Abstract: A pulse combustor having thermally induced pulse combustion in a continuously flowing system is described. The pulse combustor is fitted with at lease one elongated ceramic body which significantly increases the heat transfer area in the combustion chamber of the combustor. The ceramic body or bodies possess sufficient mass and heat capacity to ignite the fuel-air charge once the ceramic body or bodies are heated by conventional spark plug initiated combustion so as to provide repetitive ignition and combustion of sequentially introduced fuel-air charges without the assistance of the spark plug and the rapid quenching of the flame after each ignition in a controlled manner so as to provide a selective control over the oscillation frequency and amplitude. Additional control over the heat transfer in the combustion chamber is provided by employing heat exchange mechanisms for selectively heating or cooling the elongated ceramic body or bodies and/or the walls of the combustion chamber.

Abstract: A catalytic burner for oxidizing gaseous fuel in a catalytic combustion device having a gaseous fuel discharge tube, the burner comprises a tubular catalyst defining a catalytic combustion chamber and having an inlet opening at one end thereof for admitting gaseous fuel into the chamber, an outlet opening at the other end thereof for discharging products of combustion from the chamber, and a support for mounting the catalyst in coaxial relation on the discharge tube; and a gas distributor disposed within the inlet end of the catalyst proximate to but spaced from the discharge tube for uniformly distributing across the chamber gaseous fuel introduced into the chamber through the inlet opening.

Abstract: This invention relates to a windproof cigarette lighter with double flames, producing not only windproof type, but also a visible flame. It comprises: a housing, a gas reservoir, a gas charging valve, a gas discharging valve with discharging amount adjustable and valve opening member. A nozzle of the gas discharging valve is connected to the inlet of a burner through a first conduit. A piezoelectric igniting device is activated upon the opening of the gas discharging valve. The burner consists of a jet pump, a combustion chamber and a flame stabilizer which is composed of a central hub and at least a channel between the central hub and the wall of the combustion chamber. An igniting element is arranged on the downstream portion of the combustion chamber. A second conduit is connected to a nozzle which is located on the top center of the central hub and has its opening vertically upward.

Abstract: An apparatus for coloring gas flames in gas-burning fireplaces so as to give the appearance of a wood-burning fireplace comprises a ceramic tube having a coating which causes colorization of gas flames when the coated tube is placed in the secondary reaction zone of a gas flame. Principle coating ingredients include sodium carbonate, aluminum oxide, pulverized soda lime glass, and sodium silicate. The coating is baked onto the ceramic tube, and, when located in the secondary reaction zone of a flame, will provide nearly constant natural color to a gas flame for periods in excess of 1000 hours.

Abstract: A series of perforated plates are placed in alignment with a horizontally sposed burner tube and canted to spread the flame from the burner both axially and transverse the axis of the tube. Each perforation is accompanied by an upper scoop that extends downward and toward the tube to direct some of the upward flowing flame through the perforation. Thereby, the flame is spread in both length and width to cover a larger grating surface above the tube.

Abstract: A phase contactor adopted, e.g., for combustion and pollution control, comprises a mixing zone and means for separately injecting and disintegrating at least two gaseous flowstreams therein, a central element within said mixing zone defining an annular space into which said gaseous flowstreams are injected and disintegrated, and a downstream reaction zone.

Abstract: Cooling rods (2) take away the heat from the flame area of a burner (1). Various embodiments of supports (4) for these cooling rods (2) are disclosed.

Abstract: A gas burner comprising a heating gas pipe, the wall of which is traversed by at least one group of longitudinally arranged outlet nozzles. These groups of nozzles (2 or 3) are connected with at least one conduit (5) for a heat accumulating agent which is parallel to the heating gas pipe (1).

Abstract: An apparatus and method for use in a combustion system of a gas-fired furnace to inhibit formation of oxides of nitrogen (NO.sub.x) by the combustion system thereby reducing NO.sub.x emissions from the combustion system. The apparatus is made of a material which is positioned at the interface of the primary zone and the secondary zone of a combustion flame produced by a two-zone burner which is part of the combustion system, to temper the combustion flame by absorbing thermal energy from the combustion flame. The device sufficiently tempers the combustion flame to limit peak combustion flame temperatures and residence times at these peak combustion flame temperatures to levels which inhibit formation of oxides of nitrogen.

Abstract: An infrared heater for a bowl-shaped cooking wok having a central region and an annular region surrounding the central region. The heater includes a ribbon-type gas-fired burner head fed with a pressurized mixture of air and gas that is expelled from the head through a cylindrical array of minute jet openings to produce, when ignited, an omnidirectional flame. Also provided is a round block of refractory material which when heated to an elevated temperature by the head emits infrared radiation. The block has superposed base, intermediate and top sections, the base section having a cavity therein whose central zone communicates with central openings in the intermediate and top sections, and an outer zone which communicates with a circular array of bores in the intermediate and top sections.

Abstract: A gas burner is provided of the type distributing, through multiple nozzles (12), the flames (13) generated by the combustion of a pressurized fuel gas in air, comprising an air-fox (1) one wall (3) of which is perforated with a large number of closely spaced orifices (5), a gas feed-tank (7) connected to a pressurized fuel gas source and a plurality of hollow needles (11) each connecting the inside of the feed-tank (7) to the central zone of the inlet of an orifice (5) in the perforated wall (3) so as to define with this orifice one of the flame production sites (12). The air-box is connected to a pressurized air source, the orifices are cylindrical and a mechanical obstacle (16) is provided in the centre of the outlet of each orifice, for deflecting the gas jet leaving the needle and mixing it with the air stream which surrounds it.

Abstract: This invention relates to a burner with low emission of polluting gases, comprising, in a conduit, an injector of fluid fuel which creates in the conduit, supplied with combustion-supporting air heated in an exchanger, a fuel/air mixture. The latter burns, creating a flame which clings to a stabilizer constituted for example by a hollow piece, of V-section, obturating a central part of the cross-section of the conduit. Downstream of this stabilizer there is placed an obstacle causing a local reduction follwed by a sudden increase in the cross-section of the conduit in order to promote oxidation of the carbon monoxide.

Abstract: Pilot burner apparatus is provided which has improved flame stability and other characteristics. The pilot burner is comprised of a hollow body member having a combustible gas inlet nozzle portion at one end connected to a sleeve portion which forms an outlet at the other end. A heat retaining member is disposed within the sleeve portion adjacent the outlet end thereof. Upon short duration combustion disturbances, flame stability is maintained by the burner.

Abstract: A device is disclosed for use in a combustion system to inhibit formation of oxides of nitrogen (NO.sub.x) by the combustion system thereby reducing NO.sub.x emissions from the combustion system. The device is made of a material, such as stainless steel, which is positioned at the periphery of a combustion flame produced by a burner which is part of the combustion system, to temper the combustion flame by absorbing thermal energy from the combustion flame. The device sufficiently tempers the combustion flame to limit peak combustion flame temperatures and residence times at these peak combustion flame temperatures to levels which inhibit formation of oxides of nitrogen while allowing substantially complete combustion of the fuel supplied to the burner.

Abstract: A catalyst moving structure for an oil burner capable of facilitating handling of the oil burner in the manufacturing and maintenance as well as covering a combustion gas discharge opening of a combustion cylinder construction of the oil burner when a wick operating shaft is rotated to a fire-extinguishing position, to thereby effectively preventing discharge of bad odor during the fire-extinguishing operation. The catalyst moving structure includes a catalyst moving mechanism including a vertically movable sliding shaft and a connecting rod pivotally mounted on the sliding shaft, a catalyst support member mounted on the sliding shaft, and a movement transmission mechanism including a cam device fitted on the wick operating shaft and a push-up lever operatively connected between the cam device and the connecting rod to transmit actuation of the wick operating shaft to the connecting rod to vertically move the sliding shaft.

Abstract: A power burner adaptable for use in conjunction with a wood burning stove employs a blower to produce a forced flow of air and a fuel valve which provides selective fuel communication with a fuel nozzle. Forced air and fuel is mixed in the nozzle and propelled through the nozzle outlet along a generally unidirectional exit path. A target is spaced from the nozzle outlet and interposed in the exit path. A heating assembly which is spaced from the target heats the target to a temperature sufficient to ignite the mixture traversing the exit path. A blast tube surrounds the target and forms an axially extending passageway which functions as a combustion chamber and a passageway for propelling the combusted fuel through an outlet opening of the blast tube. The burner is automatically controlled by an electronic controller.

Abstract: A burner suitable for use in a ground flare has a fuel gas supply pipe shaped to have a low resistance to upward air flow. The fuel gas supply pipe has one or more outlets in its upper surface which direct fuel gas onto adjacent plates to cause spreading and mixing of the fuel gas with aspirated air. The plates have a top edge adapted to give flame retention. The central portion of the upper edge of the plate is inclined into a substantially horizontal position towards the fuel gas outlet and the outer portions of the plate are inclined in the direction away from the fuel gas outlet.

Abstract: A portable gas-fired forced-draft heater has a burner assembly mounted in a tube coupled to the intake port of a motor-driven blower. The burner operates in a stream of high velocity air which flows past the burner to the blower. The burner includes shrouds which cooperate with a fuel and air mixing nozzle to enable fuel to be burned efficiently and reliably over a wide range of fuel flow rates to the burner. A flame stabilization surface is spaced appropriately from the nozzle to enable reliable ignition of the fuel-air mixture. A controlled portion of the warm gases passing through the blower is routed to a receptacle for a fuel container to maintain pressure in the container as the preferably liquefied gas fuel is consumed during operation of the heater.

Abstract: A flame insert for reducing the NO.sub.x emissions of a range top burner is disclosed. The flame insert comprises a rigid framework provided by disjuncted support members connected to a pair of ring members. The support members engage the burner head to mount and accurately position the ring members adjacent the burner ports for engaging the flames during combustion and reducing the peak flame temperature by radiating heat energy away from the flames.

Abstract: A metal insert is provided for reducing NO.sub.x emissions in a gas burner which comprises an inverted channel member having support legs movably retained in at least one of the burner ports to allow for movement caused by thermal expansion and contraction of the channel member. The channel member has downwardly extending leg portions positioned adjacent a high temperature zone of the gas flame and within a low temperature zone of the flame.

Abstract: The underfeed stoker has a retort (6) which is located at a height `h`, an arch having a minimum width `w`. The ratio of the minimum width `w` to the height `h` is greater than 1.5 and less than 2.

Abstract: A pre-vaporizing liquid fuel burner with an eductor mounted to the end of a burner housing having an internal chamber. The eductor has air ducts disposed in a throat of the eductor through which combustion gas and air flow. A perforated flameholder is contiguous with the gas inlet of the eductor throat. The air flowing from the ducts creates a suction at the downstream side of the eductor throat which, in turn, draws the combustion gas from the center of the flame into the throat. The streams of air and gas flow from the eductor in interleaving streams to a mixing zone and then to the chamber downstream of the eductor. The interleaving streams are non-parallel to the burner axis but flow in an axisymmetric pattern to produce turbulent secondary eddies or flow patterns for complete mixing of air and combustion gas in a short distance. Liquid fuel is sprayed into the axisymmetric flow of the air-gas mixture where it evaporates. The combined air-gas-fuel vapor mixture is then fed to the flameholder and ignited.

Abstract: There is provided a gas-fuelled burner for producing a concentrated, rotag flame. The burner comprises a body including a plenum chamber into which gas and primary combustion air are introduced by a standard nozzle, which chamber is defined and delimited on its upper side by a roof element provided with a plurality of relatively narrow passgeways for the gas/air mixture, the passageways leading from the plenum chamber upwards and inwards to the upper, outside face of the burner. The passageways include angles with a common plane perpendicular to the vertical axis of the burner, and individual vertical planes substantially passing through the passageways are tangential to an imaginary vertical cylinder passing through the center of the burner.

Abstract: A woodburning stove, fireplace, or the like which includes a hearth in a chamber with a flue outlet at a top thereof and a closeable bottom plate provided in a bottom of the chamber. A further chamber is provided under the plate, with the further chamber being lined with a refractory material. The further chamber includes a flue outlet duct to the upper chamber communicating at a rear end thereof so that flue from the fuel fired in the further chamber is substantially entirely combusted, with the combustion temperature being high and the combustion time for a given fuel supply in the further chamber being considerably longer as compared to the same amount of fuel in, for example, a conventional heating stove.

Abstract: This invention is directed to the suspension firing of a comminuted combustible material and the supporting structure for such suspension firing. The combustible material is introduced to a burner head which results in the combustible material expanding in a circular pattern. Inside of this circular pattern there is an outwardly directed flame to contact the combustible material. The result is an immediate ignition of the combustible material and the complete burning of the combustible material. There is also a refractory near the burner head. After the refractory has been heated to a desired temperature the outwardly directed flame can be discontinued and the heat energy from the refractory material is sufficient to assist in the immediate firing of the combustible material. A result of this is that an auxiliary fuel such as fuel oil or natural gas is not required, after the refractory has reached the desired temperature to sustain combustion of the combustible material.

Abstract: High-velocity gas burners having enhanced flame stability over wide operating ranges are provided by correlating the dimensions of the combustion chamber with other burner dimensions, in particular, the ratio of the combustion chamber diameter to the flame holder exit diameter and the ratio of the effective length of the combustion chamber to the combustion chamber diameter.

Abstract: A flame insert for the reduction of emissions of oxides of nitrogen in atmospheric type burners is disclosed. The insert provides heat radiating surfaces which are contacted by the inner cones of the flames. The insert surfaces are sized and shaped to accommodate variations in flame position and to guide flames into contact therewith. A combined flame insert and secondary air baffling system is also disclosed.

Abstract: A double-cylinder type oil burner having an inner flame cylinder and an outer flame cylinder. A red-heatable cylinder is connected to the upper end of the inner flame cylinder with a secondary air inlet left therebetween. A damper mechanism for varying the opening in the upper end of the red-heatable cylinder is provided on the upper end of the red-heatable cylinder. According to this arrangement, it is possible to vary the burning rate over a wide range and to vary the red-heated area in accordance with the rate of burning.

Abstract: A gas-fired infrared heater for projecting an infrared beam in a radiation pattern having a predetermined geometry for irradiating the surface of a food product or other body to effect uniform heating thereof at a rapid rate. The heater includes a ribbon-type burner having an elongated pre-mix casing into which is fed air and gas, and an outlet extending along a slot in the casing and projecting therefrom. The outlet is provided with two sets of corrugated ribbons separated by a gas pressure chamber, whereby the air-gas mixture from the casing passes through one set into the chamber where the pressure thereof is equalized before the mixture passes through the other set from which it emerges as a sheet of flame of uniform intensity. The outlet is inserted in the longitudinal socket of a refractory body to impinge on a surface thereof whereby the surface is heated to a temperature level causing the surface to emit infrared energy which is projected by an array of radiation horns formed in the assembly.

Abstract: Burner for a concealed flare has a fuel gas supply pipe having a low resistance to upward aspirated air flow. The pipe has outlets directing fuel gas onto adjacent plates which cause spreading and mixing of fuel gas with aspirated air. The angle of fuel gas impingement on the plates is 1.degree. to 55.degree. and the plates have a flame retaining top edge.

Abstract: A burner distributor tip for projecting a fuel-oxygen mixture from a premix-type gaseous fuel burning system to a refractory furnace surface is disclosed.

Abstract: Safety device for igniting fuel gas discharged by the orifice of a flare stack, incorporating a pilot light whose nozzle issues into the vicinity of the orifice of the flare, said pilot light which is equipped with an ignition device is connected by a supply pipe to an auxiliary fuel gas source, said supply pipe being provided with a valve having an opening position and a closing position which are controlled by a mechanism connected by a first servo-system to the detector detecting the admission of the gas to be burned into the flare stack such that the detection of a flow of gas into said stack controls the opening position of the valve and the detection of the stoppage of this flow controls the closing position of the valve, wherein the ignition means of the pilot light comprises a refractory body located in the extension of the nozzle of the pilot light, said solid body being provided with heating means for raising it and maintaining it at a temperature of at least 800.degree. C.

Abstract: A surface combustion type burner with air supply entirely as primary air has metallic netting defining a combustion surface, and is characterized in that in close supporting contact behind the metallic netting, substantially all over the entire rear surface of the metallic netting, there is disposed a punched or perforated metal base which has an open or void perforation ratio smaller than that of the metallic netting.

Abstract: Herein disclosed is a liquid hydrocarbon fuel combustor which includes a fresh air blast pipe disposed in a hole formed in the circumferential wall of a can-type body. The leading end of the blast pipe is opened toward a combustion chamber which is formed in the can-type body. A fuel atomizing nozzle is disposed in the blast pipe for atomizing a liquid hydrocarbon fuel from the leading end opening of the blast pipe into the combustion chamber. An electrode rod is disposed in the blast pipe for igniting and burning the mixture of the liquid fuel droplets, which are injected from the atomizing nozzle, and the fresh air which is blown from the blast pipe. A mixing tube is disposed in front of the leading end opening of the blast pipe in the atomizing direction such that it is coaxially connected to the blast pipe. The mixing tube has at least its front half counter-tapered in a diverging form.

Abstract: An improved, portable, auxiliary radiant chimney effect heater or reradiator including an inverted, conical chimney placed over and heated to the infrared spectrum by an open flame such as that provided by the burner of an otherwise conventional cooking stove. A semi-parabolic reflector surrounds the chimney and the chimney is located at the approximate focal point of the reflector. The invention functions as a chimney, by drawing combustion by-products into the chimney whereupon the chimney is heated and consumes the by-products, particularly noxious fumes and water vapor. The reflector may be provided with a casing and a handle to ease portability of the heater. For the sake of safety, forward, semi-circular guard bars and a rear, guard plate may be provided.

Abstract: A combustion chamber for pulsating combustion is separated by a partition wall (12) into a first chamber (14) to which there is connected an axial inlet (20) for the fuel stream, and a second chamber (16) for diverting the combustion gases through an outlet (18). The gases depart via side chambers (44) from the first to the second chamber at the edges of the partition wall. A hot body (24) is arranged at a given height above the partition wall in the first chamber, said body being intended for being heated during operation to a temperature which is substantially higher than the carbonization temperature of the fuel and which screens off a central area of the partition wall.

Abstract: A gas-fired infrared heater for projecting an infrared beam in a radiation pattern having a predetermined geometry for irradiating the surface of a food product or other body to effect uniform heating thereof at a rapid rate. The heater is constituted by a refractory assembly formed by a stack of identical slabs having a bore therethrough to receive the cylinder of a controllable ribbon-type gas-air burner from whose longitudinal slot is emitted a sheet of flame. Each slab is provided with a sector-shape channel cut in one face thereof to define a fin and side walls that diverge from the bore to create a flattened IR radiation horn whose mouth is aligned with the burner slot, whereby the surface of the assembly on which the flame impinges is heated to a temperature level causing this surface to emit infrared energy. The parallel array of radiation horns created by the assembly produces a radiation pattern whose shape depends on the geometry of the channel.

Abstract: A hydrogen gas burner for the mixture of hydrogen gas with ambient air and non-combustible gasses. The mixture of gasses when ignited provides a flame of extremely high, but controlled intensity and temperature. The structure comprises a housing and a hydrogen gas inlet directed to a combustion chamber positioned within the housing. Ambient air intake ports are provided for adding ambient air to the combustion chamber for ignition of the hydrogen gas by an ignitor therein. At the other end of the housing there is positioned adjacent to the outlet of the burner (flame) a barrier/heating element. The heating element uniformly disperses the flame and in turn absorbs the heat. The opposite side to the flame, the heating element uniformly disperses the extremely hot air. A non-combustible gas trap adjacent to the heating element captures a small portion of the non-combustible gas (burned air).

Abstract: This central heating apparatus for oil burner and boiler systems comprises a detachable structure disposed in the boiler furnace between the burner and the boiler; the structure comprises essentially a base frame supporting a vertical upright rigidly welded thereto and to which an assembly of stacked elements are secured by means of a common and single belt substantially aligned with the burner; this assembly comprises a pyramidal front member facing the burner, followed by a fan-like assembly of radial blades and, bearing against the upright, a perforated plate of which the holes are so punched that their material forms protruding fins directed towards the burner flame and adapted to become white hot in order to improve the combustion and eliminate soot deposits and the release of excess smoke.

Abstract: A radiant for use with a gas heater embodies a pair of upwardly converging front and rear walls formed of aluminum silicate. Connector members also formed of a fibrous aluminum silicate refractory board extend between the walls to retain their lower end portions in spaced relation to each other. Perforations are provided in the front wall for emitting radiant heat and an upper vent opening is provided in the rear wall. A convexly curved lower end portion is provided on the rear wall for imparting rotary motion to the burning gases as they move upwardly between the walls.

Abstract: A pilot for a 1 to 2 million btu/hr. gas burning ignitor having a chamber for mixing gas and air in combustible proportions with an annular flame retaining and stabilizing device at its outlet. This device comprises two conical surfaces configured together in back-to-back relation within a cylindrical shroud, one a converging inlet to a restricted flow area and the other a diffusing outlet surface therefrom with a sharp circumferential lip inbetween. A distribution head at the inlet to the mixing chamber directs jets of gas at the lip of said cones which aspirate turbulent air through ports in the wall of the chamber. A high voltage elecrode ingites the gas/air mixture at the cone lip. A ported extension of the mixing chamber downstream of the stabilizing device contains the pilot flame and shrouds additional aspirated air for control of secondary combustion in the pilot.

Abstract: Recuperator burner for industrial furnaces with a central fuel tube which ads the gaseous fuel into a combustion chamber, which tube is concentrically surrounded by a combustion-air supply tube, the outer surface area of the combustion-air supply tube in the area of the recuperator being able to be applied with the exhaust gases which are guided in counterflow through an outer jacket tube and in which combustion-air supply tube there is arranged a first tubular separation wall. The separation wall first guides the combustion-air stream on the way to the combustion chamber along the central fuel tube up to the outlet-side end range of the fuel tube and then redirecting the combustion-air stream in reversed direction.

Abstract: A burner apparatus for burning liquid fuels is equipped with a swirl atomizer nozzle (4), a flame holder (22) that is connected behind the nozzle mouth, and a combustion air delivery duct (8), in which the nozzle (4) is arranged coaxially. A thermally decoupled duct-like heat conductor (10) functions as a fuel vaporizer in the operation of the apparatus. In its main portion, which starts a small distance downstream from the nozzle, the heat conductor has an inside diameter such that droplets in the spray cone from the nozzle tend to impact evenly over the whole area of its inner surface. The heat conductor (10) is of silica nitride. It comprises at least partially a capillary inner layer.

Abstract: A reticulated element positioned in the oxidizing zone of a flame in a combustion chamber adjacent the interface between the oxidizing and reducing regions of the flame, the element comprising a high temperature alloy base metal coated with platinum or platinum alloy. The efficiency of combustion of a hydrocarbon fuel is increased without increasing the level of carbon monoxide.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for modifying the flow pattern of post ignition combustion products of a flame, preferably an oil fueled and air sustained flame, are disclosed which substantially reduces the concentration of NO.sub.x emissions.

Abstract: A structure placed in the fire-box of a furnace to improve combustion comprises a plurality of stainless steel strips which are supported on a frame in position to be heated to incandescence by the flame of the burner. At least some of the strips are twisted in corkscrew manner. In one embodiment, twisted strips alternating with untwisted strips are hung on a cross piece of the frame on the side facing the burner. A perforated metal sheet is mounted on the back side of the frame. In another embodiment horizontally extending twisted strips are supported between spaced inner and outer arched supports which extend up from runners resting on the floor of the fire-box. A perforated metal sheet is applied over the outside of the outer supports.

Abstract: A gas burner for cookers the essential feature of which is the enlargement of the body of the burner to form a flat plate equivalent to a real hotplate the inside of which is heated by the flame in such a way that the flame heats the plate by conduction, and further, the heat reaches this hotplate from the central area of the flame and from the point where combustion originates.

Abstract: A resonant or pulsating combustion heating apparatus of the present invention provides a high thermal efficiency heater with low concentrations of carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides in the exhaust gas. The pulsation heater is constructed to provide an afterburner or late-combustion reactor in the pulsation tube. Combustion in the combustion chamber is of a relatively rich fuel/air mixture in which no nitrogen oxides are produced. The afterburning in the pulsation tube is carried out in the presence of excess air providing late combustion to remove carbon monoxide (CO).

Abstract: An oil burner for heating installations is provided, having a burner housing comprising a perforated evaporating tube which is equipped with a circular series of blades to impart a twisting motion to the air and a cone-shaped guiding piece to impart an injection effect to the air, and which has attached thereto and maintained at a fixed distance therefrom a perforated, disk-shaped baffle. The present burner arrangement provides for a complete and soot-free, stoichiometric combustion wherein a blue flame is generated with extremely low level of noise.

Abstract: A multi-flame fuel burner comprises a plurality of air-atomizing fuel nozzles and sources of pressurized gas and liquid and gaseous fuels associated with each nozzle. A flame spreader is employed in combination with each air-atomizing nozzle to stabilize and shape the flame. The number of nozzles and associated flame spreaders are set to provide the desired burn rate.