Abstract: A method of rebalancing electrolytes in a redox flow battery system comprises directing hydrogen gas generated on the negative side of the redox flow battery system to a catalyst surface, and fluidly contacting the hydrogen gas with an electrolyte comprising a metal ion at the catalyst surface, wherein the metal ion is chemically reduced by the hydrogen gas at the catalyst surface, and a state of charge of the electrolyte and pH of the electrolyte remain substantially balanced.

Abstract: Provided are flow batteries that include a fluidic train within a dynamic fluidic network system which fluidic train is convertible between a first state and a second state, the first state the first state placing a main electrolyte source and a dynamic fluidic network, outside the fluidic train and an electrode region, into fluid communication with the electrode region and the second state placing the main electrolyte source and the dynamic fluidic network, outside the fluidic train and the electrode region, into fluid isolation from the electrode region and placing the electrode region into fluid communication with a sampling segment. Also provided are methods of operating flow batteries.

Abstract: A method of rebalancing electrolytes in a redox flow battery system comprises directing hydrogen gas generated on the negative side of the redox flow battery system to a catalyst surface, and fluidly contacting the hydrogen gas with an electrolyte comprising a metal ion at the catalyst surface, wherein the metal ion is chemically reduced by the hydrogen gas at the catalyst surface, and a state of charge of the electrolyte and pH of the electrolyte remain substantially balanced.

Abstract: The flow battery in an aspect of the present disclosure includes a first liquid containing a lithium ion and a first redox material, a first electrode in contact with the first liquid, a second electrode functioning as a counter electrode of the first electrode, an isolation unit that isolates the first electrode and the second electrode from each other, a first chamber, and a first circulation mechanism for circulating the first liquid between the first electrode and the first chamber, and in the flow battery, the first liquid is non-aqueous and the first circulation mechanism includes a magnetically driven pump.

Abstract: Provided is an electrolyte for a flow battery, the electrolyte being supplied to a flow battery, in which a total concentration of ions of elements of groups 1 to 8 and ions of elements of groups 13 to 16 in the fifth period of the periodic table, and ions of elements of groups 1, 2, and 4 to 8 and ions of elements of groups 13 to 15 in the sixth period of the periodic table, the ions being impurity element ions involved in generation of a gas containing elemental hydrogen, is 610 mg/L or less, a concentration of vanadium ions is 1 mol/L or more and 3 mol/L or less, a concentration of free sulfuric acid is 1 mol/L or more and 4 mol/L or less, a concentration of phosphoric acid is 1.0×10?4 mol/L or more and 7.1×10?1 mol/L or less, a concentration of ammonium is 20 mg/L or less, and a concentration of silicon is 40 mg/L or less.

Abstract: A redox flow battery system includes an anolyte having a first ionic species in solution; a catholyte having a second ionic species in solution, where the redox flow battery system is configured to reduce the first ionic species in the anolyte and oxidize the second ionic species in the catholyte during charging; a first electrode in contact with the anolyte, where the first electrode includes channels for collection of particles of reduced metallic impurities in the anolyte; a second electrode in contact with the catholyte; and a separator separating the anolyte from the catholyte. A method of reducing metallic impurities in an anolyte of a redox flow battery system includes reducing the metallic impurities in the anolyte; collecting particles of the reduced metallic impurities; and removing the collected particles using a cleaning solution.

Abstract: The provided are an electrolyte for redox flow battery and a redox flow battery comprising the same, wherein the electrolyte for redox flow battery comprises a solute and a solvent, wherein said solute comprises at least one of anode active material and cathode active material, wherein said anode active material comprises at least one of organic compounds having a carbonyl group such as benzophenone-, benzoquinone-, dimethyl terephthalate-, and 1,4-diacetylbenzene-based organic compounds, and said cathode active material comprises at least one of amine-, tetrathiafulvalene-, and N,N,N?,N?-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine-based organic compounds.

Abstract: A flow battery includes: a cell including a first chamber and a second chamber a first liquid that contains a charge mediator and a discharge mediator, and that is located in the first chamber of the cell; a first electrode located in the first chamber of the cell; a first active material that is solid and that is located in the first chamber of the cell; a second liquid located in the second chamber of the cell; a second electrode that is located in the second chamber of the cell, and that is a counter electrode to the first electrode; and a first stirrer that stirs the first liquid in the first chamber. The charge mediator has a lower equilibrium potential than an equilibrium potential of the first active material. The discharge mediator has a higher equilibrium potential than the equilibrium potential of the first active material.

Abstract: A method of rebalancing electrolytes in a redox flow battery system comprises directing hydrogen gas generated on the negative side of the redox flow battery system to a catalyst surface, and fluidly contacting the hydrogen gas with an electrolyte comprising a metal ion at the catalyst surface, wherein the metal ion is chemically reduced by the hydrogen gas at the catalyst surface, and a state of charge of the electrolyte and pH of the electrolyte remain substantially balanced.

Abstract: An apparatus and process are provided for electricity production and high-efficiency trapping of carbon dioxide, using carbon dioxide within combustion exhaust gas and converging technologies associated with a carbon dioxide absorption tower and a generating device using ions which uses a difference in concentration of salinity between seawater and freshwater. It is expected that enhanced electrical energy production efficiency, an effect of reducing costs for the operation of a carbon dioxide trapping process, and electricity production from carbon dioxide, which is a greenhouse gas, can be simultaneously achieved by increasing the difference in concentration using an absorbent for absorbing carbon dioxide.

Abstract: An electrochemical cell or battery uses iron gall ink as an electrolyte. In some examples, mold, bacteria, or yeast are allowed to grow on the electrolyte. The ink is made by combining tannic or gallic acid from a material such as dehydrated tea with a metal or transition metal sulfate, such as iron sulfate, potassium sulfate, or manganese sulfate. Urea, a metal or transition metal salt, and glycerin can also be added to the electrolyte to assist in the ion-producing reaction. One example includes electrodes made from iron and graphite, and an electrolyte of iron-gall or iron-tannate ink. Another example uses a manganese based ink. Aluminum, potassium, or sodium tannate ink, urea, and graphite can be used to make a metal-air cell, in which the cell is open to the air. The ink can be used as a charge transport in a redox-flow electrochemical cell. Yet another example utilizes Bauxite residue, a waste product of aluminum manufacture.

Abstract: All-vanadium sulfate redox flow battery systems have a catholyte and an anolyte comprising an aqueous supporting solution including chloride ions and phosphate ions. The aqueous supporting solution stabilizes and increases the solubility of vanadium species in the electrolyte, allowing an increased vanadium concentration over a desired operating temperature range. According to one example, the chloride ions are provided by MgCl2, and the phosphate ions are provided by (NH4)2HPO4.

Abstract: An electrolyte composition and an energy storage device employing the same are provided. The electrolyte composition includes a solid and a solution. The solid includes a core and a metal layer encapsulating the core, where the metal layer is selected from a group consisting of Zn, Al, Mg, Li, Na and the metal oxides thereof. In particular, the solid has a first density and the solution has a second density, and the ratio between the first density and the second density is from about 0.97 to 1.03.

Abstract: A cooling system of a fuel cell vehicle is provided. The cooling system includes a stack in which a plurality of fuel cells are laminated and a manifold in which the stack is disposed, and inside of which cooling water flows to exchange heat with the stack. Additionally, a flow control valve is installed in the manifold, and is opened and closed to exchange heat of cooling water with the stack based on a temperature of the stack. A cooling water flow channel then guides the cooling water into the inside of the manifold, and is dually arranged to exchange heat with the stack.

Abstract: The invention provides a method of storing varying or intermittent electrical energy and one or more of hydrogen (H2) and oxygen (O2) with an energy apparatus, the method comprising: providing the first cell aqueous liquid, the second cell aqueous liquid, and electrical power from an external power source to the functional unit thereby providing an electrically charged functional battery unit and one or more of hydrogen (H2) and oxygen (O2) stored in said storage system, wherein during at least part of a charging time the functional unit is charged at a potential difference between the first cell electrode and the second cell electrode of more than 1.37 V.

Abstract: The present invention is to provide a redox type fuel cell that is able to quickly regenerate a mediator. The present invention is such a redox type fuel cell that a mediator is circulated in a cathode electrode, wherein a regenerator for oxidizing the mediator includes: a first chamber configured to store a mediator-containing solution; a second chamber configured to store an oxygen reduction reaction medium solution; a power source; a first electrode disposed in the first chamber and connected to a positive electrode of the power source: a second electrode disposed in the second chamber and connected to a negative electrode of the power source; an ion exchange path configured to connect the first chamber and the second chamber; and a gas supplier configured to supply an oxygen-containing gas into the second chamber.

Abstract: Provided are compositions having the formula MnTi(L1)(L2)(L3) wherein L1 is a catecholate, and L2 and L3 are each independently selected from catecholates, ascorbate, citrate, glycolates, a polyol, gluconate, glycinate, hydroxyalkanoates, acetate, formate, benzoates, malate, maleate, phthalates, sarcosinate, salicylate, oxalate, a urea, polyamine, aminophenolates, acetylacetone or lactate; each M is independently Na, Li, or K; n is 0 or an integer from 1-6. Also provided are energy storage systems.

Abstract: Nanoelectrofuel compositions include a plurality of electroactive surface-treated or surface modified nanoparticles dispersed in an electrolyte or self suspended and exhibit fluid characteristics are provided. A Redox flow cell may employ the nanoelectrofuels compositions, wherein the redox flow cell includes a first inlet and a first outlet in fluid communication with a first half-cell body, a second inlet and a second outlet in fluid communication with a second half-cell body, a third cell body, and an ion-conductive membrane separating the first half-cell body from the second half-cell body and defining the second half-cell body.

Abstract: The invention concerns flow batteries comprising: a first aqueous electrolyte comprising a first redox active material; a second aqueous electrolyte comprising a second redox active material; a first electrode in contact with the first aqueous electrolyte; a second electrode in contact with the second aqueous electrolyte and a separator disposed between the first aqueous electrolyte and the second aqueous electrolyte; the flow battery having an open circuit potential of at least 1.4 V, and is capable of operating or is operating at a current density at least about 50 mA/cm2, wherein both of the first and second redox active materials remain soluble in both the charged and discharged states. In certain embodiments, the redox active materials are metal ligand coordination compounds. The disclosure also describes systems comprising these flow batteries and methods of them.

Abstract: A double-layer capacitor (DLC) (10), including an electrolyte (20) having an electrochemically active species (28) dissolved therein. The electrochemically active species consists of a material that undergoes oxidation at one electrode and undergoes reduction at another electrode during charge and discharge processes of the DLC. The DLC also includes first and second electrodes (12, 14), consisting of a porous material (18, 26) in contact with the electrolyte. There is a porous separator (16) in the electrolyte separating the first electrode from the second electrode.

Abstract: A connecting structure for exteriorly connecting a battery cell and a load circuit by using two graphite connecting graphite blocks, wherein the positive and negative electrode terminals of the battery cell are made of nickel, the battery cell is connected to the load circuit by the two connecting graphite blocks, respectively. The graphite is inexpensive and resistant to oxidation; whereas, the connecting graphite blocks and the nickel-plated metal made electrode terminals of the battery cell will dissolve in each other to form a carbon-nickel alloy after being brought into contact with one another, thus ensuring a smooth large-current discharge because of the reduction in resistance of external connection.

Abstract: Disclosed is use of a porous membrane and a composite membrane thereof in a redox flow batteries, and in particular the use thereof in a vanadium redox flow battery. The membrane can effectively realize the separation of ions with different valence states, and an ion transfer without any ion exchange group. The pore size and structure of the porous membrane can be controlled by filling an inorganic substance or grafting an ion exchange group in the pore, in order to improve the barrier properties of the porous membrane for vanadium ions and to increase proton conductivity.

Abstract: A composite structure comprising a layer of zeolite having a high silica to alumina ratio supported on a support layer acts as a separator in a redox flow battery. The zeolite can be either supported on a rigid substrate, such as alumina, or a flexible substrate, such as a polymeric film. The polymeric film, in particular, can be an ion exchange membrane such as Nafion. The zeolite layer with a high silica to aluminum ratio provides a long-lasting separator for redox flow batteries.

Abstract: A method for preparing a redox flow battery electrolyte is provided. In some embodiments, the method includes the processing of raw materials containing sources of chromium ions in a high oxidation state. In some embodiments, a solution of the raw materials in an acidic aqueous solution is subjected to a reducing process to reduce the chromium in a high oxide state to an aqueous electrolyte containing chromium (III) ions. In some embodiments, the reducing process is electrochemical process. In some embodiments, the reducing process is addition of an inorganic reductant. In some embodiments, the reducing process is addition of an organic reductant. In some embodiments, the inorganic reductant or the organic reductant includes iron powder.

Abstract: A quencher for a flow cell battery is described. The quencher utilizes a quench solution formed from FeCl2 in a dilute HCl solution in order to quench chlorine emissions from the flow cell battery. A quench sensor is further described. The quench sensor monitors the concentration level of FeCl2 in the quench solution and may also monitor the level of the quench solution in the quencher.

Abstract: Embodiments of redox flow battery rebalancing systems include a system for reacting an unbalanced flow battery electrolyte with a rebalance electrolyte in a first reaction cell. In some embodiments, the rebalance electrolyte may contain ferrous iron (Fe2+) which may be oxidized to ferric iron (Fe3+) in the first reaction cell. The reducing ability of the rebalance reactant may be restored in a second rebalance cell that is configured to reduce the ferric iron in the rebalance electrolyte back into ferrous iron through a reaction with metallic iron.

Abstract: A method for preparing a redox flow battery electrolyte is provided. In some embodiments, the method includes the processing of raw materials containing sources of chromium ions and/or iron ions. The method further comprises the removal of impurities such as metal ions from those raw materials. In some embodiments, a reductant may be used to remove metal impurities from an aqueous electrolyte containing chromium ions and/or nickel ions. In some embodiments, the reductant is an amalgam. In some embodiments, the reductant is a zinc amalgam. Also provided is a method for removing ionic impurities from an aqueous acid solution. Further provided a redox flow battery comprising at least one electrolyte prepared from the above-identified methods.

Abstract: A barrier on the surface of the negative electrolyte solution of a redox flow battery can decrease air oxidation of a charged species in the negative electrolyte solution and can decrease water loss from the negative electrolyte solution. A negative electrolyte tank including a barrier on the surface of the negative electrolyte can have many advantages, including simplified setup, low cost, and low maintenance.

Abstract: An iron based redox flow cell. The redox flow cell comprises a first half-cell comprising a first electrolyte providing a source of Fe2+ ions and an electrode disposed within the first half-cell; a second half-cell comprising a second electrolyte providing a source of Fe2+ and Fe3+ ions and an electrode disposed within the second half-cell; and a separator between the first and second half-cells, where (a) the second electrolyte comprises a Fe3+ stabilizing agent; (b) the first electrolyte comprises a hydrogen evolution suppressing agent; or (c) the first electrolyte comprises a hydrogen evolution suppressing agent, and the second electrolyte comprises a Fe3+ stabilizing agent.

Abstract: Provided is a redox flow battery including a positive electrode cell having a positive electrode and a catholyte solution; a negative electrode cell having a negative electrode and an anolyte solution; and an ion-exchange membrane disposed between the positive electrode cell and the negative electrode cell, wherein the catholyte solution and the anolyte solution each includes a non-aqueous solvent, a supporting electrolyte, and an electrolyte, and wherein the electrolyte includes a metal-ligand coordination compound, and at least one of the metal-ligand coordination compounds includes a ligand having an electron donating group.

Abstract: This invention is directed to aqueous redox flow batteries comprising redox-active metal ligand coordination compounds. The compounds and configurations described herein enable flow batteries with performance and cost parameters that represent a significant improvement over that previous known in the art.

Abstract: RFBs having solid hybrid electrodes can address at least the problems of active material consumption, electrode passivation, and metal electrode dendrite growth that can be characteristic of traditional batteries, especially those operating at high current densities. The RFBs each have a first half cell containing a first redox couple dissolved in a solution or contained in a suspension. The solution or suspension can flow from a reservoir to the first half cell. A second half cell contains the solid hybrid electrode, which has a first electrode connected to a second electrode, thereby resulting in an equipotential between the first and second electrodes. The first and second half cells are separated by a separator or membrane.

Abstract: This invention is directed to aqueous redox flow batteries comprising ionically charged redox active materials and separators, wherein the separator is less than about 100 microns and the flow battery is capable of operating with high energy densities and voltage efficiencies.

Abstract: Iron-sulfide redox flow battery (RFB) systems can be advantageous for energy storage, particularly when the electrolytes have pH values greater than 6. Such systems can exhibit excellent energy conversion efficicency and stability and can utilize low-cost materials that are relatively safer and more environmentally friendly. One example of an iron-sulfide RFB is characterized by a positive electrolyte that comprises Fe(III) and/or Fe(II) in a positive electrolyte supporting solution, a negative electrolyte that comprises S2? and/or S in a negative electrolyte supporting solution, and a membrane, or a separator, that separates the positive electrolyte and electrode from the negative electrolyte and electrode.

Abstract: An organic electrolyte solution for use in a redox flow battery and the redox flow battery including the organic electrolyte solution has a high energy density because re-precipitation is prevented in the organic electrolyte solution or eduction is prevented in an electrode during reduction of a metal ion used as an electrolyte.

Abstract: This invention is directed to aqueous redox flow batteries comprising redox-active metal ligand coordination compounds. The compounds and configurations described herein enable flow batteries with performance and cost parameters that represent a significant improvement over that previous known in the art.

Abstract: This invention is directed to aqueous redox flow batteries comprising ionically charged redox active materials and separators, wherein the separator is less than about 100 microns and the flow battery is capable of operating with high energy densities and voltage efficiencies.

Abstract: The present invention provides a secondary cell having a negative electrode compartment and a positive electrode compartment, which are separated by an alkali ion conductive electrolyte membrane. An alkali metal negative electrode disposed in the negative electrode compartment oxidizes to release alkali ions as the cell discharges and reduces the alkali ions to alkali metal during recharge. The positive electrode compartment includes a positive electrode contacting a positive electrode solution that includes an alkali metal compound and a metal halide. The alkali metal compound can be selected from an alkali halide and an alkali pseudo-halide. During discharge, the metal ion reduces to form metal plating on the positive electrode. As the cell charges, the metal plating oxidizes to strip the metal plating to form metal halide or pseudo halide or corresponding metal complex.

Abstract: A redox flow battery is provided. The redox flow battery involves multiple-membrane (at least one cation exchange membrane and at least one anion exchange membrane), multiple-electrolyte (one electrolyte in contact with the negative electrode, one electrolyte in contact with the positive electrode, and at least one electrolyte disposed between the two membranes) as the basic characteristic, such as a double-membrane, triple electrolyte (DMTE) configuration or a triple-membrane, quadruple electrolyte (TMQE) configuration. The cation exchange membrane is used to separate the negative or positive electrolyte and the middle electrolyte, and the anion exchange membrane is used to separate the middle electrolyte and the positive or negative electrolyte.

Abstract: Iron-sulfide redox flow battery (RFB) systems can be advantageous for energy storage, particularly when the electrolytes have pH values greater than 6. Such systems can exhibit excellent energy conversion efficiency and stability and can utilize low-cost materials that are relatively safer and more environmentally friendly. One example of an iron-sulfide RFB is characterized by a positive electrolyte that comprises Fe(III) and/or Fe(II) in a positive electrolyte supporting solution, a negative electrolyte that comprises S2? and/or S in a negative electrolyte supporting solution, and a membrane, or a separator, that separates the positive electrolyte and electrode from the negative electrolyte and electrode.

Abstract: A quencher for a flow cell battery is described. The quencher utilizes a quench solution formed from FeCl2 in a dilute HCl solution in order to quench chlorine emissions from the flow cell battery. A quench sensor is further described. The quench sensor monitors the concentration level of FeCl2 in the quench solution and may also monitor the level of the quench solution in the quencher.

Abstract: A redox flow battery has a high energy density and an excellent charge and discharge efficiency because re-precipitation is prevented in an electrolyte solution or eduction is prevented in an electrode during reduction of a metal ion used as an electrolyte.

Abstract: Embodiments of redox flow battery rebalancing systems include a system for reacting an unbalanced flow battery electrolyte with a rebalance electrolyte in a first reaction cell. In some embodiments, the rebalance electrolyte may contain ferrous iron (Fe2+) which may be oxidized to ferric iron (Fe3+) in the first reaction cell. The reducing ability of the rebalance reactant may be restored in a second rebalance cell that is configured to reduce the ferric iron in the rebalance electrolyte back into ferrous iron through a reaction with metallic iron.

Abstract: An electrolyte for a redox flow battery and a redox flow battery including the electrolyte, the electrolyte including a metal-ligand coordination compound as a cation and an anion containing at least four atoms linked to each other by a straight chain in a certain direction.

Abstract: Iron-sulfide redox flow battery (RFB) systems can be advantageous for energy storage, particularly when the electrolytes have pH values greater than 6. Such systems can exhibit excellent energy conversion efficiency and stability and can utilize low-cost materials that are relatively safer and more environmentally friendly. One example of an iron-sulfide RFB is characterized by a positive electrolyte that comprises Fe(III) and/or Fe(II) in a positive electrolyte supporting solution, a negative electrolyte that comprises S2? and/or S in a negative electrolyte supporting solution, and a membrane, or a separator, that separates the positive electrolyte and electrode from the negative electrolyte and electrode.

Abstract: A lithium secondary cell, having: a negative electrode, a negative electrode-electrolyte solution, a separator, a positive electrode-electrolyte solution, and a positive electrode, which are disposed in this order, in which the separator is a solid electrolyte through which only lithium ions pass.

Abstract: A metal-ligand coordination compound containing an aliphatic ligand useful as a catholyte and/or an anolyte that enables the provision of a redox flow battery having high energy efficiency and charge/discharge efficiency.

Abstract: A secondary battery including: a positive electrode which comprises an oxide which absorbs and releases lithium ions; a negative electrode which comprises a material which absorbs and releases the lithium ions; and a first electrolyte solution which transports charge carriers between the positive electrode and the negative electrode; wherein the positive electrode comprises a compound, which is represented by the composition formula LiaM1bOd or LiaM1bM2cOd, and the positive electrode is formed by electrically combining lithium metal and a lithium-containing transition metal oxide in a second electrolyte solution which includes lithium ions. In the formulae, a, b, c and d represent a composition ratio of the above composition formulae, and are numbers in ranges of: 1.2?a?2, 0<b, c?2, and 2?d?4, M1 and M2 in the above formulae represent any one kind of elements selected from the group consisting of Co, Ni, Mn, Fe, Al, Sn, Mg, Ge, Si and P, and M1 and M2 are different from each other.

Abstract: A redox flow battery. A metal-ligand coordination compound including an aromatic ligand that contains an electron withdrawing group is used as the catholyte and/or the anolyte so that a redox flow battery having high energy density and excellent charge/discharge efficiency may be provided.

Abstract: Provided are redox flow batteries employing supporting electrolyte of a ring- or spiro-type structure and having high energy efficiencies and energy densities.