Abstract: Method and apparatus for generatig superheated steam from industrial grade hydrogen peroxide, Hydrogen peroxide and a combustible fluid are injected into a first part of the combustion chamber to form a reactant mixture. The reactant mixture is ignited, to allow for the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide and the generation of superheated steam, which exits from a second part of the combustion chamber. An improved combustion efficiency is realized with the implementation of a flame holder.

Abstract: A combustion burner has a nozzle body formed in the shape of a pipe having an jet hole; a fuel nozzle installed into the nozzle body including an air jet hole, having a fuel supply passage supplies fuel from the tip portion of the fuel nozzle; an air supply case; and a mixing device installed into the air supply case so that water and oil including light oil, heavy oil and so on are mixed by simple mixer and mixed fuel is burned at lower cost without dissociation and expensive equipment can be made unnecessary and it can be used freely.

Abstract: Formation of dioxins in flue gases is inhibited by contacting the flue gas with at least one of sodium phosphite, calcium phosphate, sodium hypophosphite, and calcium as reducing agents preferably at a temperature in the range of from 150° C. to 850° C. Hydrogen chlorides are also rendered harmless by the contact with the reducing agent. Also, metal ions contained in the fly ash of the flue gas are reduced to metals to reduce the occurrence of dissolution of the metals in subsequent treatment of the fly ash.

Abstract: A flame-type atomic absorption spectrophotometer forms a flame by igniting a mixture of a fuel gas and a first combustion support gas such as air and then the first combustion support gas is replaced by a second combustion support gas such as nitrous oxide with a faster combustion speed. An optical sensor is disposed near the flame to detect the quantity of light therefrom. A gas flow rate control device independently controls the flow rates of the fuel gas, the first combustion support gas and the second combustion support gas to the flame. A combustion control unit serves to switch the gas to be supplied to the flame from the first combustion support gas to the second combustion support gas, based on how much the quantity of light detected by the optical sensor changes between the time of ignition and after the flow rate of the fuel gas and/or the first combustion support gas is changed.

Abstract: A NOx reduction burner system and process. Fuel modification and fuel rich reactor zone gases are brought together with products from a fuel lean reactor zone in a low temperature burnout and NOx reduction reactor zone. The fuel modification fuel rich reactor stabilizes combustion through recirculation of hot gases to the reactants. Nitrogenous species decay reactions in the fuel rich zone controls the production of NOx. The nitrogenous species from the fuel rich zone and the NOx from the fuel lean zone then react in the burnout zone at an optimal temperature and nitrogenous species mix where NOx is minimized. Temperature in all zones, and in particular the burnout zone, can be controlled by furnace gas entrainment, induced flue gas recirculation, forced flue gas recirculation and active cooling by radiative and/or convective heat transfer. NOx can be even further reduced by introducing ammonia, or a like amine species, into the low temperature burnout zone.

Abstract: Various methods for decreasing the amount of nitrogen oxides released to the atmosphere as a component of combustion gas mixtures are provided. The methods specifically provide for the removal of nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide (NOx) from gas mixtures emitted from stationary combustion systems. In particular, methods for improving efficiency of nitrogen oxide reduction from combustion systems include injecting metal-containing compounds into the main combustion zone and/or the reburning zone of a combustion system. The metal containing compounds react with active combustion species, and these reactions change radical concentrations and significantly improve NOx conversion to molecular nitrogen. The metal-containing additives can be injected with the main fuel, in the main combustion zone, with secondary or reburning fuel addition, or at several locations in the main combustion zone and reburning zone.

Abstract: A fuel catalyst for improving combustion efficiency is provided that includes at least one hydride producing element, and at least one element of greater activity on the electrolytic scale than the hydride producing element and at least one element of lesser activity on the electrolytic scale than the hydride producing element. The hydride producing element preferably includes an element from at least one of a Group IV and Group V of the periodic table. The element of greater activity and the element of lesser activity preferably includes at least one of zinc, magnesium, aluminum, palladium, silver, copper and cerium. Preferred formulations of the catalyst element include: a) 20-60 %wt antimony, 10-30 %wt tin, 10-80 %wt zinc and 1-5 %wt silver; b) 40 %wt antimony, 18 %wt tin, 40 %wt zinc and 2 %wt silver; c) 20-60 %wt antimony, 10-30 %wt tin, 20-80 %wt magnesium, 1-8 %wt cerium and 0.1-1.0 %wt palladium; d) 40 %wt antimony, 25 %wt tin, 30 %wt magnesium, 4.8 %wt cerium and 0.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for controlling or removing mercury, mercury compounds and high molecular weight organics, if present, from a waste incineration apparatus exhaust stream by separately adding a carbonaceous char to the flue gas while the flue gas is still within the unit. The char can be produced in situ by adding a carbonaceous material and allowing the carbonaceous material to thermally decompose.

Abstract: A burner apparatus includes a mounting head having a fuel inlet opening defined in the mounting head for receiving combustion air and fuel gas through the opening. An inner support structure is attached to the mounting head. The inner support structure defines an interior zone communicated with the fuel inlet opening of the head. An exterior layer of flexible woven heat resistant material is received about the inner support structure and defines an exterior flame attachment surface. The mounting head may include a radial opening defined therethrough. An igniter is located outside of the mounting head adjacent the radial opening so that the igniter is proximally spaced from a combustion zone surround the burner apparatus. The burner apparatus may include a plurality of foraminous back pressure plates located in the interior zone distal of the igniter for balancing the pressure of the fuel gas/combustion air mixture along the length of the burner.

Abstract: A method of improving fuel efficiency in combustion chambers, for simultaneously enhancing combustion of hydrocarbon fuels while inhibiting nitrogen oxidation. A mixture of vaporous metallic compounds is introduced into the flame zone of a combustion chamber, such that this mixture is held by gases in the flame zone prior to and during the combustion of the fuel, and the mixture is thereby ionized prior to or during the combustion. The ionized mixture of compounds contains platinum, rhodium, rhenium, molybdenum, aluminum and ruthenium.

Abstract: A combustor includes a burner and a combustion chamber including a heat chamber to which fuel is supplied from the burner. The burner includes a nozzle having a fuel discharge outlet from which the fuel is discharged into the combustion chamber; and the nozzle includes a plurality of discharge openings around the fuel discharge outlet from which cooling water is discharged toward inside surfaces of the heat chamber. The plurality of discharge openings may be disposed so that the directions of the cooling water discharged from the discharge openings differ in the radial direction.

Abstract: A process and apparatus for continuously reducing carbon monoxide (CO), uncombined free hydrogen (H2) and volatile hydrocarbons (VOC's) in molten metal refining vessel off-gases without forming undesirable oxides of nitrogen. Off-gases are directed to a reaction chamber wherein CO, H2 and VOC's are oxidized at a controlled temperature and with a controlled quantity of O2 So as to realize substantially total oxidation of gases present with minimized formation of oxides of nitrogen. Volume and energy of treated gases directed for baghouse treatment are reduced in comparison with prior practice.

Abstract: A candle is disclosed, containing a candle-forming component including a paraffin wax and stearic acid, added and mixed with Tetrahydro methylabietate and dihydro Methylabietate, Isopropyl Myristate, &agr;-Amylcinnamic Alcohol, Iso Bornyl Cyclohexanol, and Tri Ethyl Citrate. The candle has an effect for suppressing the exhalation of a nasty odor (an odor at extinguishing) generated when a flame has been extinguished, as well as an effect that, when the odor at extinguishing is vaporized by heat and diffused into air, molecules of various odors hanging in the air are trapped, whereby the air in the whole of a room is made refreshed.

Abstract: An additive to a flame reaction is provided which forms noncorrosive deposits on cooler metal surfaces which are more stable than Na2SO4 or K2SO4. The additive preferentially combines with the sodium or potassium, and sulfates of these will not be formed. By adding tungsten, tungsten salts or tungsten percursors to the flame, a complex sodium tungstate is produced on the surface of the cooler metal object in a dense form and corrosion is inhibited. The level of tungsten preferably present at an atomic concentration is equal to 1.5 to 2 times that of the sodium in the specific flame environment and possibly a little higher for potassium. The nature of the fuel and possible alkali reduction schemes will control the quantity and mixing method of the additive. The additive may be directly mixed into the fuel or injected into the burned gas regions of the combustion, Ta and Nb also appear as possible substitutes for W in the invention.

Abstract: A method for reducing NOx emissions from the combustion of carbonaceous fuels using three stages of oxidation and second stage in-situ furnace flue gas recirculation. In the first stage, a partial oxidation combustor is used to partially combust the fuel in the presence of preheated combustion air. The fuel gas produced in the partial oxidation process is passed to a second stage partial oxidation combustor while molten slag is removed and disposed of. Preheated combustion air also is introduced into the second stage of combustion to produce a slightly reducing flue gas and is injected into the furnace in such a way as to create the desired in-situ furnace flue gas recirculation. In the upper part of the furnace a third combustion air is mixed with the flue gas in a third stage of combustion to substantially complete the combustion process. Preheated steam may be added to the first or second stages of combustion.

Abstract: A combustion method and burner system are disclosed herein. The burner system comprises: a fuel manifold comprising a housing, the housing defining an interior area comprising a chamber. The burner system comprises a set of injectors for injecting a fuel from the chamber into a stream of air to pre-mix the fuel and the air, the set of injectors disposed radially inward from the fuel manifold. The system includes a refractory located downstream of the fuel manifold, the refractory to shape a flame and the refractory comprising a plurality of channels for at least one of introducing air and combustion product into a combustion chamber, the combustion chamber located downstream of the refractory. The system can also include steam and/or water injection.

Abstract: A raw material mixture, which has a glass composition containing a salt or an oxide of a flame reaction metal, is heated, and an intermediate base material, in which the salt of the flame reaction metal, or the like, has been thermally decomposed and which is in a temporary sintered state or a fused glass state, is thereby formed. The intermediate base material is ground, and a ground material is thereby obtained. The ground material is mixed together with a liquid and, optionally, a binder, and a viscous flame reaction material is thereby formed. The viscous flame reaction material is supported on a substrate and heated to a temperature, which is not lower than a vitrification melting temperature of the viscous flame reaction material. In this manner, the flame reaction material is fusion bonded to the substrate. Generation of a thermal decomposition gas in the baking step is thus restricted, and the carrying of the flame reaction material on the substrate is carried out appropriately.

Abstract: An oxygen enrichment system is provided which uses the existing air/fuel burners of a regenerative furnace to distribute additional oxygen to the burners for increased efficiency, and reduced nitrous oxide emissions. The centrally positioned cooling air lances in the burners of a regenerative furnace are modified to deliver oxygen when the burners are firing for oxygen enrichment. During the burmer firing cycle, oxygen is delivered from an oxygen supply through the oxygen lance to provide a central oxygen jet. The fuel is delivered concentrically around the oxygen jet. During the non-firing cycle of the burner, cooling air or other cooling fluid is delivered from the cooling air supply through the oxygen jet for cooling the offside of the furnace.

Abstract: An iron compound catalyst for inhibiting the generation of dioxin of the present invention, comprise iron oxide particles, iron oxide hydroxide particles or mixed particles thereof having a catalytic activity capable of converting not less than 15 % of carbon monoxide into carbon dioxide when 2.8×10−4 mol of iron oxide particles obtained by heat-treating said iron compound catalyst in air at a temperature of 800° C. for 15 minutes, are instantaneously contacted with 6.1×107 mol of carbon monoxide at a temperature of 250° C. at a space velocity (SV) of 42,400 h−1 in an inert gas atmosphere using a pulse catalytic reactor, the iron oxide particles or said iron oxide hydroxide particles having an average particle size of 0.01 to 2.0 &mgr;m, a BET specific surface area of 0.2 to 200 m2/g, a phosphorus content of not more than 0.02 % by weight, a sulfur content of not more than 0.6 % by weight and a sodium content of not more than 0.5 % by weight.

Abstract: A method for providing reagent to a remote reaction zone wherein reagent preferably is mixed with carrier gas and maintained within the carrier gas as it is passed as a coherent jet through a distance to the reaction zone. The jet passes the leading edge of a confining flame envelope, loses its coherency and delivers the reagent to the reaction zone for reaction therein.

Abstract: High-temperature and high-pressure water, preferably at or above supercritical conditions for water, is injected into a high-temperature flame of a fuel combustor such as a coal-fired furnace, or boiler, or a turbine, internal combustion engine, rocket or the like. The process enhances efficiency of the combustion process, and, when used with fuels such as coal, renders ash, particularly fly ash, cementitious, so that it can be used as a substitute for conventional cement, reduces the carbon content of the ash, so that it can be used as a cement additive, and reduces carbon dioxide emissions into the environment.

Abstract: A process for the thermal treatment of incombustible liquids in a combustion space of a combustion apparatus by contacting the incombustible liquid with a supplementary fuel in the combustion space in the presence of at least one reactive gas. The process of the invention comprises feeding the incombustible liquid and the supplementary fuel into the combustion space (1) at different points, mixing the incombustible liquid with at least one reactive gas and the supplementary fuel with at least one inert gas prior to the contacting, and vaporizing the incombustible liquid and supplementary fuel prior to the contacting in the combustion space. The advantage of this invention is that environmentally harmful waste waters in particular are disposed of by burning these using a supplementary fuel. The required amounts of supplementary fuel are minimal in the process and only small amounts of nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide and soot are generated.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus of operating a boiler fired with liquid or gaseous hydrocarbons are described. Fuel and atomizing air are supplied to the burner of the boiler wherein the atomizing air is subjected to a moistening process prior to mixing with the fuel. Heated water is vaporized and is contacted with the atomizing air. The generated water vapor together with the atomizing air is supplied to the burner. In this manner, the portion of the NOx emissions in the flue gas of the boiler can be reduced.

Abstract: Various methods for decreasing the amount of nitrogen oxides released to the atmosphere as a component of combustion gas mixtures are provided. The methods specifically provide for the removal of nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide (NOx) from gas mixtures emitted from stationary combustion systems. In particular, methods for improving efficiency of nitrogen oxide reduction from combustion systems include injecting metal-containing compounds into the main combustion zone and/or the reburning zone of a combustion system. The metal containing compounds react with active combustion species, and these reactions change radical concentrations and significantly improve NOx conversion to molecular nitrogen. The metal-containing additives can be injected with the main fuel, in the main combustion zone, with secondary or reburning fuel addition, or at several locations in the main combustion zone and reburning zone.

Abstract: A system and method is provided in the form of an injector assembly 10 for thoroughly premixing fuel and oxidizer reactants and water upstream of a combustion chamber 12. The assembly includes a housing 20 that has a first stack 30 for thoroughly mixing reactants from an oxidizer source 40 and a fuel source 50. It also includes a second stack 80 for mixing and blending the prior mixed reactants with coolant water, before ignition within a combustion chamber 12. The mixing and blending is accomplished in mixing cups 100 where the water and reactant mixture are joined in perpendicular flow streams. Some water is also introduced tangentially in the mixing cups to promote vortical flow and further enhance the mixing process. An alternative injector assembly 210 is also provided that mixes the reactants in a swirl cup 260 and enhances mixture ratio uniformity by means of a diffusion plate insert 270.

Abstract: Before operating a vacuum degassing apparatus for molten glass which has paths for molten glass made of refractory material, fuel is burned by temperature rising burners, and the burned gas is exhausted through an exhaust pipe which communicates to an upper end of a vacuum degassing vessel.

Abstract: A combustion system for reducing an amount of air polluting substances in a combustion exhaust gas produced in a combustion furnace comprises a combustion furnace configured to produce a combustion exhaust gas upon combustion of a combustible material, wherein the combustion exhaust gas contains an amount of air polluting substances; an analyzer suitable for analyzing the combustion exhaust gas and producing an analytical signal; a conduit suitable for conducting the combustion exhaust gas from the outlet opening to the analyzer, wherein the conduit is located adjacent the outlet opening of the combustion furnace; a controller suitable for processing the analytical signal produced by the analyzer and outputting a first control signal and a second control signal, based on the analytical signal; a neutralizer supplier suitable for supplying the combustion furnace with an amount of neutralizers to reduce the amount of air polluting substances in the combustion exhaust gas, wherein the amount of neutralizers supp

Abstract: A method of improving fuel efficiency in combustion chambers, for simultaneously enhancing combustion of hydrocarbon fuels while inhibiting nitrogen oxidation. A mixture of metallic compounds is introduced into the flame zone of a combustion chamber, such that this mixture is held by gases in the flame zone during the combustion of the fuel, and the mixture is thereby ionized prior to or during the combustion. The ionized mixture of compounds contains platinum, rhodium, rhenium, and molybdenum.

Abstract: The object of the invention is to provide a method and a device for operating a premix burner which improve the supply of fuel under certain types of operation.According to the invention, this is achieved by the fact that the liquid fuel (2) and the water (27) are conveyed separately to the liquid-fuel nozzle (17), and only there a liquid-fuel/water mixture (28) is produced, which is then injected into the inner chamber (9) of the premix burner (4) in a plain jet (29) with an injection angle a of less than 10.degree.. To this end and, the liquid-fuel nozzle (17), which opens out centrally into the inner chamber (9), is designed with a simple injection opening (19). A mixing zone (22), into which a liquid-fuel line (20) and a water feed line (21) open out, is arranged upstream of the injection opening (19).

Abstract: A heavy oil emulsion fuel combustion apparatus is arranged, in a combustion apparatus using a heavy oil emulsion fuel, to prevent a decrease in the combustion efficiency due to water content in the fuel and to prevent an increase in the sulfuric acid dew point due to water content in the exhaust gas. A heavy oil emulsion fuel 101 from a fuel tank 100 is led to a fuel heater 110 and is heated. Then the heated heavy oil emulsion fuel 102 is led to a water content evaporator 120. In the water content evaporator 120, the heavy oil emulsion fuel 102 is heated by the use of extraction steam from a steam turbine facility 160 or steam produced through a steam converter 166, and the resulting fuel is led to a steam separator 140. In the steam separator 140, the fuel 111 is separated into steam and light oil combustible gas vapor 121 and a heavy oil portion 122, the latter 122 being used as boiler fuel 131.

Abstract: A method and an arrangement for reducing emissions of nitrogen oxides in a combustion apparatus provided with a tubular furnace. The method comprises burning odor gases at first sub-stoichiometrically, and subsequently supplying additional air to the furnace (3) in the transverse direction thereof in such a manner that the final air ratio is over 1. The arrangement comprises an additional air duct (7) which extends to the furnace of the boiler and from which additional air is supplied to the furnace (3) in the transverse direction of the furnace (3).

Abstract: According to the present invention, the ignition, combustion and explosion of hydrogen-air mixtures are dependent primarily on the presence of active intermediates (free atomic hydrogen, atomic oxygen and hydroxyl radicals) that serve as chain carriers and enable the propagation of reaction chains. These active intermediates rather than thermal energy are of primary importance to the oxidation process. The proposed inhibitor molecules capture these active intermediates. This capturing in turn suppresses the reaction chains. As a result, the oxidation of hydrogen in air, including the transition to combustion, the intensity of combustion, the transition from combustion to explosion and the intensity of explosion vary inversely with the inhibitor content. Even when the amount of inhibitor is too small to prevent ignition, a greater ignition source is needed and the intensity of combustion is reduced. The transition from combustion to explosion is also made more difficult or prevented.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an apparatus and method for improving the economics of flue gas recirculation. In particular, the present invention relates to an apparatus for the minimization of oxides of nitrogen ("NO.sub.x ") in the exhaust gas of various combustion processes via balanced pressure drops of the recirculation gas, and a method for the calculation of flue gas recirculation percentage. The flue gas recirculation system achieves the balanced pressure drops by sizing the air intake line and recirculation line associated with the system.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for reducing NO.sub.x emissions from the combustion of carbonaceous fuels using three stages of oxidation. In the first stage, a partial oxidation combustor is used to partially combust the fuel in the presence of heated combustion air. The fuel gas produced in the partial oxidation process is passed to a second stage partial oxidation combustor while molten slag is removed and disposed of. A second preheated combustion air is introduced into the second stage combustor to produce a reducing flue gas. A third combustion air is mixed with the flue gas in a third stage combustor to substantially complete the combustion process. Preheated steam may be added at any or all of the combustion stages. The stochiometric ratios at each stage of combustion are controlled to minimize overall NO.sub.x emissions to acceptable levels.

Abstract: A method and device for producing heat energy by bringing water into contact with pre-heated oil in a chamber within a reaction vessel is disclosed. When the water and the oil meet, a violent reaction results in which a flame-like eruption of very hot gases is emitted. The heat energy released by this reaction is more than can be obtained by simply burning oil alone.

Abstract: A method improves the operation of a diesel engine through the use of a fuel additive, a diesel particulate trap and a NO.sub.x -reducing catalyst. The operation of the NO.sub.x -reducing catalyst is enhanced by the introduction of urea or like compound upstream of the catalyst at temperatures effective for non-catalytic NO.sub.x reduction and the generation of ammonia. The additive comprises fuel-soluble compositions of platinum group metal in effective amounts to lower the emissions of unburned hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide from the trap. The catalytic activity provided to the exhaust system by the fuel additive is selective and preferably reduces the oxidation of SO.sub.2 to SO.sub.3. The platinum group metal compositions are preferably added in amounts effective to provide concentrations of the metal in the fuel of less than 1 part per million (ppm). Lithium and/or sodium compositions can be used in amounts effective to reduce the trap regeneration temperature, e.g.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for achieving optimal combustion. A boiler has a blower-type burner operatively associated therewith wherein the burner has a variable speed blower. Combustive air is provided to the burner, and in accordance with the invention, a gaseous combustion-correcting complex is provided for supplying a plurality of gaseous additives to the combustive air of the burner. A plurality of sensors are disposed within the boiler and burner, and within a discharge outlet of the boiler, and a central unit is operatively connected to the sensors for receiving information signals therefrom. In response to the information signals received from the sensors, the central unit controls the speed of the variable speed blower and the operation of the gaseous combustion-correcting complex for providing predetermined amounts of the additives to the combustive air.

Abstract: A heavy oil emulsified fuel combustion apparatus is provided in which steam bubbles generated in the pressure reduction operation for dewatering a heavy oil emulsified fuel before combustion are prevented from mixing into a dewatered heavy oil side resulting in lowering of a dewatering efficiency.In a heavy oil emulsified fuel combustion boiler, a heavy oil emulsified fuel 101 is heated by a heater 110 and dewatered by a flusher 120 and then introduced into a boiler 10 for combustion, and water 152 obtained by the dewatering is sent to a water utilizing system of the boiler. The heavy oil emulsified fuel 102 is heated in a high pressure and then introduced into a pressure reducing device 200 to be applied by a pressure reduction by multi-stage orifices 201 for dewatering. The pressure reduction is done with a pressure reduction per stage of 1 to 3 ata.

Abstract: In a method of reducing NO.sub.x a water-fixed nitrogen solution is injected into a furnace near the exit from the furnace where the temperatures exceed 2000.degree. F. and combustion is occurring. Preferably the solution is injected through a combination of atomizing nozzles and spray jets into a region of the furnace which does not exceed 2700.degree. F. A calcium compound to react with sulfur dioxide may also be added.

Abstract: There is disclosed a method of combusting a water/fossil fuel mixed emulsion, which comprises elevating the temperature of a water/fossil fuel mixed emulsion, and vaporizing the emulsion, with a temperature-elevating and vaporizing apparatus 3, jetting the water/fossil fuel mixed gas thus formed by that elevation of the temperature and that vaporization from a burner 7, and bringing a Brown's gas flame of a Brown's gas combustion burner 5, in contact with the flow of the mixed gas, thereby combusting the water/fossil fuel mixed gas. There is also disclosed an apparatus for combusting a water/fossil fuel mixed emulsion. According to the combusting method and the combustion apparatus, it is possible to combust the water/fossil fuel mixed emulsion with good energy efficiency, and to obtain high calories resulting from the combustion.

Abstract: A combustible fuel for diesel engines and a process for forming same in the form of a water in hydrocarbon emulsion wherein the mean water drop diameter is .ltoreq.4 .mu.m with a maximum diameter of .ltoreq.10 .mu.m.

Abstract: Formation of hexavalent chromium is reduced during incineration/combustion of materials containing hexavalent chromium by adding to the waste prior to or during combustion a small amount of sulfur. The sulfur can be added as elemental sulfur, as sulfur dioxide, or as high sulfur fuels or high sulfur waste.

Abstract: A fluid injector for use with a burner having at least a pair of concentric tubes which conduct at least two different fluids via inner and outer passageways to a discharge tip. The passageways having different linear fluid velocity rates which causes the issuing discharge flow of the fluids to constrict causing mixing and combining of the fluids for introducing to a combustion chamber. Protection of the injector from thermal melting or burning is provided by location of the injector within the coils of a feed preheater constituting a heat exchanger.

Abstract: This invention is directed to a process for forming a sorbent-metal complex. The process includes oxidizing a sorbent precursor and contacting the sorbent precursor with a metallic species. The process further includes chemically reacting the sorbent precursor and the metallic species, thereby forming a sorbent-metal complex. In one particular aspect of the invention, at least a portion of the sorbent precursor is transformed into sorbent particles during the oxidation step. These sorbent particles then are contacted with the metallic species and chemically reacted with the metallic species, thereby forming a sorbent-metal complex. Another aspect of the invention is directed to a process for forming a sorbent-metal complex in a combustion system. The process includes introducing a sorbent precursor into a combustion system and subjecting the sorbent precursor to an elevated temperature sufficient to oxidize the sorbent precursor and transform the sorbent precursor into sorbent particles.

Abstract: A process and apparatus for limiting the production of nitrogen oxides (NO.sub.x) during the combustion of a fossil fuel (e.g. natural gas, fuel oil and coal) in a cyclone type boiler includes the injection of water into the secondary air supply. The water is quickly vaporized into steam as the temperature rises, simultaneously cooling the surrounding air predominately as a result of the latent heat of vaporization, thus reducing the quantity of heat contained within the combustion air delivered to the flame. To avoid quenching combustion, substantially all of the water is vaporized into steam prior to exiting the cyclone section. For natural gas and fuel oil, preferably about 2.5 to 10.0 gallons of water are injected per 100 lbs of fuel. Water is injected through existing ports originally provided in cyclone boilers either for use as secondary air calibration ports or as oil deslagging system ports.

Abstract: A composition for enhancing combustion of hydrocarbon fuels such as LPG, gasoline and diesel fuel comprises at least one metal oxide catalyst dispersed in a liquid organic carrier compatible with the hydrocarbon fuel. The metal oxide catalyst preferably includes at least one of chromium oxide, magnesium oxide, manganese oxide, cobalt oxide, iron oxide and mixtures thereof; and the liquid organic carrier preferably includes Stoddard solvent together with at least one of a high temperature lubricant, a surfactant, and a polar organic solvent. The composition permits the hydrocarbon fuel to be combusted substantially completely so as to reduce emissions associated with incomplete oxidation, and also permits the combustion to occur at lower temperatures for avoiding formation of NO.sub.x.

Abstract: A system for producing a coherent jet of gas wherein a flame envelope is established around a gas jet and directed toward the center axis of the gas jet.

Abstract: A combustor for generating hot gas in order to rotate a turbine is able to burn fuel with a high vanadium content without emitting appreciable vanadium pentoxide to the turbine. The combustor includes a primary combustion zone for burning fuel in a rich fuel/air environment a quenching zone for cooling the hot gas and unburned fuel a secondary combustion zone for burning previously-unburned fuel. The fuel burned in the secondary combustion zone raises the temperature in the secondary combustion zone above the temperature of the quenching zone. The result of burning the fuel in a rich environment in the primary combustion zone is that most of the vanadium present in the fuel forms vanadium trioxide or vanadium tetroxide rather than vanadium pentoxide. Cooling the hot gas quickly in the quenching zone removes most of the remaining vanadium pentoxide by transforming it to vanadium trioxide or vanadium tetroxide.

Abstract: A heavy oil emulsified fuel combustion furnace is provided which prevents lowering of combustion efficiency due to water content in the fuel as well as prevents elevation of sulfuric acid dew point due to water content in the flue gas of the combustion furnace. In the apparatus a heavy oil emulsified fuel (102) is heated by a heater (110) using a heat pipe etc. and then is separated by a water vaporizer (120) into heavy oil (122) and vapor (121) consisting of steam and a light oil combustible gas. The heavy oil (122) is supplied to a burner port of the combustion furnace, such as a boiler etc. The vapor (121) is condensed by a condenser (140) to produce liquid (141) comprising a mixture of water and light oil. The liquid (141) is separated by an oily water separator (150) into oil (151) and water (152). The oil (151) is used as a fuel for an igniting torch of the combustion furnace 10 and the water (152) is used partially as cooling water (41) for an SO.sub.

Abstract: A method is presented for stabilizing the flame on the tips of burner internals in a process for preparing synthesis gas by partial oxidation of a gaseous hydrocarbon-containing fuel. The method comprises supplying a gaseous hydrocarbon-containing fuel, a moderator gas and an oxidizer through a burner to a reactor, and adjusting the mass flow of the moderator gas such that the moderator gas concentration does not exceed a predetermined limit. The process conditions are effected such that the flame contacts the burner internal tips. In case of flame-lifting from the burner internal tips, the velocities and mass flows of the fuel and/or oxidizer and/or moderator gas are re-adjusted in such a manner that the flame is restabilized on the burner internal tips.