundary line shape of figures forming a Voronoi diagram and an intersection point part of boundary lines, at which two or more boundary lines meet each other, forming a curve on at least one side of the transparent substrate, and a method for manufacturing the same.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a composite powder using wire explosion and a composite powder prepared by such a method are provided. The method of manufacturing a composite powder may involve coating a metal wire with a carbon-based material, and performing wire explosion on the metal wire coated with the carbon-based material in a solution. The prepared composite powder may include a metal core and a multilayer graphene film that coats a surface of the metal core.

Abstract: Disclosed are a method of producing a metal composite powder by wire explosion in a liquid and a metal composite powder that is coated with a multi carbon layer. The production method includes a process of forming a first carbon layer on a surface of a metal wire consisting of a first metal, a process of forming a metal layer consisting of a second metal, which is different from the first metal, on a surface of the first carbon layer, and a process of forming a metal composite powder coated with a multi carbon layer by wire exploding the metal wire containing the first carbon layer and the metal layer formed on a surface thereof in a solution.

Abstract: An organic light-emitting device comprises an anode, a cathode and a light-emitting layer between the anode and the cathode. The light-emitting layer comprises a compound of formula (I): wherein Ar1, Ar2, Ar3, Ar6 and Ar7 in each occurrence independently represent an unsubstituted or substituted aryl or heteroaryl group; X independently in each occurrence represents S or O; R independently in each occurrence represents H or a substituent; p is 0 or 1; q is 0 or 1; f is 1, 2 or 3; g is 1, 2 or 3; and adjacent groups Ar3 or adjacent groups Ar2 may be linked by a divalent group to form a ring. This compound can provide a bluer emitter that can be blended into current host formulations (deep blue, CIEy<0.08) suitable for solution processing.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the field of liquid crystal panel manufacturing, and provides a liquid crystal filling device and a liquid crystal panel manufacturing apparatus. The technical solutions of the present invention solve the problem of ionic contamination of liquid crystal due to a quick diffusion rate of liquid crystal dropped on a substrate through an existing liquid crystal filling device. In embodiments of the present invention, the liquid crystal filling device includes a substrate stage and a support used for supporting a liquid crystal container. A first temperature adjustment device is provided on the support, which is used to lower the temperature of the liquid crystal in the liquid crystal container, such that the viscosity coefficient of the liquid crystal in the liquid crystal container is increased. The liquid crystal panel manufacturing apparatus includes the above liquid crystal filling device.

Abstract: There is set forth herein a silicon-based patch formulation comprising about 25 to 66 percent by volume of a solvent; about 4 to 10 percent by volume of a silicon-comprising binding material; and about 30 to 65 percent by volume of a patching material, the patching material comprising particles having one or more non-actinide Group IIIA elements, wherein a molar ratio of the one or more non-actinide Group IIIA elements to silicon within the patch formulation is about 0.95 to 1.25.

Abstract: A deposition device including a chamber configured to accommodate a substrate supported on a stage, a deposition source configured to discharge material toward the substrate, and a laser mask system configured to form a laser mask between the substrate and the stage.

Abstract: A method of making a solar cell includes: preparing an active layer solution including p-type and n-type organic semiconductor materials, a solvent, and an additive, the additive containing 1, 8-iodooctane (DIO) and 1-chloronaphthalene (CN) that has a total volume not greater than 3 vol % based on a total volume of the solvent and the additive; preparing an assembly having a substrate, a first electrode layer, and a first transporting layer; coating the active layer solution on the first transporting layer to form a wet active layer; drying the wet active layer at a temperature not greater than 60° C.; and forming a second transporting layer and a second electrode layer on the active layer.

Abstract: The present application provides a multi-dimensional light-emitting device electrically connected to a power supply system. The multi-dimensional light-emitting device comprises a substrate, a blue light-emitting diode array and one or more phosphor layers. The blue light-emitting diode array, disposed on the substrate, comprises a plurality of blue light-emitting diode chips which are electrically connected. The multi-dimensional light-emitting device comprises a central area and a plurality of peripheral areas, which are arranged around the central area. The phosphor layer covers the central area. When the power supply system provides a high voltage, the central area and the peripheral areas of the multi-dimensional light-emitting device provide a first light and a plurality of second lights, respectively. The first light and the second lights are blended into a mixed light.

Abstract: Provided is a method for producing an organic electroluminescence device which contains an anode, a cathode and an organic layer between the anode and the cathode where the organic layer contains a light-emitting layer and an adjacent layer adjacent to the light-emitting layer, the method including: applying to the adjacent layer a coating liquid prepared by dissolving or dispersing a light-emitting material and a host material in a solvent, and heating the coating liquid applied to the adjacent layer at a temperature higher than a melting temperature of the host material and higher than a boiling point of the solvent, to thereby form the light-emitting layer, wherein a difference as an absolute value between contact angle A (°) of the light-emitting layer with respect to pure water and contact angle B (°) of the adjacent layer with respect to pure water is 13 (°) or smaller.

Abstract: A curtain coating method including: discharging at least one coating liquid from a slot type die; forming a coating liquid film of the coating liquid freely falling; and applying the coating liquid film to a support medium continuously running, with both right and left ends of the coating liquid film being held by a pair of edge guides, wherein, during non-coating, a direction in which the coating liquid is discharged from the slot type die is kept in a horizontal direction or tilted from the horizontal direction in a direction distancing from the support medium.

Abstract: A coating apparatus including a coating part which applies a liquid material including an oxidizable metal on a substrate, a chamber having a coating space in which the coating part applies the liquid material on the substrate and a transport space into which the substrate is transported, and a removal unit which removes the liquid material from the inside of the chamber when at least one of oxygen concentration and humidity inside the chamber exceeds a threshold value.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing fluorescent material-dispersed glass, comprising: performing production of a fluorescent material-dispersed gel utilizing sol-gel reaction and acid-base reaction by preparing a fluorescent material-dispersed sol containing silicon alkoxide, metal chloride and/or metal aklkoxide, and fluorescent material, and subsequently gelling the fluorescent material-dispersed sol; and performing production of a fluorescent material-dispersed glass by heating the fluorescent material-dispersed gel.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing fluorescent powder substrate includes (1) providing a fluorescent powder and glass panels of which one forms a through hole; (2) mixing the fluorescent powder in deionized water solvent to form a slurry; (3) applying the slurry to form a fluorescent powder layer on one glass panel; (4) laying flat a loop of low melting point glass powder on the glass panel on which the fluorescent powder layer is formed; (5) laminating the other glass panel on the glass panel; (6) burning the laminated glass panels at a temperature of 400-550° C. to completely combust organic substance therebetween and to have the low melting point glass powder bonding the glass panels together; (7) evacuating interior between the glass panels through the through hole; and (8) sealing the through hole to form a fluorescent powder substrate.

Abstract: Sources, devices, and techniques for deposition of organic layers, such as for use in an OLED, are provided. A vaporizer may vaporize a material between cooled side walls and toward a mask having an adjustable mask opening. The mask opening may be adjusted to control the pattern of deposition of the material on a substrate, such as to correct for material buildup that occurs during deposition. Material may be collected from the cooled side walls for reuse.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a reactor for atomic layer deposition (ALD), comprising a reaction chamber comprising a platen and bounded internally by surfaces; at least one inlet orifice and at least one outlet orifice, each emerging from one of the surfaces bounding the chamber. The reactor furthermore comprises, within it, at least one wall apertured with at least one orifice, the apertured wall extending around the platen and over at least most of the height between the lower surface and the upper surface, at least one orifice in at least one of the apertured walls not facing the inlet orifice so as to form chicanes in the flow of gaseous precursor from each inlet orifice to the platen.

Abstract: A method of fabricating an organic light emitting device is provided. A first electrode is provided, over which the rest of the device will be fabricated. A first organic layer is deposited over the first electrode via solution processing. The first organic layer includes: i. an organic host material of the first organic layer; ii. a first organic emitting material of the first organic layer; iii. a second organic emitting material of the first organic layer; A second organic layer is deposited over and in direct contact with the first organic layer. The second organic layer includes an organic emitting material of the second organic layer. A second electrode is then deposited over the second organic layer. The device may include other layers.

Abstract: A glass pipette such as an electrode for electrophysiological recording is coated with quantum dots. This greatly aids the ability to observe the glass pipette, particular in tissue as the quantum dots provide an excellent performance under two-photon illumination used to visualize objects at depths of hundreds of microns.

Abstract: In some embodiments, the present disclosure pertains to new compositions of matter that comprise phosphorescent reporters. In some embodiments, the phosphorescent reporters of the present disclosure comprise strontium aluminate. In some embodiments, the strontium aluminate is doped with europium and dysprosium (SrAl2O4:Eu2+, Dy3+). Additional embodiments of the present disclosure pertain to methods of making the aforementioned phosphorescent reporters. In some embodiments, the method includes size reduction of inorganic phosphorescent powders through a combination of wet milling and settling. In additional embodiments, the present disclosure pertains to methods of detecting the phosphorescent reporters in various settings, such as diagnostic settings.

Abstract: An apparatus for aligning a dispenser includes a table having a first alignment mark, an alignment plate provided along at least one side of the table, at least one syringe supplying a dispensing material to the alignment plate through a nozzle provided at one end portion thereof to form a second alignment mark, a first image camera provided along a side of the syringe and detecting an image of the second alignment mark, a second image camera detecting an image of the first alignment mark, and an alignment control unit aligning the image of the second alignment mark and a first reference position, and aligning an image of the first alignment mark and a second reference position.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method of manufacturing an electrochromic display element having improved durability. Specifically disclosed is a method of manufacturing a display element containing opposed electrodes and a porous layer which is arranged between the opposed electrodes and containing a metal oxide and an electrochromic dye supported on the metal oxide. The method contains the step of applying plural kinds of inks to the porous layer by an inkjet apparatus, wherein the inks are capable of uniformizing the amount of the electrochromic dye supported on the porous layer containing the metal oxide in one pixel of the display element.

Abstract: A wave-length conversion inorganic member can includes a base body and an inorganic particle layer on the base body. The inorganic particle layer can include particles of an inorganic wave-length conversion substance which is configured to absorb light of a first wave-length and to emit light of a second wave-length different from the first wave-length. The inorganic particle layer can include an agglomerate of a plurality of the particles. Each of the plurality of the particles are in contact with at least one of the other particles or the base body. A cover layer comprises an inorganic material, and the cover layer continuously covers a surface of the base body and surfaces of the particles. The inorganic particle layer has an interstice enclosed by the particles, or by the particles and one of the base body and the cover layer.

Abstract: A manganese-doped magnesium stannate luminescent material, which has a molecular formula of: Mg2-xSnO4:Mnx@SnO2@My, where @ is a coating, where Mg2-xSnO4:Mnx is an outer shell layer, where SnO2 is an intermediate layer shell, where M is an inner core, where M is a metal nanoparticle, where M is at least one selected among Ag, Au, Pt, Pd, and Cu, where the value of x is 0<x?0.05, where y is the molar ratio between M and Sn, and where the value of y is 0<y?1×10?2. The manganese-doped magnesium stannate luminescent material is a core-shell structure luminescent material, has a high internal quantum efficiency, great luminescent intensity, and the advantages of great stability and great luminescent properties. A method for preparing the manganese-doped magnesium stannate luminescent material has simple processes, low equipment requirements, and no pollution, is easy to control and applicable for industrial production, and has a broad application prospect.

Abstract: An apparatus for spraying spacers with an alignment liquid, including a container for transporting the alignment liquid mixed with the spacers therein and a plurality of nozzles provided on a bottom of the container. The alignment liquid with spacers mixed therein is sprayed through the plurality of nozzles under a same inner pressure, thereby forming an alignment layer on the substrate supported.

Abstract: Although an ink jet method known as a method of selectively forming a film of a high molecular species organic compound, can coat to divide an organic compound for emitting three kinds (R, G, B) of light in one step, film forming accuracy is poor, it is difficult to control the method and therefore, uniformity is not achieved and the constitution is liable to disperse. In contrast thereto, according to the invention, a film comprising a high molecular species material is formed over an entire face of a lower electrode connected to a thin film transistor by a coating method and thereafter, the film comprising the high molecular species material is etched by etching by plasma to thereby enable to selectively form a high molecular species material layer. Further, the organic compound layer is constituted by a material for carrying out luminescence of white color or luminescence of single color and combined with a color changing layer or a coloring layer to thereby realize full color formation.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method of preparing aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO) nanocrystals. In an exemplary embodiment, the method includes (1) injecting a precursor mixture of a zinc precursor, an aluminum precursor, an amine, and a fatty acid in a solution of a vicinal diol in a non-coordinating solvent, thereby resulting in a reaction mixture, (2) precipitating the nanocrystals from the reaction mixture, thereby resulting in a final precipitate, and (3) dissolving the final precipitate in an apolar solvent. The present invention also provides a dispersion. In an exemplary embodiment, the dispersion includes (1) nanocrystals that are well separated from each other, where the nanocrystals are coated with surfactants and (2) an apolar solvent where the nanocrystals are suspended in the apolar solvent. The present invention also provides a film. In an exemplary embodiment, the film includes (1) a substrate and (2) nanocrystals that are evenly distributed on the substrate.

Abstract: An objective is to provide a method of manufacturing an organic electroluminescence element possessing a thin film exhibiting relatively low film-strength formed via a continuous wet coating process. Disclosed is a method of manufacturing an organic electroluminescence element possessing a substrate film and provided thereon at least an organic layer placed between a pair of facing electrodes, possessing a light emitting layer containing an organic light emission material; possessing the steps of forming the organic layer on a first electrode provided on the substrate film by a continuous wet coating method; and cutting the substrate film with an upper cutting blade and a lower cutting blade, wherein the lower blade faces the substrate film, the upper blade has a blade edge angle of 30-60°, and the lower blade has a blade edge angle of 80-90°.

Abstract: When a mask layer is formed, a first liquid composition containing a mask-layer-forming material is applied on an outer side of a pattern that is desired to be formed (corresponding to a contour or an edge portion of a pattern) to form a first mask layer having a frame shape. A second liquid composition containing a mask-layer-forming material is applied so as to fill a space inside the first mask layer having a frame shape to form a second mask layer. The first mask layer and the second mask layer are formed to be in contact with each other, and the first mask layer is formed to surround the second mask layer. Therefore, the first mask layer and the second mask layer can be used as one continuous mask layer.

Abstract: A shadow mask and a method of fabricating an OLED display using the same is disclosed, wherein the shadow mask is not sagging, and the shadow mask includes a plurality of columns, each column including a plurality of first or second cell-forming parts, wherein the first and second cell-forming parts are alternately arranged in the columns, and the first and second cell-forming parts provided in the adjacent columns include transmission parts having the different open directions.

Abstract: A quantum-dots containing multi-component inorganic oxide thin film is provided to include an amorphous inorganic oxide bulk region and a plurality of crystalline inorganic oxide regions, wherein the crystalline inorganic oxide regions are discontinuously formed to be surrounded by the amorphous inorganic oxide of the bulk region.

Abstract: A method for forming a layer comprises (a) disposing a first droplet to two parts on an underlayer surface so as to form two dot patterns isolated each other on the underlayer surface, (b) fixing the two dot patterns to the underlayer surface, (c) giving lyophilicity with respect to a second droplet to at least the underlayer surface between the two dot patterns, and (d) disposing the second droplet to the underlayer surface between the two dot patterns so as to join the two dot patterns after the step (c).

Abstract: An exemplary printable composition of a liquid or gel suspension of diodes comprises a plurality of diodes, a first solvent and/or a viscosity modifier. An exemplary method of fabricating an electronic device comprises: depositing one or more first conductors; and depositing a plurality of diodes suspended in a mixture of a first solvent and a viscosity modifier. Various exemplary diodes have a lateral dimension between about 10 to 50 microns and about 5 to 25 microns in height. Other embodiments may also include a plurality of substantially chemically inert particles having a range of sizes between about 10 to about 50 microns.

Abstract: A ceramic conversion element includes a multiplicity of first regions and a multiplicity of second regions, wherein the first regions vitreous, ceramic or monocrystalline fashion, at least either the first regions or the second regions are columnar and have a preferred direction forming an angle of at most 45° with a normal to a main surface of the conversion element, the first regions convert electromagnetic radiation in a first wavelength range into electromagnetic radiation in a second wavelength range different from the first wavelength range, the second regions convert electromagnetic radiation in the first wavelength range into electromagnetic radiation in a third wavelength range different from the first and second wavelength ranges, wherein the second regions are formed by a resin into which phosphor particles are embedded.

Abstract: An organic EL device manufacturing method includes a step of supplying a substrate, and while moving the substrate with a non-electrode-layer side thereof in contact with a surface of a can roller, the non-electrode-layer provided with no electrode layer, discharging a material from a nozzle of a vapor deposition source to form an organic layer on an electrode-layer side of the substrate, the electrode-layer side provided with an electrode layer. The vapor deposition step includes supplying a shadow mask including an opening portion to interpose the shadow mask between the substrate contacting the can roller, and the nozzle; and forming the organic layer corresponding to the opening portion on the electrode-layer side of the substrate while moving the substrate and the shadow mask with through holes included at each of the substrate and the shadow mask engaged with projections included in the can roller.

Abstract: In the present invention, provided is an organic electroluminescent element material having a high externally taking-out quantum efficiency, which is suitable for manufacturing an element exhibiting long light emission lifetime, and also provided is an organic electroluminescent element possessing the material, a method of manufacturing the organic electroluminescent element, and a display as well as an illuminating device fitted with the organic electroluminescent element.

Abstract: An exemplary printable composition of a liquid or gel suspension of diodes comprises a plurality of diodes, a first solvent and/or a viscosity modifier. An exemplary method of making a liquid or gel suspension of diodes comprises: adding a viscosity modifier to a plurality of diodes in a first solvent; and mixing the plurality of diodes, the first solvent and the viscosity modifier to form the liquid or gel suspension of the plurality of diodes. Various exemplary diodes have a lateral dimension between about 10 to 50 microns and about 5 to 25 microns in height. Other embodiments may also include a plurality of substantially chemically inert particles having a range of sizes between about 10 to about 50 microns.