Abstract: Methods for reducing the density of thermoplastic materials and the articles made therefrom having similar or improved mechanical properties to the solid or noncellular material. Also disclosed are improvements to foaming methods and the cellular structures of the foams made therefrom, and methods for altering the impact strength of solid or noncellular thermoplastic materials and the shaping of the materials into useful articles.

Abstract: The present invention provides a layered product having a porous layer made mainly of a polymer on a base, and a process for producing the same; and a functional layered product wherein a pattern of a functional material, such as an conductive material, is formed onto a light-transmitting base using the layered product having the porous layer, and a process for producing the functional layered product. A layered product comprising a base and a porous layer on at least one surface of the base, wherein the porous layer is constituted of a composition containing a polymer as a main component, the porous layer has micropores having an average pore diameter of 0.01 to 10 ?m, and has a porosity of 30 to 85%, the composition constituting the porous layer has a glass transition temperature of 20° C. or higher, and the porous layer is a layer which is convertible to a transparent layer by a heat treatment through disappearance of the micropores.

Abstract: A process for preparing a 2D-hexagonal ordered mesoporous silica material with a substantially uniform pore size in the range of 4 to 30 nm comprising the steps of: preparing an aqueous solution comprising an alkali silicate solution; preparing an aqueous solution comprising a poly(alkylene oxide) triblock copolymer and a buffer with a pH greater than 2 and less than 8, adding said aqueous alkali silicate solution to said aqueous solution giving a pH greater than 2 and less than 8 and allowing a reaction between the components to take place at a temperature in the range of 10 to 100° C., and filtering off, drying and calcinating the reaction product to produce said 2D-hexagonal ordered mesoporous silica material with a substantially uniform pore size.

Abstract: A porous resin film which is obtained from a compound prepared by kneading a composition comprising 30 to 100% by weight of a thermoplastic resin comprising a hydrophilic thermoplastic resin and 0 to 70% by weight of an inorganic and/or an organic powder in an intermeshing twin-screw extruder at a screw shear rate of 300 sec?1 or higher and which has a liquid absorbing capacity of 0.5 ml/m2 or more as measured in accordance with the method specified in Japan TAPPI Standard No. 51-87.

Abstract: The present invention provides a resinous porous article having a high interconnected hole porosity and capable of retaining a large amount of a lubricating oil and does not rust iron and steel, even though an unextracted portion of a pore-forming substance bleeds out when the resinous porous article is used as parts which contact a metal portion or the like and a method of producing the resinous porous article. The resinous porous article is formed by a producing method of molding a resin containing the pore-forming substance into a molding, and extracting the pore-forming substance from the molding with a solvent which does not dissolve the resin therein. The resinous porous article has an interconnected hole porosity not less than 30%. The pore-forming substance consists of an alkali compound.

Abstract: A multilayer foam composite element whose total thickness d comprises at least three layers composed of an open-cell foam, where at least one of the internal layers has recesses and the two outermost layers have no recesses, wherein i) the volume of the recesses in the internal layer having recesses is from 20 to 70% by volume, and ii) the thickness of the layer having recesses is from 20 to 80% of the total thickness d.

Abstract: An object of the present invention is to provide a multi-layered polylactic acid resin foamed body of a crystalline polylactic acid resin which has good appearance and excellent mechanical strength such as bending strength and compressive strength and which is capable of being imparted with excellent heat resistance, and to provide a multi-layered polylactic acid resin foamed molded article having excellent appearance, heat resistance and mechanical strengh. The multi-layered polylactic acid resien foamed body of the present invention is a laminate having a polylactic acid resin foamed layer and a thermoplastic resin layer provided at least one side of the foamed layer, wherein the foamed layer has a cell shape satisfying specific conditions, wherein the difference (?Hendo:2° C./min??Hexo:2° C./min) between an endothermic calorific value (?Hendo:2° C./min) and an exothermic calorific value (?Hexo:2° C.

Abstract: The present invention provides a polishing pad whose unevenness in thickness hardly occurs and whose life can be improved. A polishing pad 1 is provided with a polyurethane sheet 2. Foams 3 having lengths of about ½ of the length of the polyurethane sheet 2 in its thickness direction and elongated foams 4 having lengths of at least 70% of the length of the polyurethane sheet 2 in the thickness direction are formed in the polyurethane sheet 2. The foams 3 and the elongated foams 4 are opened by buffing processing so that opened pores 5 and opened pores 6 are formed at a polishing face P, respectively. Regarding the opened pores 5, 6, the total number of opened pores having opened pore diameters falling in a range of from 30 to 50 ?m occupies at least 50% of the number of all opened pores. The total number of the opened pores 5, 6 per 1 mm2 of the polishing face P is set in a range of from 50 to 100.

Abstract: A carbon foam composite including a carbon foam skeleton having a supplemental material therein, the composite useful for, inter alia, a variety of applications including applications requiring durability and water resistance. Also included is a method for making such carbon foam composite materials.

Abstract: Multilayer breathable barrier films are provided. The films contain one or more layers of polymers without fillers in combination with at least two or more microporous breathable layers. The barrier layer provides a viral and alcohol barrier that can effectively allow moisture vapor to pass.

Abstract: Provided is a microporous polyolefin composite film with a thermally stable porous layer at high temperature, particularly, to the microporous polyolefin composite film in which the thermally stable porous layer at high temperature, which contains organic or inorganic particles and heat-resistant polymer having aromatic ring in main chain and also having a melting temperature or a glass transition temperature of 170 to 500° C., is formed on one surface or both surfaces of a polyolefin microporous film by a phase separation, wherein the composite film with the porous layer has a permeability of 1.5×105 to 20.O×IO 5 Darcy, a meltdown temperature of 160 to 300° C., a MD/TD shrinkage of 1 to 40% at a temperature of 15O° C. for 60 minutes.

Abstract: The invention relates to porous ceramic composites incorporating biodegradable polymers for use as a bone substitute in the fields of orthopedics and dentistry or as a scaffold for tissue engineering applications. The porous ceramic composite implant for connective tissue replacement comprises a porous ceramic matrix having a biodegradable polymer provided on internal and external surfaces of the ceramic matrix. The biodegradable polymer allows for the passage and/or delivery of a variety of agents throughout the porous ceramic matrix and improves mechanical properties of the implant in vivo.

Abstract: A complex membrane for an electrochemical device such as a lithium secondary battery, its manufacturing method, and an electrochemical device having the complex membrane are disclosed. The complex membrane includes a micro-porous polyolefin membrane, and a web-phase porous membrane united to at least one side of the micro-porous polyolefin membrane and composed of nano-fibers. Since the complex membrane is capable of absorbing an electrolyte uniformly, it greatly improves performance of a battery when being used for an electrochemical device. In addition, owing to excellent mechanical strength and good binding capacity to an electrode, it helps to increase a process rate for manufacturing the battery.

Abstract: The sheet for suction and fixation according to the invention is a sheet for suction and fixation, constituted by including at least a porous sheet and used for suction and fixation of a member to be sucked, and the sheet for suction and fixation has a structure of a plurality of layers comprising a porous sheet provided on at least one side of the porous sheet with a particle layer constituted by including plastic particles, wherein the surface roughness (Ra) of the particle layer is not greater than 0.5 ?m. A sheet for suction and fixation, which is continuous and long and excellent in surface smoothness, and a method of producing the same, can thereby be provided.

Abstract: Polymeric foams having nanocellular morphology are formed from a polymeric material having structural units derived from 2-hydrocarbyl-3,3-bis(hydroxyphenyl)phthalimidine compound. The foams include a plurality of cells having an average diameter of less than 1 micron. Processes for forming the foams include melting a polymeric material having structural units derived from 2-hydrocarbyl-3,3-bis(hydroxyphenyl)phthalimidine compounds; diffusing a blowing agent into the polymeric material to form a mixture; nucleating bubbles in the mixture is at a sufficient temperature and pressure to enable the production of cells having an average diameter of less than 1 micron; stabilizing the cells; and forming the mixture into a desired shape.

Abstract: A nano-cellular polymer foam is disclosed, which has an average pore size from about 10 nanometers to about 500 nanometers; and a foam density that is from about 1 percent to about 50 percent of the bulk density of the material of the nano-cellular foam.

Abstract: The invention provides composite porous materials in which a second material is fused to and/or is in the pores and/or is fused directly to some of the pore walls of a porous first material. The invention also provides methods of filtering a fluid using these composite porous materials and methods of manufacturing the composite porous materials.

Abstract: A porous film with chemical resistance of this invention includes a porous film base covered with a chemical-resistant polymeric compound and has a multiplicity of communicating micropores having an average pore size of 0.01 to 10 ?m. The chemical-resistant polymeric compound can be, for example, any of phenolic resins, urea resins, melamine resins, benzoguanamine resins, polyimide resins, epoxy resins, benzoxazine resins, polypropylene resins, polyurethane resins, fluororesins, alkyd resins, cellulose acetate resins, phthalic resins, maleic resins, and silicone resins.

Abstract: A refractory mortar cured material is formed in the surface or joint portions of a ceramic refractory material, such as fire bricks used in the lining of melting furnace or firing furnace used at high temperature, and includes ceramic particles with an inorganic binder having silanol group that are kneaded together with water. The kneaded mortar is applied on the surface of a ceramic base material. The average particle size of ceramic particles in the refractory mortar is 10 to 50 ?m, and the difference between the 90% particle size and the 10% particle size is 10 ?m or more to 60 ?m or less. The average pore size of the refractory mortar cured material is 5 to 25 ?m, and the width of pore size distribution is 20 to 80 ?m, so that the cracks are suppressed. In addition, the bulk density is 0.9 to 1.5 g/cm3.

Abstract: A porous film of the invention is a porous film having a large number of continuous micropores. The film has a thickness of 5 to 200 ?m, has an average surface pore size A of 0.01 to 10 ?m, an average surface porosity C, and has an average inside pore size B and an average inside porosity D. The ratio A/B of A to B is 0.3 to 3. The porous film is produced by casting a polymer solution containing a polymer onto a substrate to form a film and subjecting the film to phase conversion to thereby form a porous film. In the method, the polymer constituting the porous film has a surface tension Sa [mN/m], the substrate has a surface tension Sb [mN/m], and Sa and Sb satisfy the following condition: Sa?Sb??10.

Abstract: The present invention is directed an oriented, foamed article having an integral security element, and a method of making the article. The oriented foam article is particularly useful in the preparation of printed security documents such as currency, stock and bond certificates, birth and death certificates, land titles and abstracts and the like.

Abstract: The invention disclosed herein relates to relates to foamed thermoplastic material objects and articles of manufacture having an internal layered cellular structure, as well as to methods of making the same. In one embodiment, the invention is directed to a multi-layer foamed polymeric article of manufacture, comprising: a non-laminated multi-layer thermoplastic material sheet, wherein the multi-layer thermoplastic material sheet has first and second discrete outer layers sandwiching a plurality of discrete inner foamed layers, and wherein the two outer layers and plurality discrete inner foamed layers are integral with one another. The thermoplastic material may be a semi-crystalline polymer such as, for example, PET (polyethylene terephthalate), PEEK (polyetheretherketone), PEN (polyethylene napthalate), PBT (polybutylene terephthalate), PMMA (polymethyl methacrylate), PLA (polylactide), polyhydroxy acid (PHA), thermoplastic urethane (TPU), or blends thereof.

Abstract: The present invention provides microporous polymers and methods for producing and using the same. In particular, microporous polymers of the present invention are highly porous as indicated by a Gurley air permeability flow rate of about 4 seconds or less per mL of air flow per 25 micron of microporous polymer thickness per square inch.

Abstract: The present invention takes as its object the provision of a thermoplastic resin foamed sheet having excellent surface exterior appearance, lightweightness, PTT property and light reflectivity and the provision of a method for producing the thermoplastic resin foamed sheet. Specifically, the thermoplastic resin foamed sheet is a foamed sheet including 80 to 99.5% by weight of an (A) thermoplastic resin and 0.5 to 20% by weight of (B) PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene), wherein when in the foamed sheet interior observed with a SEM (scanning electron microscope), the number of the particles of (B) PTFE having a dispersed particle size falling within a range from 0.05 to 1 ?m is represented by (L), the number of the particles of (B) PTFE having a dispersed particle size falling within a range from 1 to 30 ?m is represented by (M) and the number of the particles of (B) PTFE having a dispersed particle size falling within a range of 30 ?m or more is represented by (N), (L)/(M)=99.99/0.

Abstract: To provide a dustproofing material having superior dustproofness and having such superior flexibility as to fit in a further minute clearance typically of 0.10 to 0.20 mm. Disclosed is a foam dustproofing material which is a dustproofing material including a foam having a thickness of 0.1 to 1.0 mm, in which the foam has a micro cell structure with an average cell diameter of 10 to 65 ?m, has such characteristic properties as to give a load against repulsion of from 0.010 to 0.100 MPa upon compression to a thickness of 0.1 mm, and has an apparent density of 0.01 to 0.050 g/cm3. The foam preferably has a closed cell structure or semi-open/semi-closed cell structure. The foam dustproofing material may further include a pressure-sensitive adhesive layer on one or both sides of the foam. The pressure-sensitive adhesive layer is preferably present above the foam through a film layer.

Abstract: A thermal control coating derived from a sol-gel process includes a plurality of self-assembled mesopores (and/or mesotubes). The plurality of self-assembled mesopores are aligned with respect to a substrate and/or filled with a conductive material. The aligned and/or filled pores are used to provide thermal control for the substrate having a thermal characteristic.

Abstract: An article for tooling composite materials, including a carbon foam, a sealant attached to the carbon foam so as to form a monolithic fine-grain graphite-like surface; and a skin of facesheet materials. The facesheet materials include: a spray-deposited coating of metal; more preferably, a thermal or plasma spray-deposited metal; and most preferably, a plasma sprayed Invar metal. The facesheet materials may optionally include a flash coating. The facesheet materials alternately include plastics, resinous materials and carbon-carbon composite materials.

Abstract: The present invention is a method for modifying at least one property of a porous membrane. The method comprises the steps of providing a porous membrane. The method also includes exposing the membrane to a fluid at supercritical conditions. At least one property of the membrane is modified while the membrane is exposed to the fluid at supercritical conditions. The condition of the fluid is changed in such a manner that the porous membrane retains the modified property. The present invention is also sheet material that is water-resistant, moisture vapor transmissive and air permeable. The sheet material comprises a membrane having an open pore structure including surfaces defining a plurality of interconnecting pores extending through the membrane and between major sides of said membrane in which the pores have an average pore size. The membrane is made from a material tending to absorb oils and contaminating agents.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a cellulosic particle body comprising interconnected cellulosic small particles with small interparticle spaces and to a method of producing said cellulosic particle body which comprises dispersing cellulosic small particles in an alkaline medium and contacting the resulting suspension with a coagulating solution. In this specification, the above technology will be referred to as the first invention.

Abstract: In accordance with the invention, there are articles including hydrophobic composite coating and methods of forming a hydrophobic composite coating. The method of forming a hydrophobic composite coating can include providing a substrate, wherein the substrate can include at least one region. The method can also include providing a dispersion including a plurality of carbon nanotubes, a stabilizer, a hydrophobic polymer, and a solvent, wherein the plurality of carbon nanotubes can be selected from the group consisting of single wall carbon nanotubes and multiple wall carbon nanotubes, and wherein each of the plurality of carbon nanotubes has an aspect ratio of at least about 10. The method can further include applying the dispersion to the one region to form a coated substrate and heating the coated substrate to form a hydrophobic composite coating such that the hydrophobic composite coating has a water contact angle of at least about 120°.

Abstract: The invention relates to the use of a bixailly oriented film having a porous layer, which contains propylene polymer and at least one ?-nucleating agent and whose microporosity is generated by converting ?-crystalline polypropylene during stretching of the film, for labeling containers during a drawing process.

Abstract: The present invention provides for a method of producing an integral multilayered porous membrane by simultaneously co-casting a plurality of polymer solutions onto a support to form a multilayered liquid sheet and immersing the sheet into a liquid coagulation bath to effect phase separation and form a porous membrane. The support can be a temporary support or form an integrated support for the membrane. The plurality of layers may be of the same polymer or different, same concentration or viscosity or different and may be subjected to the same processing conditions or different ones to form unique structures.

Abstract: An open-cell carbon nanotube foam is made of a plurality of separated carbon nanotubes. The foam exhibits a Poisson's ratio substantially equal to zero, a compressibility of at least 85%, a recovery rate of at least 120 mm/min, a compressive strength of at least 12 MPa, a sag factor of at least 4, a fatigue resistance to no more than 15% permanent deformation when subjected to at least 1,000 compressive cycles at a strain of 85%, and/or a resilience of between 25% and 30%. The carbon nanotubes may be multiwalled carbon nanotubes that are aligned parallel to a thickness of a film comprising the foam.

Abstract: A conductive reflective film which is formed by calcining a substrate on which a composition containing metal nanoparticles is coated, the conductive reflective film including pores which appear on the film contact surface in the substrate side having an average diameter of 100 nm or less, an average depth of 100 nm or less in terms of position of the pores, and a number density of the pores of 30 pores/?m2 or less.

Abstract: The present invention includes compositions, devices and methods for filling structures of high aspect ratio elements for growth amplification and device fabrication. A method includes a method of filling a structure comprising the steps of providing one or more structures, each structure having a plurality of high aspect ratio elements, wherein the aspect ratio is at least 5; and coating the plurality of high aspect ratio elements with at least one solidifying material produced by a form of chemical vapor deposition thereby forming a structured-film. Compositions of the present invention are solid formed structures that are less fragile, do not require such delicate handling to avoid serious degradation, are more stable, last longer, do not deform, and exhibit little stress as well as improved properties that include mechanical, chemical, electrical, biologic, and optical.

Abstract: A porous film which has a crosslinked structure and, due to this structure, has excellent resistance to film breakage at high temperatures and excellent transverse-direction shape retention even at high temperatures, uses of the film are provided. The porous film comprises a crosslinked material of a resin composition containing a polyolefin. The film has a peak of shrinkage force in a transverse direction (TD) at a temperature region of the shutdown temperature or higher of the film, and the shrinkage force as measured at the peak being 80 N/cm2 or lower.

Abstract: A porous calcium phosphate ceramic body comprising a substrate 1, and three-dimensional nanotunnel layers 2 formed on wall surfaces of the substrate 1, the three-dimensional nanotunnel layers 2 having pluralities of three-dimensionally connected nanotunnels 21.

Abstract: Disclosed is a successively biaxially stretched film obtained by successive biaxial stretching method comprising extruding a melt of a ?-crystal nucleating agent-containing polypropylene-based resin composition from a T-die, cooling the extruded resin on a chill roll, and stretching the resulting web sheet longitudinally and then transversely, wherein the longitudinally stretched sheet is made to have a degree of ?-crystal orientation of less than 0.3 by the following method (I) and/or (II), optionally subjected to annealing treatment, and transversely stretched: method (I): melting the polypropylene-based resin composition containing needle crystals of a specific ?-crystal nucleating agent at a temperature not lower than m.p.

Abstract: The present invention provides a porous composite material in which substantially all of the pores within the composite material are small having a diameter of about 5 nm or less and with a narrow PSD. The inventive composite material is also characterized by the substantial absence of the broad distribution of larger sized pores which is prevalent in prior art porous composite materials. The porous composite material includes a first solid phase having a first characteristic dimension and a second solid phase comprised of pores having a second characteristic dimension, wherein the characteristic dimensions of at least one of said phases is controlled to a value of about 5 nm or less.

Abstract: The invention provides composite porous materials in which a second material is fused to and/or is in the pores and/or is fused directly to some of the pore walls of a porous first material. The invention also provides methods of filtering a fluid using these composite porous materials and methods of manufacturing the composite porous materials.

Abstract: The present disclosure is directed to a metal-containing apparatus including a substrate member constructed of a metal that is highly resistant to pitting corrosion and wear in aggressive media. An exemplary metal-containing apparatus is a plate heat exchanger. The metal includes an oxidation layer on the surface thereof and a thin metal oxide nanoporous film on top of the oxidation layer. The nanoporous film is highly compliant and is comprised of oxygen and aluminum, titanium, silicon, zirconium and combinations thereof.

Abstract: The present invention relates to inorganic monolithic mouldings whose surface is coated with physi- or chemisorbed organic polymers, and to processes for the production of materials of this type. The materials according to the invention are highly suitable as sorbents for chromatography, in particular for high pressure liquid chromatography of biological materials.

Abstract: The present invention describes a new class of high porosity materials with aerogel properties, based on metal oxides and their composites, possessing a high surface area and a high pore volume distributed within a specific pore diameter range. The pore distribution is monomodal and the porosity of the material is greater than 80%, conferring aerogel properties thereon while the absence of micropores (pores less than 2 nm in diameter) confers a high thermal stability to these materials. The characteristics of the product, including a low, if not zero, macroporosity, confer on the material a low dustiness compared to conventional aerogels, thus enabling them to be used effectively in production cycles.

Abstract: A method for the production of a breathable multilayer synthetic leather with a backing layer of a textile sheet, at least one intermediate layer applied to the backing layer and based on an at least to some extent open-cell whipped polyurethane foam and, applied full-surface to the at least one intermediate layer, an outer layer based on a polyurethane.

Abstract: The invention relates to a nanostructured porous oxyfluoride film deposited onto a substrate, to a method for its production, and also to various applications. The oxyfluoride has a porous semicrystalline structure and a refractive index of 1.08 to 1.25, measured in the visible range for a relative humidity level below 80%. Its chemical composition corresponds to the formula (Mg(1?x)Cax)(1?y)MyF(2+(n?2)y?2z?t)Oz (OH)tM?w in which n is the valency of M, n being 1 to 4, M represents at least one element chosen from Al, Si, Ge and Ga, M? represents at least one element chosen from the group composed of Co, Cr, Ni, Fe, Cu, Sb, Ag, Pd, Cd, Au, Sn, Pb, Ce, Nd, Pr, Eu, Yb, Tb, Dy, Er and Gd, and 0?w<0.1; 0?x?1; 0?y?0.5; z<1; z+t>0 and t<2.

Abstract: Disclosed is a capturing material including a substrate containing a porous body having continuous pores, wherein the substrate has a bilayer structure including: a surface region to which a graft polymer chain to which a capturing functional group for capturing an object to be captured is incorporated is bonded; and an inner region to which the graft polymer chain is not bonded.

Abstract: The invention relates to a porous material comprising a substrate based on at least one organic polymer A and a coating, where vii) the uncoated substrate based on the organic polymer A is macroporous, viii) the surface of the macroporous substrate is coated with a polymer B based on reactive resins, and ix) this coating with a polymer B is nanoporous and the mean diameter of the nanopores is not more than 1000 nm, and recording materials being excepted. The invention also relates to a process for producing the porous material and to the use of the porous material as a filter for gases or liquids. Finally, the invention relates to filters comprising the porous material, and to a process for filtering gases or liquids.

Abstract: A microporous polyethylene membrane made of a polyethylene resin having a ratio (mass-average molecular weight/number-average molecular weight) of 5 to 300 and comprising 1% or more by mass of ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene having a mass-average molecular weight of 7×105 or more, the microporous polyethylene membrane comprising (a) a coarse-structure layer having an average pore diameter of more than 0.04 ?m, which is formed on at least one surface, and (b) a dense-structure layer having an average pore diameter of 0.04 ?m or less, an area ratio of the coarse-structure layer to the dense-structure layer in a membrane cross section being 0.1 to 0.8.

Abstract: An expanded molded article having a void percentage of 5 to 50%, the molded article comprising 50 to 800 parts by weight of styrene-based resin relative to 100 parts by weight of non-crosslinked linear low-density polyethylene-based resin which can be obtained by using a metallocene catalyst, wherein the molded article is obtained by impregnating styrene-modified linear low-density polyethylene-based resin beads with a volatile blowing agent to provide expandable beads, pre-expanding the expandable beads and then subjecting the obtained pre-expanded beads to expansion molding, the styrene-modified linear low-density polyethylene-based resin beads each have the styrene-based resin dispersed in the form of particles, and a diameter of particle is 0.8 ?m or smaller in a surface region within at least 5 ?m from the bead surface and in a center region within a 5 ?m radius from the bead center.

Abstract: Provided are a nanoporous membrane including a support; a first separation layer with a plurality of first nano-sized pores and a first matrix; and a second separation layer having a plurality of second pores respectively corresponding to the plurality of first pores of the first separation layer and a second matrix, and formed on the first separation layer, wherein a density of the plurality of the first pores and the second pores is equal to or greater than 1010/cm2, and a diameter of each of the second pores is less than that of the corresponding first pore, a process of fabricating the same, and a device for a controlled release of biopharmaceuticals including the nanoporous membrane. The device for a controlled release of biopharmaceuticals including the nanoporous membrane can release biopharmaceuticals at a constant rate for a long period of time regardless of the concentration of the biopharmaceuticals including in pharmaceuticals, and high flex and selectivity.