Abstract: The multi-layered heat resistant metal tube is disclosed. This tube has excellent anti-coking characteristics and is suitable for use under the conditions where carbon tends to deposit and accumulate thereon due to contacting with hydrocarbons at a high temperature. The tube is made by forming weld-mounted overlaid layer of Cr—Ni alloy by building-up welding over the inner surface and/or the outer surface of a substrate tube made of a heat resistant metal. The Cr—Ni alloy comprises 35% by weight or more of Cr and satisfies the relationship: Ni(w%)≧0.5Cr(wt %). Building-up welding is preferably carried out by PPW (Plasma Powder Welding) in which the filler metal is supplied in the form of powder.

Abstract: In a thin film magnetic disk, a crystalline CrNi pre-seed layer is sputtered onto a substrate such as glass, followed by a RuAl seed layer. The CrNi pre-seed layer reduces grain size and its distribution, and improves in-plane crystallographic orientation, coercivity (Hc) and SNR. In a preferred embodiment the RuAl seed layer is followed by a Cr alloy underlayer. In a preferred embodiment the Cr alloy underlayer is followed by an onset layer and a magnetic layer, or by two or more magnetic layers antiferromagnetically coupled through one or more spacer layers. The crystalline CrNi pre-seed layer allows use of a thinner RuAl seed layer which results in smaller overall grain size, as well as a reduction in manufacturing cost due to relatively high cost of ruthenium. The CrNi pre-seed layer also allows use of a thinner Cr alloy underlayer which also contributes to reduce overall grain size.

Abstract: A magnetic recording medium on glass or Al substrates with film structures of CrV/NiAl/CrMo/CoCrTa/CoCrPtTaNbB and CrMo/CoCrTa/CoCrPtTaNbB exhibit high coercivity and high signal-to-medium noise ratio. The medium can be used for high-density longitudinal magnetic recording. Embodiments include forming a sub-seed layer on a NiP-plated aluminum substrate, and sequentially depositing a seed layer, an underlayer, an intermediate layer and a magnetic layer on the substrate. The magnetic layer contains at least six elements, including Co, Cr and B.

Abstract: A magnetic recording medium is constructed to include a substrate, a magnetic layer made of a Co or Co-based alloy, and an underlayer disposed between the substrate and the magnetic layer. The underlayer is made of an ordered intermetallic material of FCC L12 or FCT L10 crystalline structure, so that c-axis of the magnetic layer is aligned in a predetermined direction.

Abstract: A magnetic storage medium has a non-magnetic substrate and a recording layer. The recording layer comprises a non-magnetic matrix and crystal grains consisting of a ferromagnetic material. Each of the crystal grains dispersed in the recording layer is a columnar shaped grain which penetrates a suface of the recording layer and has height of 30 nm or less, and a mean value of grain sizes of the crystal grains in an internal direction of the recording layer is 15 nm or less. (Ku·V)/(kB·T) is not less than 60. A mean value Hk of anisotropic magnetic fields of the plurality of crystal grains is 20 kOe or less.

Abstract: A magnetic recording medium in which a seedlayer includes an aluminum-containing intermetallic nitride for improved performance.

Abstract: A magnetic recording medium having a high coercive force of a ferromagnetic metal layer, a high anisotropic magnetic field and/or normalized coercive force, and adaptable to high density recording. The magnetic recording medium includes a substrate body and a ferromagnetic metal layer containing at least Co and Cr formed thereon via a metallic underlying layer of Cr. Magnetic inversion is utilized for the recording. A first region which penetrates through the ferromagnetic metal layer and in which Cr is segregated are formed among the crystal grains constituting the ferromagnetic metal layer. The Cr concentration in the intermediate portions of the first region in the direction of thickness of the ferromagnetic metal layer is smaller than that of the portions near the surface and near the metallic underlying layer.

Abstract: An article is coated with a multi-layer coating having a stainless steel color. The coating comprises an electroplated layer or layers on the article surface, a refractory metal or refractory metal alloy strike layer on the electroplated layer or layers, a color layer containing a refractory metal oxide or refractory metal alloy oxide having a substoichiometric oxygen content on the strike layer, and a refractory metal oxide or refractory metal alloy oxide having a substantially stoichiometric oxygen content layer on said color layer.

Abstract: An article is coated with a multi-layer decorative and protective coating having the appearance of stainless steel. The coating comprises one or more electroplated layers on the surface of said article and vapor deposited on the electroplated layers a color layer comprised of the reaction products of refractory metal or refractory metal alloy, nitrogen and oxygen wherein the total nitrogen and oxygen content is from about 4 to about 32 atomic percent with the nitrogen content being at least about 3 atomic percent.

Abstract: An article is coated with a multi-layer decorative and protective coating having the appearance of stainless steel. The coating comprises one or more electroplated layers on the surface of said article and vapor deposited on the electroplated layers a stack layer containing layers of refractory metal or metal alloy alternating with layers containing the reaction products of refractory metal or refractory metal alloy, nitrogen and oxygen wherein the total nitrogen and oxygen content of these reaction products is from about 4 to about 32 atomic percent with the nitrogen content being at least about 3 atomic percent.

Abstract: In a magnetic recording medium having Co-based alloy magnetic layer containing Pt formed on a substrate through an underlayer, by forming said underlayer with plural underlayers including double layer structure which is formed by piling up 1st underlayer of Cr-based alloy containing Ti and 2nd underlayer of Cr-based alloy containing at least one element selected from a group comprising Mo and W in this sequence, crystal grain diameter is decreased and then medium noise can be decreased, and c axis is oriented to in-plane direction and then high coercivity can be obtained, consequently the magnetic recording medium having high signal to noise ratio at high recording density region is obtained. Further a small size large capacity magnetic recording system can be provided by combination of said magnetic recording media with a MR (magnetoresistive) head.

Abstract: A magnetic recording medium includes a substrate, an underlayer provided on the substrate, a Co alloy magnetic film formed through the underlayer, and a protective film for protecting the magnetic film, wherein the underlayer has a two-layer structure of an lower underlayer contacted with the substrate and an upper underlayer contacted with the Co alloy magnetic film, the upper underlayer is a Co—Crx—My alloy film having a hexagonal close-packed structure, where 25 atomic %≦x+y≦50 atomic %, 0.5 atomic %≦y, nonmagnetic element M is one selected from the group of elements B, Si, Ge, C, Al, P, Ti, V, Nb, Zr, Hf, Mn, Rh, Os, Ir, Re, Pd, Pt, Mo, Ta, W, Ag and Au. Thereby the medium can be increased in its coercive force and can be improved in its thermal stability characteristics.

Abstract: A magnetic recording medium for data storage uses a magnetic recording layer having at least two ferromagnetic films exchange coupled together antiferromagnetically across a nonferromagnetic spacer film. In this antiferromagnetically-coupled (AFC) recording layer the magnetic moments of the two ferromagnetic films are oriented antiparallel, and thus the net remanent magnetization-thickness product (Mrt) of the AFC recording layer is the difference in the Mrt values of the two ferromagnetic films. This reduction in Mrt is accomplished without a reduction in thermal stability of the recording medium. The lower ferromagnetic film in the AFC recording layer is a boron-free ferromagnetic CoCr alloy that does not require a nucleation layer between it and the Cr alloy underlayer.

Abstract: There is provided a magnetic storage medium capable of recording information at high recording density and also to regenerating the information with a high quality of signal (high S/Nm), and in addition contributing to the elongation of a life span of the recorded information. The magnetic storage medium comprises a non-magnetic substrate and a magnetic recording layer provided on the substrate. The magnetic recording layer has a ferromagnetic grain consisting of a ferromagnetic material and an antiferromagnetic matrix consisting of an antiferromagnetic material.

Abstract: High areal density magnetic recording media exhibiting low noise are formed with a Ni—P—X plating layer, in which X is an additive meeting the following requirement: (1) The additive has a higher oxidation potential than that of Ni so that grains of an additive-rich-oxide will form first during oxidation under a controlled atmosphere and grains of a Ni-rich-oxide, if any, will form subsequently and separately from the grains of the additive-rich oxide. (2) The additive has a tendency to segregate to the top surface. (3) The additive is not a catalyst poison for Ni—P plating in the composition range.

Abstract: In a magnetic storage apparatus including a recording medium having a magnetic layer, a seed layer and an underlayer formed on a substrate, a driver for driving the recording medium, a magnetic head having an inductive recording head and a magnetoresistive reproducing head, and a signal processing system for processing input signals to the magnetic head and output signals from the magnetic head, the seed layer comprises an amorphous alloy or a microcrystal alloy containing Ni, Ta and Zr, the underlayer comprises an alloy containing Cr as a main component and Ti, and the magnetic layer has a first magnetic layer in contact with the underlayer and a second magnetic layer on the first magnetic layer. The first magnetic layer comprises a Co—Cr—Pt alloy and the second magnetic layer comprises Co—Cr—Pt—B alloy, both of a substantially hexagonal close-packed structure.

Abstract: A magnetic recording medium has a nonmagnetic substrate having applied thereon through a nonmagnetic underlayer a magnetic recording layer composed of a magnetic metal material. The nonmagnetic substrate has a smooth surface with an average surface roughness Ra of not more than 20 Å, a recesses-and protrusions-forming layer having stripe-like protrusions and recesses in the circumferential direction, formed on the substrate. A CrP or CrMoP reinforcing coat layer having a hardness higher than that of the recesses-and protrusions-forming layer is sandwiched between the substrate and the recesses-and-protrusions-forming layer.

Abstract: In this invention, an ultra thin layer of CoCr alloy nucleation layer is sputtered at an extremely low deposition rate above a predominantly (200) oriented Cr film followed by a CoCrPt based alloy sputtered film at higher rates and moderate temperatures. This structure creates a media which has very high Hc, and excellent PW50, low noise and excellent low TNLD values. By using this technique, the CoCrPt magnetic film achieves excellent in-plane crystallographic orientation, and high Hc is achieved with minimal amount of Pt addition to the magnetic film. The method allows very fine grain structure of cobalt to be formed which contributes to good signal to noise ratio. A fine grain structure combined with chromium segregation between the grains improve the signal to noise ratio even more. A high degree of in-plane c-axis orientation is achieved in the cobalt layer which provides very high hysteresis loop squareness which helps to improve the OW and TNLD.

Abstract: The present invention provides a sliding member, of which the surface cavities do not disappear even after progress of wear of the sliding surface, which permits maintenance of a satisfactory seizure resistance, and has better seizure resistance, wear resistance and strength properties than in a sliding member having a porous chrome plating layer formed thereon in the conventional art. The sliding member of the invention has a laminated hard Cr plating layer comprising a plurality of hard Cr plating layers laminated on the sliding surface. Micro-cracks are formed on each hard Cr plating layer surface, and the micro-cracks of each hard Cr plating layer form micro-pores independent in the film-forming direction. On the cross-section of the laminated hard Cr plating layer, the porosity should be within a range of from 0.5 to 4.5%.

Abstract: The coating plant includes a device for running a sheet to be coated along a traveling path past a window for the evaporation or sublimation of elements A an B, sources for the evaporation or sublimation of elements A and element B placed successively in a direction parallel to the traveling path so as to emit elements A and B through the window and a screen for reducing the angle of emission from the source of element B below the limit represented by an exit edge of the window, the screen being mounted so as to move translationally perpendicular to the traveling path and to move along the traveling path between the source of element A and the source of element B so as to obtain either a —A—AB—A— or a —B—AB—B—coating.

Abstract: A method for improving corrosion resistance while maximizing magnetic performance of a magnetic disk employed in data storage applications. The invention includes providing a substrate and forming a first layer above the substrate, the first layer having a first degree of abrasion resistance. The invention includes forming a second layer such as a Ni-containing layer above the first layer, the Ni-containing layer having a second degree of abrasion resistance lower than the first degree of abrasion resistance. The invention further includes forming grooves in the Ni-containing layer.

Abstract: A spray powder which has a particle size of from 6 to 63 &mgr;m and which comprises from 75 to 95 wt % of a ceramic phase made of a WC powder and at least one chromium carbide powder selected from the group consisting of Cr3C2, Cr7C3 and Cr23C6, and from 5 to 25 wt % of a metal phase made of a Ni or Ni-based alloy powder, wherein the mean particle size of primary particles of the WC powder constituting the ceramic phase is from 5 to 20 &mgr;m, and the mean particle size of primary particles of the chromium carbide powder is from 1 to 10 &mgr;m.

Abstract: A magnetic recording medium using a nonmagnetic interlayer in between a Cr-base underlayer and a Co magnetic layer is disclosed. The nonmagnetic interlayer comprises Co1−&agr;−&bgr;−&ggr;−&zgr;Cr&agr;X&bgr;Y&ggr;Z&zgr;. X is a material selected from Ni or Fe so as to substitute a portion of Cr composition. Y is a material selected from materials which can form a solid solution with at least one of list materials consisting of Ni, Fe, Co, and Cr. The Y materials added in the interlayer is to adjust the lattice mismatch of interface between the interlayer and the underlayer to a magnitude so that the interlayer formed on the underlayer at least is a texture layer, an epitaxial layer is best preferred. However, Z is a material which is insoluble with any of above list materials, Cr, Co, X, and Y in a solid state so as to form precipitates, thereby inhibiting the grain growth. In a preferred embodiment, the &agr;, &bgr;, &ggr;, and &zgr; are about 25-41%, 0.1-5%, 0.1-5%, and 0.

Abstract: Lubricative stainless steel sheet and pipe having a chromate film on at least one of the surfaces of a stainless steel sheet or pipe substrate, the chromate film having an amount of adhered Cr of 5 to 100 mg/m2, and, on the chromate film, a lubricant film obtained by applying, on the chromate film, a water-base coating containing (a) a urethane resin of ether-ester type having a skeleton of bisphenol type, a skeleton of ester, and a carboxyl group, (b) an epoxy resin, and (c) a polyolefin wax, and baking the applied coating, the sum of the amount of the urethane resin of (a) and the epoxy resin of (b) being 70 to 95% by weight of the total solids of the coating, the amount of the polyolefin wax of (c) being 5 to 30% by weight of the total solids of the coating, and the lubricant film having a thickness of 0.5 to 5 micrometers and a Vickers hardness of at least 15. A method of producing a lubricative stainless steel pipe is also disclosed.

Abstract: A friction resistant blade having a protective layer is provided. A method for producing the friction resistant blade is also provided.

Abstract: A method for coating stainless steel in which a metallic material layer of Cr and alloys of Cr and at least one of Mo, W, Ni, Si, Ti, Zr is deposited onto a metal substrate. The metallic material layer is then annealed so as to form a diffusion layer between the metallic protective coating and the metal substrate. Thereafter, the metallic material layer may be passivated, forming a stable composition of at least one of carbides, borides, nitrides, silicides, oxides, and mixtures thereof on the metallic protective coating. The protective coatings of this invention significantly reduce the corrosion rate of stainless steel used in bromide-based absorption systems.

Abstract: The present invention provides a chrome-plated sliding member free from periodical decreases in wear resistance or seizure resistance without the necessity to intentionally bend a multi-layer hard chrome plating film. This is a sliding member having a multi-layer hard chrome plating film on the sliding surface of the substrate 1. Microcracks 6 opening to the outer surface side of the individual hard chrome plating layers are distributed in hard chrome plating layers 2, 3, 4 and 5. The microcracks of the individual hard chrome plating layers comprise relatively shallow portions 6a where bottoms stop within a single layer, and relatively deep portions 6b and 6c where cracks run through two or more layers. The quantities of the microcracks expressed by the area ratios of microcracks on a cross-section of the hard chrome plating film include a quantity of the portions where cracks stop within a single layer within a range of from 1.5 to 35.

Abstract: A coated metal component made of an alloy containing an intentional addition of nitrogen, comprising an oxidation-resistant coating layer and an intermediate layer disposed between the oxidation-resistant coating layer and the component. The intermediate layer is substantially devoid of nitrogen which if present would form a nitride with the oxidation-resistant layer.

Abstract: A Cu plated ceramic substrate is used in a semiconductor. On a ceramic substrate layer, a thin-film Cr layer is put, and a thin-firm Au layer is put on the Cr layer. The Au layer is plated with Cu. By providing the Au and Cr layers between the ceramic plate and Cu layer, adhesibility is increased. A Pertier element which includes the Cu plated ceramic layer is employed in a semiconductor to absorb and generate heat efficiently.

Abstract: An article is coated with a multi-layer coating comprising a nickel layer, a refractory metal layer, and a refractory metal compound layer. The coating is decorative and also provides abrasion protection and corrosion protection.

Abstract: A plate shaped compression mold, a process for producing the same and a process for making laminate therewith. The plate-shaped compression mold for producing sheet laminate including synthetic resin with a metal coating on at least one surface thereof has a surface for contacting the metal coating of the sheet laminate, which surface has a Rockwell C hardness of higher than about 44 and a thermal coefficient of linear expansion which differs from that of the metal coating by not more than about 2.5×10−6/K, thereby substantially preventing warping or wrinkling of the metal coating during the compression molding process.

Abstract: To establish a technique of further improving the oxidation resistance of the glossy surface of a copper foil that has a composite layer containing chromium, zinc, and phosphorus on its glossy surface is achieved by a copper foil having excellent oxidation resistance characterized by a composite layer containing chromium, zinc, phosphorus, and nickel formed on the glossy surface of the foil and also to a method of manufacturing the same by electrolysis.

Abstract: An article is coated with a multi-layer coating comprising a nickel layer, a chrome layer, a refractory metal layer, preferably zirconium layer, a sandwich layer comprised of a plurality of alternating layers of a refractory metal compound and a refractory metal compound layer, preferably zirconium nitride layer, and a refractory metal oxide layer or a layer comprised of the reaction products of refractory metal, oxygen and nitrogen. The coating provides the color of polished brass to the article and also provides abrasion protection, corrosion protection, and improved acid resistance.

Abstract: A laminated chromium plating layers providing improved wear resistance and fatigue strength for use in mechanical parts of an internal combustion engine. The lamination is formed on a base body and contains a plurality of high hardness chromium plating layer and a plurality of low hardness chromium plating layer, and each high hardness chromium plating layer is formed upon each low hardness chromium plating layer to provide the lamination of alternating high hardness chromium plating layer and low hardness chromium plating layer.

Abstract: There is provided a surface alloyed component which comprises a base alloy with a diffusion barrier layer enriched in silicon and chromium being provided adjacent thereto. An enrichment pool layer is created adjacent said diffusion barrier and contains silicon and chromium and optionally titanium or aluminum. A reactive gas treatment may be used to generate a replenishable protective scale on the outermost surface of said component.

Abstract: An article is coated with a multi-layer coating comprising a nickel layer, a chrome layer, a refractory metal layer, a refractory metal compound layer, and a refractory metal oxide layer or a layer comprised of the reaction products of refractory metal, oxygen and nitrogen. The coating is decorative and also provides abrasion protection, corrosion protection, and improved chemical resistance.

Abstract: A magnetic recording medium comprising a non-magnetic substrate having thereon a non-magnetic undercoat, a magnetic film and optionally a protective film. The magnetic film comprises a material containing Co as a main component. The non-magnetic undercoat comprises at least two layers including a first undercoat film and a second undercoat film provided on the first undercoat film. The first undercoat film comprises a material containing Cr as a main component, and the second undercoat film comprises a material selected from the group consisting of a Cr/Nb-base alloy, a Cr/W-base alloy, a Cr/V-base alloy and a Cr/Mo-base alloy as a main component.

Abstract: The present invention provides a lead frame material and a process for manufacturing a lead frame material. The process includes forming an intermediate layer on a lead frame substrate by vacuum deposition and forming a top protective layer on the intermediate layer by vacuum deposition. By using vacuum deposition, the coating material can be selected from a wider variety of materials; thus, coatings with novel compositions can be formed. The intermediate layer can be Ni, Ag, W, Zn, Cr, Mo, Cu, Sn, Al, Ta, Co, Nb, or alloys thereof, and the top protective layer can be Pt, Ir, Re, Ru, Rh, Pd, Au, Ag, or alloys thereof.

Abstract: The hard carbon coating-clad base material of the present invention comprises a base material, a substratal metal coating formed on the base material by a wet plating process, an intermediate metal coating comprising a titanium or chromium coating formed on the substratal metal coating by a dry plating process and a silicon coating formed on the titanium or chromium coating by a dry plating process, and a hard carbon coating formed on the silicon coating by a dry plating process. According to the present invention, a highly reliable hard carbon coating which is excellent in corrosion resistance, adhesion and abrasion resistance can be formed even on brass or an iron base material having poor corrosion resistance, such as SK steel and martensitic and ferritic stainless steels.

Abstract: A multi-layer magnetic material (10) has magnetic vectors (21,22) that point along a length (27) of the material (10). Opposing magnetic fields cause the vectors to snap past the perpendicular position with a rapid change in the resistance of the material. The material is used as a memory cell (37,38,39,41) of a memory (36).

Abstract: A magnetic device uses laminated ferromagnetic layers containing antiferromagnetically coupled ferromagnetic films coupled together with improved antiferromagnetically coupling (AFC) films. The AFC films are formed of the binary and ternary alloys comprising combinations of Ru, Os and Re. The ferromagnetic film thicknesses, the AFC film thicknesses and the compositions of the films in the laminated layer can be varied to engineer the magnetic properties of the device. The magnetic devices whose properties are improved with the improved laminated layers include spin valve magnetoresistive read heads and magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) devices for use as magnetic memory cells and magnetoresistive read heads.

Abstract: A thin film magnetic head includes an upper core layer and a lower core layer which are made of an Fe--M--O alloy, an Fe--M--T--O alloy or an NI--Fe--X alloy so that the upper core layer has a high saturation magnetic flux density, low coercive force and high resistivity, and the lower core layer has a lower saturation magnetic flux density than the upper core layer, low coercive force, high resistivity, and a low magnetostriction constant. Also the lower core layer is formed so that the thickness gradually decreases toward both side ends, and a gap layer can be formed on the lower core layer to have a uniform thickness. Since the lower core layer is formed by sputtering, a material having excellent soft magnetic material can be used, thereby enabling recording at high frequency.

Abstract: A reproducing layer, an intermediate layer, and a recording layer are successively stacked. The reproducing layer is made of a perpendicularly magnetized film whose domain wall coercivity is relatively smaller and whose domain wall mobility is relatively larger as compared with the recording layer around a reproducing temperature. When the reproducing layer, the intermediate layer, and the recording layer have Curie temperatures of Tc1, Tc2, and Tc3, Tc1, Tc2, and Tc3 satisfy a relationship of Tc2<Tc1<Tc3. Upon reproducing information, the reproducing layer is partially heated to more than the Curie temperature by irradiating with a light beam. This arrangement makes it possible to expand and reproduce a domain without causing a repetition of reproduction and to reproduce a signal having a period which is not more than an optical diffraction limit without reducing an amplitude of the reproduced signal, thereby dramatically improving a recording density.

Abstract: A pure steam-related apparatus, which is one of apparatus in the group of pure steam generators generating pure steam from purified water, pipelines for pure steam and sterilizers using pure steam, is protected from discoloration, so-called "fouling", to red or black caused by contact with the pure steam. The apparatus is manufactured by using an austenitic stainless steel sheet as the material, by taking the blanks from the material which received no mechanical surface polishing, by deforming and welding, without electrolytic polishing customarily done, and by passivating the surface to contact pure water to increase Cr-content in the passivation film to such extent as 45 atomic % or higher, preferably 55 atomic % or higher. Better results will be obtained by ensuring Cr/Fe ratio in the passivation film at the level of 1.45 or higher, preferably, 1.70 or higher.

Abstract: A one-piece, dual-material suction cup includes an inner face having a concave shape when the cup is inactive (that is, unattached to a surface) and an outer portion having a convex shape when the cup is inactive. The inner and outer portions are formed from different elastic materials. The characteristics of the outer material are selected to exhibit relatively high memory, elasticity and recovery to provide a biasing force on the inner face of the cup to increase the vacuum and enhance attachment. The characteristics of the inner material are selected to exhibit conformity, compliance and softness as compared to the outer material. Such characteristics enhance mating and sealing with a surface to which the cup is to be attached. The inner and outer portions are permanently bonded together to form the one-piece suction cup.

Abstract: The invention relates to an article of manufacture comprising: a substrate composed of a superalloy containing chromium and a base element selected from the group consisting of iron, cobalt, and nickel; and an enrichment layer containing chromium and placed on the substrate. Therein, the enrichment layer comprises a continuous matrix composed of a gamma-phase solid solution of chromium in the base element. The invention also relates to the manufacture of such an article. The article may in particular be a gas turbine component.

Abstract: Grain oriented electrical steel sheet with a very low iron loss and a method for producing the same, wherein the surface of the iron substrate of the grain oriented electrical steel sheet is subjected to an enhancement treatment of crystal grain orientation or surface smoothing to a mean roughness of about 0.20 .mu.m or less, electroplating a chromium plating layer on the substrate with heterogeneous growth, and applying a tension coating film to the plating layer.

Abstract: An intermetallic bond between a ferrous metal and a non-ferrous metal wherein an intermetallic bond layer that is substantially free of graphic inclusions joins the two. The graphite is effectively eliminated from the bond layer by either removing it from the ferrous metal or by sealing it off from the bond layer. Graphite removal may be accomplished in a variety of ways, including electrochemical cleaning and laser surface treatment. Alternatively, the graphite may be prevented from incursing into the bond region by sealing it off with a layer of metal, such as a chromium plating, that prevents it from penetrating through the bond layer and into the non-ferrous metal.

Abstract: In accordance with the invention, an SPE extraction apparatus is provided with a new SPE disk which eliminates radial wicking and weeping and new disk holding apparatus which minimizes the indirect flow region and minimizes the number of sample transfers required. The new SPE disk encapsulates the sorbent/fiber matrix between two porous outer layers which can be filters, united into an essentially non-porous rim around the disk perimeter. The disk holder and ring seal against this disk rim so that the active central portion of the disk is held entirely within the direct flow path. Thus weeping and indirect flow loss are virtually eliminated. In a preferred embodiment, the apparatus eliminates the need to manually disassemble the apparatus while in use. Advantageously a flow control mechanism is incorporated into the disk holder to further minimize the amount of solvent needed for extraction.

Abstract: A method is described for strengthening or restoring strength to a flat brittle oxide substrate which includes the steps of coating the edges of the brittle oxide substrate with a strengthening composition without coating a significate portion of the flat surfaces. The strengthen brittle oxide substrate such as glass and a window containing as the window pane the edge strengthen glass are also provided.