Abstract: A ceramic-polymer film includes a polymer matrix; a plasticizer; a lithium salt; and AlxLi7-xLa3Zr1.75Ta0.25O12 where x ranges from 0.01 to 1 (LLZO), wherein the LLZO are nanoparticles with diameters that range from 20 to 2000 nm and wherein the film has an ionic conductivity of greater than 1×10?3 S/cm at room temperature. The nanocomposite film can be formed on a substrate and the concentration of LLZO nanoparticles decreases in the direction of the substrate to form a concentration gradient over the thickness of the film. The film can be employed as a non-flammable, solid-state electrolyte for lithium electrochemical cells and batteries. The LLZO serves as a barrier to dendrite growth.

Abstract: The invention discloses a lithium battery structure and the electrode layer thereof. The lithium battery structure includes two battery units with the two negative active material layers being disposed in face-to-face arrangement. The negative current collector includes a conductive substrate with a plurality of through holes and an isolation layer. The isolation layer is covered on one surface of the conductive substrate and extended along the through holes to another surface to cover the edge of the openings of the through holes. It can be effectively avoided the lithium dendrites depositing near the openings of the through holes on the conductive substrate. Also, the face-to-face arrangement of the negative active material layers is effectively control the locations of the plated lithium dendrites. Therefore, the safety of the battery and the cycle life of the battery is greatly improved.

Abstract: An all-solid-state battery includes a pair of electrode layers consisting of first and second electrode layers, and a solid-state electrolyte layer positioned between the pair of electrode layers, wherein the first electrode layer contains an electrode active material having an olivine-type crystalline structure, the solid-state electrolyte layer contains a solid-state electrolyte having a NASICON-type crystalline structure, and the solid-state electrolyte layer in the vicinity of the first electrode layer is expressed by a composition formula LixAyCozM?aM?bP3Oc. The all-solid-state battery can improve the long-term cycle stability.

Abstract: A high transference number, thin-film electrolyte structure suitable for a battery includes a non-conducting organic phase portion and plurality of ion-conducting inorganic phase structures. The inorganic phase structures are dispersed throughout the organic phase portion and arranged generally in a layer. The inorganic phase structures are configured to span a thickness of the organic phase portion such that a respective portion of each structure is exposed on opposite sides of the organic phase portion. Respective interfaces between the organic phase portion and the inorganic phase structures possess strong adhesion characteristics via an unbroken chain of ionic bonds and/or covalent bonds. The interfaces in some embodiments include at least one adhesion promoter configured to promote adhesion between the organic phase portion and the inorganic phase structures.

Abstract: The present application is directed to compositions and methods of preparing electrolyte materials. The electrolyte materials prepared according to compositions and methods described herein comprise enhanced electrochemical properties and find utility in any number of electrical devices, for example, in lithium batteries.

Abstract: An energy storage device includes a cathode including an active material with a material structure of MXenes, wherein the active material includes at least one electrochemically active component; and a gelatin-based electrolyte containing an aqueous electrolytic solution disposed adjacent to the electrode. The aqueous electrolytic solution is arranged to facilitate a physical and/or a chemical transformation of at least a portion of the active material upon an operation cycle of charging and discharging of the energy storage device.

Abstract: A battery electrode material includes a composition of (A) a charge-conducting radical polymer, (B) poly[poly(ethylene oxide) methyl ether methacrylate] (PPEGMA); and (A) a lithium salt, the composition being a mixed ionic and electronic conductor with ionic conductivity at room temperature of at least about 10?4 S/cm and electronic conductivity of at least about 10?3 S/cm.

Abstract: A method of forming a metal oxy-fluoride surface on lithium metal oxide cathode material particles is disclosed. Such a metal oxy-fluoride surface may help to prevent lithium metal oxide cathode active materials from reacting with water, thus enabling aqueous processing of cathodes made from such materials in the manufacture of lithium batteries. Such a method may also reduce lithium battery manufacturing costs and time by substituting water for currently-used organic solvents that are expensive and require special handling and disposal. Such a method may also reduce the cost of lithium metal oxide cathode active materials as the requirements for moisture-free manufacture, storage, and processing will be reduced or eliminated.

Abstract: Systems, methods, and computer-readable media are disclosed for lithium-ion batteries with solid electrolyte membranes. In one embodiment, a battery cell may include a copper current collector, a first layer in contact with the copper current collector, the first layer comprising polyvinylidene fluoride, an anode comprising a first lithiated polymer binder configured to conduct lithium ions, where the first layer is disposed between the copper current collector and the anode, and a lithiated polymer electrolyte membrane in contact with the anode. The battery cell may include a cathode in contact with the lithiated polymer electrolyte membrane and comprising a second lithiated polymer binder configured to conduct lithium ions, a second layer in contact with the cathode, the second layer comprising polyvinylidene fluoride, and an aluminum current collector disposed adjacent to the second layer, wherein the aluminum current collector is a positive current collector.

Abstract: Ceramic-polymer film includes a polymer matrix, plasticizers, a lithium salt, and a ceramic nanoparticle, LLZO: AlxLi7-xLa3Zr1.75Ta0.25O12 where x ranges from 0 to 0.85. The nanoparticles have diameters that range from 20 to 2000 nm and the film has an ionic conductivity of greater than 1×10?4 S/cm (?20° C. to 10° C.) and larger than 1×10?3 S/cm (?20° C.). Using a combination of selected plasticizers to tune the ionic transport temperature dependence enables the battery based on the ceramic-polymer film to be operable in a wide temperature window (?40° C. to 90° C.). Large size nanocomposite film (area ?8 cm×6 cm) can be formed on a substrate and the concentration of LLZO nanoparticles decreases in the direction of the substrate to form a concentration gradient over the thickness of the film. This large size film can be employed as a non-flammable, solid-state electrolyte for lithium electrochemical pouch cell and further assembled into battery packs.

Abstract: The method for fabricating an electrochemical device includes the following successive steps: a first stack successively including a first electrode and an electrically insulating electrolyte having a first main surface in contact with the first electrode and an opposite second main surface; a polymerisation step of the electrolyte so as to define at least a first area presenting a first degree of cross-linking and a first cross-linking density and a second area presenting a second degree of cross-linking different from the first degree of cross-linking and/or a second cross-linking density different from the first cross-linking density, said at least first and second areas connecting the first main surface with the second main surface; and placing the second electrode in contact with the electrolyte.

Abstract: Provided is a laminate for a non-aqueous secondary battery including a substrate and a functional layer that is well adhered thereto. The laminate includes a substrate and a functional layer at one or both sides of the substrate. The functional layer contains non-conductive particles and a binder including a polymer A that includes a fluorine-containing monomer unit. The amount of polymer A in a region up to 20% of thickness of the functional layer from a substrate-side surface thereof is more than 20% and not more than 40% of the total amount of polymer A in the functional layer, and the amount of polymer A in a region up to 20% of thickness of the functional layer from an opposite surface thereof relative to the substrate-side surface is more than 20% and not more than 40% of the total amount of polymer A in the functional layer.

Abstract: Hydrofluoroolefin (HFO) fluid can be transported through an electrochemical device, which has a proton exchange membrane (PEM) disposed between a pair of gas-permeable electrodes that include respective catalysts. At an inlet side, the catalyst facilitates reaction of HFO with hydrogen carrier gas. The resulting cation is transported across PEM in the presence of an electric field applied to the electrodes. At an outlet side, the catalyst of the opposing electrode facilitates dissociation of the cation back into HFO and hydrogen. In some embodiments, the transported HFO has a higher pressure than that before the electrochemical device. In some embodiments, the electrochemical device can be operated in reverse to expand HFO fluid and/or to recapture power. The electrochemical device can thus be used as a compressor or expander for vapor-phase HFO or as a pump or expander for liquid-phase HFO, for example, in power generation or heating/cooling cycles.

Abstract: A conductive polymer material is provided that includes an electrically conducting monomer and a zwitterionic sulfate chemically attached to the monomer. The electrically conducting monomer is at least one of acetylene, pyrrole, thiophene, phenylenevinylene, paraphenylene and aniline. The zwitterionic sulfonate includes an imidazolium group or an ammonium group. A solid-state battery is also provided that includes the conductive polymer material in an electrode. The solid-state battery includes an anode, a cathode and a solid electrolyte disposed between the anode and the cathode. At least one of the anode and the cathode includes the conductive polymer material.

Abstract: A lithium cell, in particular a lithium-metal and/or lithium-ion solid electrolyte-liquid electrolyte hybrid cell, is described that includes an anode layer and a cathode layer. A separator layer is situated between the anode layer and the cathode layer. The cathode layer and/or the separator layer and/or the anode layer includes at least one solvent and/or at least one lithium conductive salt. To improve the rapid charge capacity of the cell, a dividing layer is situated between the cathode layer and the separator layer, which dividing layer is conductive for lithium ions and is impermeable for the at least one solvent of the cathode layer and/or of the separator layer and/or of the anode layer, and/or is impermeable for lithium conductive salt anions of the at least one lithium conductive salt of the cathode layer and/or of the separator layer and/or of the anode layer.

Abstract: Provided are an anion exchange resin being capable of producing an electrolyte membrane for a fuel cell, a binder for forming an electrode catalyst layer and a fuel cell electrode catalyst layer, which have an improved physical property (anion conductivity); a method for producing thereof; an electrolyte membrane for a fuel cell, a binder for forming an electrode catalyst layer and a fuel cell electrode catalyst layer produced from the anion exchange resin; and a fuel cell having the electrolyte membrane or the electrode catalyst layer.

Abstract: An object of the present disclosure is to provide a secondary battery system that functions at high voltage. The present disclosure attains the object by providing a secondary battery system comprising: a hybrid ion battery provided with a cathode active material layer having a cathode active material that contains a metal element capable of taking two kinds or more of a positive valence, an anode active material layer having an anode active material that contains a metal element capable of taking a valence of +2 or more, and an electrolyte layer containing an alkali metal ion and fluoride anion, and formed between the cathode active material layer and the anode active material layer; and a controlling portion that controls charging and discharging of the hybrid ion battery; wherein the controlling portion controls discharging so that a potential of the cathode active material includes a potential range higher than 0.23 V (vs. SHE).

Abstract: A method for fabricating the electrochemical device includes provision of a first stack. This first stack successively includes: a first electrode, an electrically insulating liquid electrolyte in contact with the first electrode, a second electrode separated from the first electrode by the liquid electrolyte. The method includes an at least partial polymerisation step of the liquid electrolyte.

Abstract: A preparation method of a separator according to the present disclosure includes preparing an aqueous slurry including inorganic particles, a binder polymer, and an aqueous medium, and coating the aqueous slurry on at least one surface of a porous polymer substrate to form an organic-inorganic composite porous coating layer, wherein capillary number of the aqueous slurry has a range between 0.3 and 65.

Abstract: A composite membrane for a lithium battery, a cathode for a lithium battery, and a lithium battery including the composite membrane. The composite membrane includes a copolymer including a first repeating unit represented by Formula 1 and a second repeating unit represented by Formula 2: wherein Ar1, R1, R2, R3, A, Y?, and m in Formula 1, and R4 to R7, a, and n in Formula 2, are the same as defined in the specification.

Abstract: Solid electrolytes have a favorable combination of properties such as high conductivity, high transference number, optimum processability, and low brittleness. A composite electrolyte includes some amount of a class of network polymer electrolytes with high transference number and high room temperature conductivity, and an additional polymeric component to contribute mechanical integrity and/or processability. The solid electrolytes can include a network polymer having linked nodes composed of a tetrahedral arylborate composition and a linear polymer combined with the network polymer as a composite. The solid electrolytes can be used in thin films and in solid-state batteries.

Abstract: A solid electrolyte contains: a copolymer having a constituent unit represented by a formula (1) below and a constituent unit represented by a formula (2) below; and a metal salt. In the formula (1), m is 2 or 3, and R1 each independently represent a hydrogen atom or a methyl group. In the formula (2), n is 2 or 3, and R2 each independently represent a hydrogen atom or a methyl group.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, a secondary battery is provided. The secondary battery includes a negative electrode, a positive electrode, a first aqueous electrolyte, a second aqueous electrolyte, and a partition having a first surface and a second surface opposite to the first surface. The partition is positioned between the negative electrode and the positive electrode. The first aqueous electrolyte is in contact with the first surface of the partition and the negative electrode. The second aqueous electrolyte is in contact with the second surface of the partition and the positive electrode. The partition contains a solid electrolyte having alkali metal ion conductivity. The first aqueous electrolyte includes an organic compound.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, a secondary battery including a positive electrode, a negative electrode, a separator, a first electrolyte, and a second electrolyte is provided. The separator is provided at least between the positive electrode and the negative electrode. The separator includes an alkali metal ion conductive solid electrolyte. The first electrolyte is contained in at least the positive electrode. The first electrolyte includes a first alkali metal salt and a first aqueous solvent. The second electrolyte is contained in at least the negative electrode. The second electrolyte includes a second alkali metal salt and a second aqueous solvent.

Abstract: A composite separator is provided which includes a polymer membrane, a binder, a solid inorganic lithium-ion conductor and a liquid electrolyte. The solid inorganic lithium-ion conductor is present in the composite separator in a higher volume and weight proportion than the liquid electrolyte. A method for forming the composite separator is also provided, and a lithium-ion battery is provided which includes a composite separator having a polymer membrane, a binder, a solid inorganic lithium-ion conductor and a liquid electrolyte.

Abstract: This invention is directed to aqueous redox flow batteries comprising ionically charged redox active materials and separators, wherein the separator is about 100 microns or less and the flow battery is capable of (a) operating with a current efficiency of at least 85% with a current density of at least about 100 mA/cm2; (b) operating with a round trip voltage efficiency of at least 60% with a current density of at least about 100 mA/cm2; and/or (c) giving rise to diffusion rates through the separator for the first active material, the second active material, or both, of about 1×10?7 mol/cm2-sec or less.

Abstract: To provide a stacked-cell battery that does not require formation of collector tabs and that has high production efficiency.

Abstract: This disclosure provides collector plates for an energy storage device, energy storage devices with a collector plate, and methods for manufacturing the same. In one aspect, a collector plate includes a body. One or more apertures extend into the body. The apertures are configured to allow a portion of a free end of a spirally wound current collector of a spirally wound electrode for an energy storage device to extend into the one or more apertures.

Abstract: Batteries, separators, battery packs, electronic devices, electromotive vehicles, power storage apparatus, and electric power systems are provided. In one embodiment, a battery is provided. The battery including a positive electrode; a negative electrode; an electrolytic solution holding layer between the positive electrode and the negative electrode, wherein the electrolytic solution holding layer comprises inorganic particles and a vinylidene fluoride polymer, wherein a mass ratio of the vinylidene fluoride polymer and the inorganic particles is 1:1 to 1:8.

Abstract: An electrochemical cell of a secondary lithium ion battery includes lithium ion-exchanged zeolite particles or “lithiated zeolite particles” positioned along at least a portion of a lithium ion transport path through the electrochemical cell. The lithiated zeolite particles may be positioned within the lithium ion transport path through the electrochemical cell, for example, by being distributed throughout an electrolyte disposed between confronting anterior surfaces of a negative electrode and a positive electrode. Additionally or alternatively, the lithiated zeolite particles may be positioned within the lithium ion transport path through the electrochemical cell by being distributed throughout or deposited as a coating layer on the negative electrode, the positive electrode, and/or a porous separator sandwiched between the confronting anterior surfaces of the negative and positive electrodes.

Abstract: A polymer electrolyte for an all-solid battery, having a multi-layer structure is provided. An embodiment of the polymer electrolyte is a polymer electrolyte having a multi-layer structure, which includes a first polymer electrolyte layer and a second polymer electrolyte layer, where the EO:Li molar ratio of a poly(ethylene oxide)(PEO)-based polymer and a lithium salt is different between the first and second polymer electrolyte layers is provided. A solid polymer electrolyte of the present invention in the all-solid battery substantially reduces the interfacial resistance with lithium and the discharge overvoltage, resulting in a sufficient discharge capacity, which improves output characteristics and energy density.

Abstract: A membrane electrode assembly includes: an electrolyte membrane that includes a pair of main surfaces; a cathode catalyst layer that is provided to one main surface of the electrolyte membrane; an anode catalyst layer that is provided to the other main surface of the electrolyte membrane; a cathode gas diffusion layer that is provided to the cathode catalyst layer; and an anode gas diffusion layer that is provided to the anode catalyst layer. The anode gas diffusion layer includes a metal steel plate that includes a plurality of vent holes through which gas passes, unevenness is provided to a main surface of the metal steel plate that neighbors the anode catalyst layer, and a difference in a height of the unevenness in a thickness direction of the metal steel plate is less than a thickness of the electrolyte membrane.

Abstract: An all-solid-state battery able to inhibit internal short-circuiting that occurs in the case of a rise in battery temperature during improper use, etc., of the all-solid-state battery is provided. The all-solid-state battery (100) has a positive electrode active material layer (10), a solid electrolyte layer (20) and a negative electrode active material layer (30) in that order, and the solid electrolyte layer (20) has solid electrolyte particles (14) and additive particles (22). The additive particles have a melting point of 700° C. or higher and are electrochemically inert. The ratio of the median diameter (D50) of the additive particles to the thickness of the solid electrolyte layer (20) is 0.4 to 0.8.

Abstract: A method for producing a lithium ion secondary battery comprising the positive electrode active material of formula (1), Li(2-0.5x)Mn1-xM1.5xO3 (x satisfies 0<x<1) . . . (1) (M in the formula is a lithium-containing transition metal oxide expressed by NiaCobMncM1d (in which 0<a?0.5, 0?b?0.33, 0<c?0.5, and 0?d?0.1 are satisfied, the sum of a, b, c, and d becomes 1, and M1 in the formula is an element selected from Li, V, Al, Zr, Ti, Nb, Fe, Cu, Cr, Mg, and Zn)). The method comprises a step to repeat charge-discharge multiple times (charge-discharge interval), and comprises a step to discharge a at a lower current density than the current density during charge a, during the discharge of the multiple charges-discharges, or, a step to discharge b at a lower current density than the current density during charge a after the electromotive force is naturally recovered by idle b after each charge-discharge.

Abstract: A battery system comprises a plurality of substantially planar layers extending over transverse areas. The plurality of layers comprises at least one cathode layer, at least one anode layer, and at least one separator layer therebetween.

Abstract: The present application relates to a lithium electrode and a lithium battery including the same.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method of manufacturing an all-solid state battery. The method includes coating a first slurry or composition having on a substrate to form a first electrolyte layer a predetermined thickness, coating a second slurry or composition on the first electrolyte layer to form a second electrolyte layer having a predetermined thickness, laminating an electrode layer on the second electrolyte layer, bonding the electrode layer to the second electrolyte layer through pressing, and removing the substrate from the first electrolyte layer. The first slurry or composition of the first electrolyte layer has content of a binder less than that of the second slurry or composition of the second electrolyte layer, and thus, the substrate may be easily removed from the first electrolyte layer.

Abstract: A separator includes a substrate layer that is porous, and a surface layer that is provided on at least one main face of the substrate layer and that has an uneven shape. The surface layer includes first particles that are for forming convexities of the uneven shape and that are a main component of the convexities, second particles that have a smaller average particle size than the first particles, cover at least a part of a surface of the first particles, and cover at least a part of a surface of the substrate layer that is exposed between the first particles, and a resin material.

Abstract: The disclosed embodiments provide a battery pack for use with a portable electronic device. The battery pack includes a first set of cells with different capacities electrically coupled in a parallel configuration. Cells within the first set of cells may also have different thicknesses and/or dimensions. The first set of cells is arranged within the battery pack to facilitate efficient use of space within a portable electronic device. For example, the first set of cells may be arranged to accommodate components in the portable electronic device.

Abstract: A polymer to be used as a binder for sulfur-based cathodes in lithium batteries that includes in its composition electrophilic groups capable of reaction with and entrapment of polysulfide species. Beneficial effects include reductions in capacity loss and ionic resistance gain.

Abstract: Provided is a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery including a nonaqueous electrolyte and an electrode assembly including a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and a separator disposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode. The electrode assembly further includes a layer containing a metal oxide powder between the positive electrode and the negative electrode. The positive electrode contains a phosphate ester compound represented by Formula (1); where X and Y each independently represent a metal atom, a hydrogen atom, or an organic group; at least one of X and Y represents a metal atom; X and Y are coincident when the metal atom is divalent; and n represents an integer of 2 or more and 10 or less.

Abstract: The present invention provides an electrolyte material formulation including: (a) a monomer of formula (I) (b) a monomer of formula (II) ?and (c) a polymerizable compound, wherein A, X, B1, B2, R1 to R3, q and w are defined as those recited in the specification, and the monomer (b) is in an amount of about 1 part by weight to about 800 parts by weight and the polymerizable compound (c) is in an amount of about 1 part by weight to about 10000 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of the monomer (a). The present invention further provides an electrolytic material composition obtained by the polymerization of the aforementioned electrolytic material formulation. The electrolytic material composition can be applied to a solid electrolyte capacitor.

Abstract: A semi-porous composite membrane and a method of manufacturing the semi-porous composite membrane. The semi-porous composite membrane includes a base supporting substrate comprising ?-Al2O3, an outer layer comprising silica, and an intermediate layer comprising crystalline fibers of boehmite, and at least one of a secondary metal oxide and a synthetic polymer, wherein the intermediate layer is disposed between the base supporting substrate and the outer layer. The crystalline fibers of boehmite are a length of 5-150 nm. The semi-porous composite membrane may be employed in membrane reactors.

Abstract: An all-solid-state battery including a cathode layer, an anode layer, and an electrolyte layer arranged between the cathode layer and the anode layer, the electrolyte layer including a first solid electrolyte layer including a sulfide solid electrolyte, and a second solid electrolyte layer other than the first solid electrolyte layer, the electrolyte layer including the sulfide solid electrolyte. Also provided is a method for manufacturing an all-solid-state battery including the steps of (a) making a cathode layer, (b) making an anode layer, (c) making an electrolyte layer including a first solid electrolyte layer including a sulfide solid electrolyte and a second solid electrolyte including the sulfide solid electrolyte, and (d) layering the cathode layer, the electrolyte layer, and the anode layer, such that the electrolyte layer is arranged between the cathode layer and the anode layer.

Abstract: An electrolyte for a lithium secondary battery, the electrolyte including: a lithium salt; a non-aqueous organic solvent; and a piperazine derivative represented by Formula 1 having an oxidation potential lower than an oxidation potential of the non-aqueous organic solvent by about 2 V to about 4 V: wherein, in Formula 1, X, Y, and R1 to R4 are defined in the specification.

Abstract: Liquid or solid electrolyte compositions are described that comprise a homogeneous solvent system and an alkali metal salt dissolved in said solvent system. The solvent system may comprise a fluoropolymer, having one or two terminal carbonate groups covalently coupled thereto. Batteries containing such electrolyte compositions are also described.

Abstract: The present invention provides: a polymer electrolyte composition which can achieve excellent proton conductivity under slightly humidified conditions, excellent mechanical strength and excellent physical durability, has excellent practicality, and can be produced using a nitrogen-containing additive, wherein the nitrogen-containing additive can prevent the elution of the additive under a strongly acidic atmosphere during the operation of a fuel cell, has excellent chemical stability so as to tolerate a strongly acidic atmosphere, can be dissolved in various general-purpose organic solvents, has superior processability, can be mixed with an ionic-group-containing polymer, can prevent the occurrence of phase separation during the formation of a film, and can prevent the formation of an island-in-sea-like phase separation structure or the occurrence of bleeding out during the formation of a film; and a polymer electrolyte membrane, a membrane electrode assembly and a polymer electrolyte fuel cell, each of which

Abstract: Provided is a method for manufacturing an anode of a cable-type secondary battery having a solid electrolyte layer, including preparing an aqueous solution of an anode active material, making an anode by immersing a core as a current collector having a horizontal cross section of a predetermined shape and extending longitudinally in the aqueous solution, then applying an electric current to form a porous shell of the anode active material on the surface of the core, and forming a solid electrolyte layer on the surface of the anode by passing the anode through a solid electrolyte solution. The anode has a high contact area to increase the mobility of lithium ions, thereby improving battery performance. Also, the anode is capable of relieving stress and pressure in the battery, such as volume expansion during charging and discharging, thereby preventing battery deformation and ensuring battery stability.

Abstract: A humidification cell of a fuel cell apparatus includes a first outer plate and a second outer plate. A gas chamber, a humidification chamber and a water-permeable membrane separating the two chambers, are disposed between the first outer plate and the second outer plate, starting from the first outer plate. A first water-permeable support element that prevents fibers from detaching and also prevents medium flows from blocking narrow gas outlets, is disposed between the first outer plate and the membrane in such a way that the first support element is made of a filter material.

Abstract: A lithium ion battery includes a cathode, an anode, and an electrolyte sandwiched between the cathode and the anode. The cathode includes a cathode active material. The anode is spaced from the cathode. The cathode active material includes a sulfur grafted poly(pyridinopyridine). The sulfur grafted poly(pyridinopyridine) includes a poly(pyridinopyridine) matrix and sulfur dispersed in the poly(pyridinopyridine) matrix. The sulfur includes a number of poly-sulfur groups or a number of elemental sulfur particles dispersed in the poly(pyridinopyridine) matrix. The electrolyte is a gel electrolyte.