Abstract: A hydrogen atom model is a three-dimensional model or planar drawing which expresses an electric field in a form of electric lines of force and a magnetic field in a form of magnetic lines of force. The electric field is obtained by a gradient vector operation applied to an electric potential and a sign inversion to the result of the vector operation. The electric potential is a wave function of any one of orbitals of a hydrogen atom. The magnetic field is obtained by a rotational vector operation applied to a vector potential. The vector potential is the wave function regarded as a vector potential having a component only in a ?-direction of polar coordinates (r, ?, ?).

Abstract: The present invention provides an interactive atomic model that comprises a compartment (201) that is enclosed by walls and a lid (100) that can be opened, and at least two elementary particle models (301, 302, 303) which are contained in the compartment (201). The lid (100) has an atomic model surface (101) that defines a centre area (103) and a number of closed orbits (102), whereby said centre area (103) defines resting positions that are well defined in space for at least one of said elementary particle models (301, 302, 303) and said closed orbits (102) defines resting positions that are well defined along the respective closed orbit or at least one of said elementary particle models (301, 302, 303). The interactive atomic model thereby enables simple and effective understanding for the constitution of atoms.

Abstract: A system and method of an atomic tile including an elemental symbol for a corresponding element and a dot representation of at least one valance electron of the corresponding element. The dot representation are proximate to corresponding edges of the octagonal shape.

Abstract: A system and method of an atomic tile including an elemental symbol for a corresponding element and a dot representation of at least one valance electron of the corresponding element. The dot representation are proximate to corresponding edges of the octagonal shape.

Abstract: A gel electrophoresis training aid is provided. The training aid includes a substantially transparent elastomeric body having at least one series of spaced-apart wells. The elastomeric body is adapted with a plurality of spaced-apart bands extending in the same direction from the wells. Each of the spaced-apart bands are positioned substantially parallel to one spaced-apart well. A training kit including the training aid is also provided.

Abstract: A molecular model of a relatively large molecule or a portion thereof is made up of a series of solid parallel and equidistant cross sections of rigid transparent plastic sheets representing space occupied by the atoms in the crystalline state. The adjacent cross sections are generated from x-ray crystal spectroscopic data providing crystal coordinates of the large molecules in computer readable form. Computer tapes of such data are used to print out numbered cross sections of the molecule showing coordinate plots of atoms intersecting such cross sections along a preselected coordinate axis. These cross sections are duplicated manually in clear rigid plastic sheets and assembled in order using appropriate spacer blocks to maintain accurate spacing of the adjacent cross section.