Abstract: A battery capable of changing its form safely is provided. A bendable battery having a larger thickness is provided. A battery with increased capacity is provided. For an exterior body of the battery, a film in the shape of a periodic wave in one direction is used. A space is provided in an area surrounded by the exterior body and between an end portion of the electrode stack that is not fixed and an interior wall of the exterior body. Furthermore, the phases of waves of a pair of portions of the exterior body between which the electrode stack is located are different from each other. In particular, the phases are different from each other by 180 degrees so that wave crest lines overlap with each other and wave trough lines overlap with each other.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a non-aqueous electrolyte for a lithium secondary battery and a lithium secondary battery comprising same. The non-aqueous electrolyte comprises: a non-aqueous organic solvent; a lithium salt; a first additive containing at least one compound among compounds represented by chemical formulas 1 to 4; and a second additive containing at least one compound among compounds represented by chemical formula 5 or 6.

Abstract: A battery according to an embodiment of the present invention includes: a plurality of tanks (2) storing electrolyte containing ions of which valence is changed; a cell (1) configured to cause oxidation-reduction of the electrolyte so as to be charged or discharged; a pipe (3) connecting the plurality of tanks and the cell; and a pump (4) configured to circulate the electrolyte between the plurality of tanks and the cell through the pipe. The battery according to an embodiment of the present invention includes a container (5) housing the plurality of tanks (2), the cell (1), the pipe (3), and the pump (4). The container has a bottom (51), a side (52), and a top (53). Accordingly, the battery in an embodiment of the present invention can be installed easily and its installation area can be reduced.

Abstract: A system, method, and articles of manufacture for a surface-modified transition metal cyanide coordination compound (TMCCC) composition, an improved electrode including the composition, and a manufacturing method for the composition according to Formula III—An electrochemical cell including a system having an anode, a cathode, and an electrolyte wherein the anode includes a material, including the material including at least one composition represented by Formula III: AxMny[Mn(CN)(6)]z(Vac)(1-z).n(H2O)m(Che) wherein, in Formula III, A includes one or more alkali metals including Na; and wherein 0<j?4, 0?k?0.1, 1.2<x?4, 0<y?1, 0.8<z?1, 0<n?4; 0?m?0.2 and wherein x+2y?4z=0.

Abstract: Provided are porous Fe3O4/sulfur composites. The composites are composed of porous Fe3O4 nanoparticles and sulfur, where the sulfur loading is 70-85% by weight based on the total weight of the composite. Also provided are batteries having cathodes containing porous FE3O4 composites of the present disclosure.

Abstract: Disclosed is a zinc ion secondary battery including an aqueous electrolyte. More particularly, the zinc ion secondary battery includes a positive electrode comprising a positive electrode active material; a negative electrode comprising a negative electrode active material; and an aqueous electrolyte disposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode and containing an aqueous solvent and a metal salt, wherein the metal salt has a composition represented by Formula 1 below: A-xZn.yM??[Formula 1] wherein A is an aminopolycarboxylate, x is 1 to 2, y is 0 to 3, and M is an alkali metal.

Abstract: A memory circuit includes a memory element which includes a first electrode layer including lithium. The memory element further includes a second electrode layer and a solid-state electrolyte layer arranged between the first electrode layer and the second electrode layer. The memory circuit also includes a memory access circuit configured to determine a memory state of the memory element.

Abstract: A system, method, and articles of manufacture for a surface-modified transition metal cyanide coordination compound (TMCCC) composition, an improved electrode including the composition, and a manufacturing method for the composition which may include multiple chelation species (Che_x). The composition, compound, device, and uses thereof according to AxMn(y-k)Mjk[Mnm(CN)(6-p-q)(NC)p(Che_I)rq]z.CHE_GROUP (Vac)(1-z).nH2O, wherein CHE_GROUP includes one or more chelation materials selected from the group consisting of (Che_I)rw, (Che_II)sv, and combinations thereof, and wherein 0<j?4, 0?k?0.1, 0?(p+q)?6, 0<x?4, 0<y?1, 0<z?1, 0<w?0.2; ?3?r?3; 0<v?0.2; ?3?s?3; and 0?n?6; wherein x+2(y?k)+jk+(m+(r+1)q?6)z+wr+vs=0.

Abstract: A system, method, and articles of manufacture for a surface-modified transition metal cyanide coordination compound (TMCCC) composition, an improved electrode including the composition, and a manufacturing method for the composition which may include multiple chelation species (Che_x). The composition, compound, device, and uses thereof according to AxMn(y-k)Mjk[Mnm(CN)(6-p-q)(NC)p(Che_I)rq]z. CHE_GROUP (Vac)(1-z).nH2O, wherein CHE_GROUP includes one or more chelation materials selected from the group consisting of (Che_I)rw, (Che_II)sv, and combinations thereof, and wherein 0<j?4, 0?k?0.1, 0?(p+q)?6, 0<x?4, 0<y?1, 0<z?1, 0<w?0.2; ?3?r?3; 0<v?0.2; ?3?s?3; and 0?n?6; wherein x+2(y?k)+jk+(m+(r+1)q?6)z+wr+vs=0.

Abstract: A system, method, and articles of manufacture for a surface-modified transition metal cyanide coordination compound (TMCCC) composition, an improved electrode including the composition, and a manufacturing method for the composition which may include multiple chelation species (Che_x). The composition, compound, device, and uses thereof according to AxMn(y-k)Mjk[Mnm(CN)(6-p-q)(NC)p(Che_I)rq]z. CHE_GROUP (Vac)(1-z).nH2O, wherein CHE_GROUP includes one or more chelation materials selected from the group consisting of (Che_I)rw, (Che_II)sv, and combinations thereof, and wherein 0<j?4, 0?k?0.1, 0?(p+q)?6, 0<x?4, 0<y?1, 0<z?1, 0<w?0.2; ?3?r?3; 0<v?0.2; ?3?s?3; and 0?n?6; wherein x+2(y?k)+jk+(m+(r+1)q?6)z+wr+vs=0.

Abstract: An alkaline dry cell includes a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and an alkaline electrolyte solution. The negative electrode includes a terephthalic acid compound and a negative electrode active material containing zinc. The terephthalic acid compound is terephthalic acid having an electron-withdrawing substituent or a salt thereof. The electron-withdrawing substituent is, for example, at least one selected from the group consisting of Br, F, and Cl. The terephthalic acid compound preferably includes terephthalic acid having one electron-withdrawing substituent or a salt thereof.

Abstract: An ancillary Ce+3/Ce+4 redox couple is added to the positive electrolyte solution containing the V+4/V+5 redox couple of an RFB energy storage system in a mole content sufficient to support charge current in case of localized depletion of oxidable V+4V ions in the anode double layer on a wetted carbon electrode surface at a polarization voltage approaching 1.5 V, thus restraining any further increase that would lead to massive OH? discharge on the carbon electrode. Such a “buffering” function of the fraction of oxidable of C+3 ions, substitutes of no longer present oxidable V+4 ions, may eventually continue after a substantially complete oxidation to V+5 of the vanadium of the main redox couple V+4/V+5 in the positive electrolyte solution and to this end a balancing mole amount of a reducible redox couple is also added to the negative electrolyte solution.

Abstract: An electrochemical cell for a secondary battery is provided, which includes a positive electrode having an intercalation cathode material of treated smectite; a negative electrode material having an anode material containing magnesium; an electrolyte positioned in contact with at least one of the positive electrode and the negative electrode; wherein the electrolyte comprises a solvent in which magnesium chloride, aluminum chloride, and, optionally, magnesium hexamethyldisilazide are dissolved. The solvent is one or more of 2-methyl tetrahydrofuran; 2,5-dimethyl pyridine; 2,6-dimethyl pyridine; 3,5-dimethyl pyridine; 2,5-diethyl pyridine; 2-methyl-5-ethyl-pyridine; 2-ethyl-5-methyl-pyridine; 5-ethyl-3-methyl-pyridine; and 3-ethyl-5-methyl pyridine; and, optionally, pinene and/or ocimene.

Abstract: A rechargeable battery using a solution of an aluminum salt as an electrolyte is disclosed, as well as methods of making the battery and methods of using the battery.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, a nonaqueous electrolyte battery includes a positive electrode, a negative electrode and a nonaqueous electrolyte. The negative electrode contains an active material having a lithium absorption potential of not lower than 0.4 V vs. Li/Li+. The nonaqueous electrolyte contains a fluorine-containing lithium salt and a phosphorous compound. The phosphorous compound is at least one selected from the group consisting of AxH3-xPO4 (wherein A is at least one element selected from Na and K, and x is from 0 to 3) and A?yH(6-2y)(PO4)2 (wherein A? is at least one element selected from Mg and Ca, and y is from 0 to 3).

Abstract: The present invention relates to an acrylic pressure-sensitive adhesive composition, and more particularly, to an acrylic pressure-sensitive adhesive composition, which comprises (a) 100 weight parts of an acrylic copolymer, (b) 0.001 to 30 weight parts of an antistatic agent; and (c) 0.01 to 10 weight parts of a corrosion inhibitor, thereby being optically transparent, causing durability and reliability not to change, and simultaneously improving antistatic performance and preventing generation of corrosion although the adhesive composition comes into contact with a metal surface.

Abstract: The invention relates to an electrochemical battery that comprises at least two electrodes (21, 22) each made of a different conducting material, characterized in that said electrodes are woven or sewn in the fabric of the piece of clothing (1), said fabric containing between 60 and 90% of an animal or vegetal natural fiber and between 10 and 40% of a textile fiber of a chemical elastic material, and using a physiological fluid as an electrolyte. The invention also relates to a piece of clothing equipped with such a battery.

Abstract: The present invention relates to non-aqueous electrolytes having electrode stabilizing additives, stabilized electrodes, and electrochemical devices containing the same. Thus the present invention provides electrolytes containing an alkali metal salt, a polar aprotic solvent, and an electrode stabilizing additive. In certain electrolytes, the alkali metal salt is a bis(chelato)borate and the additives include substituted or unsubstituted linear, branched or cyclic hydrocarbons comprising at least one oxygen atom and at least one aryl, alkenyl or alkynyl group. In other electrolytes, the additives include a substituted aryl compound or a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl compound wherein the additive comprises at least one oxygen atom. There are also provided methods of making the electrolytes and batteries employing the electrolytes. The invention also provides for electrode materials.

Abstract: The present invention provides a molten sodium secondary cell. In some cases, the secondary cell includes a sodium metal negative electrode, a positive electrode compartment that includes a positive electrode disposed in a liquid positive electrode solution, and a sodium ion conductive electrolyte membrane that separates the negative electrode from the positive electrode solution. In such cases, the electrolyte membrane can comprise any suitable material, including, without limitation, a NaSICON membrane. Furthermore, in such cases, the liquid positive electrode solution can comprise any suitable positive electrode solution, including, but not limited to, an aqueous sodium hydroxide solution. Generally, when the cell functions, the sodium negative electrode is molten and in contact with the electrolyte membrane. Additionally, the cell is functional at an operating temperature between about 100° C. and about 170° C. Indeed, in some instances, the molten sodium secondary cell is functional between about 110° C.

Abstract: An electrochemical storage device including a plurality of electrochemical cells connected electrically in series. Each cell includes an anode electrode, a cathode electrode and an aqueous electrolyte. The charge storage capacity of the anode electrode is less than the charge storage capacity of the cathode.

Abstract: A composite material in the form of a continuous structure comprises an intrinsically conducting polymer (ICP) layer coated on a substrate, the composite material having a surface area of at least 0.1 m2/g, at least 1 m2/g, or at least 5 m2/g. Methods of manufacturing the composite material comprise coating the substrate with a layer of the intrinsically conducting polymer. Electrochemical or electrical devices comprise at least one component formed of the composite material.

Abstract: A positive electrode for a lithium battery including a protected negative electrode containing a lithium metal or a lithium alloy, wherein the positive electrode contains a positive electrode active material, a polyoxometalate compound, and a conductive material. Also provided is a lithium battery including the positive electrode.

Abstract: An embodiment of the invention provides for an electrochemical cell comprising: a fuel electrode comprising a metal fuel, a second electrode, an ionically conductive medium communicating the electrodes, the ionically conductive medium comprising at least two different additives, wherein at least one additive is selected from the group consisting of: macroheterocyclic compounds, phosphonium salts, hetero-ionic compounds and their derivatives; and, at least one additive is selected from the group consisting of: macroheterocyclic compounds, phosphonium salts, hetero-ionic compounds, and their derivatives. The fuel electrode and the second electrode are operable in a discharge mode wherein the metal fuel is oxidized at the fuel electrode functioning as an anode, whereby electrons are generated for conduction from the fuel electrode to the second electrode via a load. An ionically conductive medium and methods of operating an electrochemical cell are also disclosed.

Abstract: An embodiment of the invention provides for an electrochemical cell comprising: a fuel electrode comprising a metal fuel, a second electrode, and an ionically conductive medium communicating the electrodes; the ionically conductive medium comprising hetero-ionic aromatic additives. The fuel electrode and the second electrode are operable in a discharge mode wherein the metal fuel is oxidized at the fuel electrode functioning as an anode, whereby electrons are generated for conduction from the fuel electrode to the second electrode via a load. An ionically conductive medium and methods of operating an electrochemical cell are also disclosed.

Abstract: Li-Ion/Polysulfide flow battery systems are provided to achieve high energy density and long service life. The system is configured to minimize corrosion of the lithium electrode by providing an electrochemical reactor comprising a first and a second electrode configured in spaced apart relation defining an inter-electrode channel through which the sulfur electrolyte is caused to flow.

Abstract: An anode electrode for an energy storage device includes both an ion intercalation material and a pseudocapacitive material. The ion intercalation material may be a NASICON material, such as NaTi2(PO4)3 and the pseudocapacitive material may be an activated carbon material. The energy storage device also includes a cathode, an electrolyte and a separator.

Abstract: An electrochemical apparatus (e.g., a battery (cell)) including an aqueous electrolyte with electrode stabilizing additives and one or two electrodes (e.g., an anode and/or a cathode), one or both of which is a Prussian Blue analogue material of the general chemical formula AxP[R(CN)6-jLj]z.nH2O, where: A is a cation; P is a metal cation; R is a transition metal cation, L is a ligand that may be substituted in the place of a CN? ligand; 0?x?2; 0?z?1; and 0?n?5 with the electrolyte including an additive to reduce capacity loss of the electrode(s).

Abstract: An electrochemical device (e.g., a battery (cell)) including: an aqueous electrolyte and one or two electrodes (e.g., an anode and/or a cathode), one or both of which is a Prussian Blue analogue material of the general chemical formula AxP[R(CN)6-jLj]z.nH2O, where: A is a cation; P is a metal cation; R is a transition metal cation; L is a ligand that may be substituted in the place of a CN? ligand; 0?x?2; 0?z?1; and 0?n?5, the electrode including a polymer coating to reduce capacity loss.

Abstract: Methods and articles relating to separation of electrolyte compositions within lithium batteries are provided. The lithium batteries described herein may include an anode having lithium as the active anode species and a cathode having sulfur as the active cathode species. Suitable electrolytes for the lithium batteries can comprise a heterogeneous electrolyte including a first electrolyte solvent (e.g., dioxolane (DOL)) that partitions towards the anode and is favorable towards the anode (referred to herein as an “anode-side electrolyte solvent”) and a second electrolyte solvent (e.g., 1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME)) that partitions towards the cathode and is favorable towards the cathode (and referred to herein as an “cathode-side electrolyte solvent”).

Abstract: A lithium-ion battery and a method for fabricating the same are provided. The lithium-ion battery includes an anode, a cathode, a separator, and an electrolyte solution. The cathode is disposed opposite to the anode. The separator is disposed between the anode and the cathode, where an accommodating region is defined by the anode, the cathode and the separator. The electrolyte solution disposed within the accommodating region includes an organic solvent, a lithium salt and an additive. The additive includes a sulfonyl-containing species, and the content thereof is 0.1 to 5 wt % based on the total weight of the electrolyte solution. The whole-cell potential of the lithium-ion battery is 4.5 V or above. In the lithium-ion battery and the method for fabricating the same of the invention, the sulfonyl-containing species serves as the additive, so that the battery is capable of being operated under a condition of high-voltage charge and discharge.

Abstract: Provided are an aqueous electrolyte composition including hydrophilic microparticles and a sealed-type primary film battery including an electrolyte layer formed of the aqueous electrolyte composition. In the sealed-type primary film battery, a separation film is interposed between a positive electrode and a negative electrode, and has a plurality of through-holes. A non-flowable electrolyte layer interposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode includes first and second electrolyte layers extending parallel to the positive electrode and the negative electrode, and a plurality of third electrolyte layers filled in the through-holes of the separation film so as to be integrally connected to the first electrolyte layer and the second electrolyte layer. Due to the third electrolyte layers filled in the through-holes of the separation film, an ion transfer path in the electrolyte layer is shortened.

Abstract: Disclosed are hydroxy terminated alkylsilane ethers with oligoethylene oxide substituents. They are suitable for use as electrolyte solvents and particularly well suited for use with aqueous environment electrolytic capacitors. Methods for synthesizing these compounds are also disclosed.

Abstract: An active material for a secondary battery has excellent large current charge-discharge characteristic and a high energy density. The secondary battery is composed mainly of the active material having a conductive polymer compound represented by formula B or F as the positive electrode. Because this conductive polymer compound works as an active material and has conductivity per se, the use of a conductivity enhancer can be omitted, and the energy density is high. An improvement in the capacity of a secondary battery using the active material above or a decrease in the internal resistance can be realized.

Abstract: Disclosed is an electrode having a solid electrolyte interface (SEI) film partially or totally formed on a surface thereof, the SEI film being formed by electrical reduction of a cyclic diester compound and a sulfinyl group-containing compound. Further, a secondary battery comprising the electrode is disclosed.

Abstract: This invention described the preparation of a series of compounds that can be used as co-solvents, solutes or additives in non-aqueous electrolytes and their test results in various electrochemical devices. The inclusion of these novel compounds in electrolyte systems can enable rechargeable chemistries at high voltages that are otherwise impossible with state-of-the-art electrolyte technologies. These compounds are so chosen because of their beneficial effect on the interphasial chemistries formed at high potentials, such as 5.0 V class cathodes for new Li ion chemistries. The potential application of these compounds goes beyond Li ion battery technology and covers any electrochemical device that employs non-aqueous electrolytes for the benefit of high energy density resultant from high operating voltages.

Abstract: Systems and methods drawn to an electrochemical cell comprising a low temperature ionic liquid comprising positive ions and negative ions and a performance enhancing additive added to the low temperature ionic liquid. The additive dissolves in the ionic liquid to form cations, which are coordinated with one or more negative ions forming ion complexes. The electrochemical cell also includes an air electrode configured to absorb and reduce oxygen. The ion complexes improve oxygen reduction thermodynamics and/or kinetics relative to the ionic liquid without the additive.

Abstract: Disclosed is an electrolyte for a secondary battery comprising an electrolyte salt and an electrolyte solvent, the electrolyte further comprising both a cyclic diester compound and a sulfinyl group-containing compound. Also, disclosed is an electrode having a solid electrolyte interface (SEI) film partially or totally formed on a surface thereof, the SEI film being formed by electrical reduction of the above compounds. Further, a secondary battery comprising the electrolyte and/or the electrode is disclosed.

Abstract: The present invention includes small molecule organic additives for lead acid batteries, a lead acid battery and components thereof containing the small molecule organic additives of the invention, and methods for the use of such compounds. The batteries of the invention may optionally further contain carbon foam. The presence of carbon in the battery may generate some of the organic agents of the invention.

Abstract: Halogenated organic compounds that are inexpensive and are readily available have been used to present the examples of the invention. These chemicals, when in contact with water experience a reaction that releases oxy-halogenated acid. These compounds are weak acids and release hydrogen ions according to their ionization constant keeping a constant level of oxy-halogenated ion. These ions are capable of reacting with catalytic cathodes and can be coupled with anode materials to fabricate galvanic cells. Exemplary embodiments of the present invention include cells with flat and cylindrical form factors having a variety of anodes.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is an electrolyte including: a solvent; an electrolyte salt; and an alkanamine derivative represented by the following formula (1): where R1 is an alkyl group of 1 to 3 carbon atoms which may have a substituent group, and R2 and R3 are each independently a sulfonyl group having a substituent group of 1 to 3 carbon atoms or a sulfinyl group having a substituent group of 1 to 3 carbon atoms.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an aqueous electrolyte solution absorber including an aqueous electrolyte solution absorbent polymer obtained by introducing a hydrophilic polar group to a water insoluble polymer and a material to be sucked. The aqueous electrolyte solution absorber is produced by filling a water permeable bag type member with the aqueous electrolyte solution absorbent polymer obtained by introducing the hydrophilic polar group to the water insoluble polymer and a material to be sucked. The aqueous electrolyte solution absorber is inexpensive and has a high safety, a broad applicable range and a good handling property upon transportation or storage. Thus, a large amount of aqueous electrolyte solution absorbers can be rapidly conveyed at one time even to a risky place where persons are endangered to convey the absorbers.

Abstract: A rechargeable lithium-ion battery includes a positive electrode and a negative electrode that includes a lithium titanate active material. A separator is provided between the positive electrode and the negative electrode. The battery also includes an electrolyte and an electrolyte additive comprising at least one boroxine ring.

Abstract: Electrodes and electrolytes for nickel-zinc secondary battery cells possess compositions that limit dendrite formation and other forms of material redistribution in the zinc electrode. In addition, the electrolytes may possess one or more of the following characteristics: good performance at low temperatures, long cycle life, low impedance and suitability for high rate applications.

Abstract: Disclosed is an electrolyte for a battery comprising: (a) an electrolyte salt; (b) an organic solvent; and (c) a functional electrolyte additive. An electrochemical device comprising the electrolyte is also disclosed. The additive used in the electrochemical device effectively controls the surface of a cathode active material, which otherwise causes side reactions with an electrolyte, due to the basic skeleton structure and polar side branches of the additive. Therefore, it is possible to improve the safety of a battery, while not adversely affecting the quality of a battery.

Abstract: An electrolytic solution for use in nonaqueous electrolytic lithium secondary cells which contains a room temperature molten salt, i.e., an aliphatic quaternary ammonium salt of the formula (1), an organic solvent and a lithium salt of the formula (2), the electrolytic solution being characterized in that the organic solvent contains vinylene carbonate in an amount of 1 to 5 wt. % based on the electrolytic solution, and a lithium secondary cell using the electrolytic solution wherein R1 to R3 are each a chain hydrocarbon having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, R4 is methoxymethyl, ethoxymethyl, propoxymethyl or isopropoxymethyl, and X1 and X2 are each a fluorine-containing anion.

Abstract: The invention relates to the defoaming of ionic liquids and also to compositions comprising at least one ionic liquid and at least one antifoam and, if appropriate, a solvent and/or further auxiliaries or additives.

Abstract: A non-aqueous electrolyte usable in rechargeable lithium-ion batteries including a solution of LiPF6/carbonate based electrolytes with low concentrations of LiFOP such that the thermal stability is increased compared to a standard lithium battery. A method of making lithium tetrafluorophospahte (LiF4C2O4, LiFOP) including, reacting PF5 with lithium oxalate, recrystallizing DMC/dichloromethane from a 1:1 mixture of to separate LiF4OP from LiPF6 to form a lithium salt. An electric current producing rechargeable Li-ion cell. The rechargeable lithium ion cell includes an anode, a cathode, and a non-aqueous electrolyte comprising a solution of a lithium salt in a non-aqueous organic solvent containing lithium tetrafluorooxalatophosphate (LiPF4(C2O4), LiF4OP).

Abstract: A rechargeable battery is provided such that the positive electrode companies lead, the negative electrode zinc, and the electrolyte is an aqueous solution of an alkali metal sulphate. Upon discharge, lead dioxide is reduced to lead sulphate and zinc is oxidized to zinc oxide. The reactions are reversed when the battery is charged.

Abstract: Provided is a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery which has excellent high-temperature cycle characteristics, while maintaining the shutdown response speed of the separator and the overcharge characteristics after many repeated cycles at high temperatures. The battery uses a non-aqueous electrolyte containing a carboxylic acid ester and a nitrile compound, and a separator having a porosity of 28 to 54% and an air permeability of 86 to 450 secs/dl.

Abstract: A thin, rechargeable, flexible electrochemical energy cell includes a battery cell, or a capacitor cell, or a battery/capacitor hybrid cell that can be stackable in any number and order. The cell can be based on a powdery mixture of hydrated ruthenium oxide particles or nanoparticles with activated carbon particles or nanoparticles suspended in an electrolyte. The electrolyte may contain ethylene glycol, boric acid, citric acid, ammonium hydroxide, organic acids, phosphoric acid, and/or sulphuric acid. An anode electrode may be formed with a thin layer of oxidizable metal (Zn, Al, or Pb). The cathode may be formed with a graphite backing foil. The materials used in the energy cell can be explosive-free, nonflammable, nontoxic, and environmentally safe, and the energy cell may have a voltage at or below 1.25V for recharging. The thickness of the cell structure can be in the range of 0.5 mm-1 mm, or lower.