Abstract: The invention relates to a measuring apparatus for analyzing a gas mixture for at least one gas contained therein in a very low concentration. Such a gas can, for example, be anesthesia gas in ambient room air. The invention is directed to a type of apparatus wherein the gas mixture is split up into conversion products with a heated catalyzer element during measurement and wherein the conversion products are detected by means of a gas sensor which takes up at least one of the conversion products. The measuring apparatus makes possible a quasi-continuous monitoring of the ambient room air for an anesthesia gas with the aid of such sensors. In order to make this possible, a sequence of measuring phases and regeneration phases are cyclicly repeated. The measuring phases are very short in relationship to the response time of the sensor.

Abstract: A method of selectively sensing the quantity of methane gas in an oxygen containing gas stream, which method, as taught in one of its preferred embodiment, includes the step of providing a platinum catalyst (12) and a palladium catalyst (14). The platinum and the palladium catalysts are electrically interconnected (16--16) so as to obtain an electrical output reading (24) therefrom. The electrically interconnected catalysts are heated to a temperature in a range of 350.degree.-450.degree. C. whereby a reference electrical output reading is obtained therefrom. A gas stream containing suspected methane is passed over the electrically interconnected catalysts. Methane gas contained in the gas stream is oxidized only by the palladium catalyst while all other oxidizable components of the gas stream are oxidized by both catalysts.

Abstract: An assembly of nonreactive material receives a sample of material to be analyzed which is then placed in an environmentally controlled pyrolysis chamber. As the sample is selectively heated, an inert carrier gas is admitted to the chamber to wash the gases from the sample through trap and splitter assemblies where a portion of the sample gas is tapped off by a capillary column. The temperature of the gas in the capillary column is controlled as known makeup gases are added prior to passing through a detector, such as a flame ionization detector, to determine the components of the sample gas. The capillary tube can also be coated with an apolar liquid phase separation material.

Abstract: A structure and method for sensing oxides of nitrogen in a gas. The gas is first passed through an oxidation catalyst and any reducing species in the gas are oxidized. The output gas from the oxidation catalyst is received by a sensor which generates an output responsive to oxides of nitrogen because the sensor has been isolated from any reducing species in the gas.

Abstract: For characterizing a catalyst, particularly a catalyst useful in refining of oil residues, by determination of its conversion and coking activities, the steps of:(a) impregnating the catalyst with a hydrocarbon mixture,(b) heating the impregnated catalyst, at a rate of temperature increase ranging from 2.degree. C./min to 50.degree. C./sec, under inert gas in a furnace. up to a temperature .theta..sub.2 ranging from 300.degree. C. to 380.degree. C. and measuring, by means of a hydrocarbon detector 4, a signal Q representative of the hydrocarbons generated during step b,(c) continuing the heating under the inert gas up to a temperature .theta..sub.3 ranging from 500.degree. C. to 1000.degree. C.

Abstract: The apparatus includes an endless belt of nickel having a surface profile comprising an array of cavities such that any liquid layer deposited on the surface is keyed into the surface and constrained against movement relative to the surface. A liquid comprising solute and solvent is deposited as a layer on the belt from a nozzle. A first heater evaporates the solvent but leaves the solute. A second heater evaporates the solute which is then collected and fed to an analyzing device. The profile of the belt is particularly conducive to constraining a liquid on the belt and ensuring uniform evaporation upon heating.

Abstract: Method for the determination of the content of solid carbon compounds in soil samples, particularly in humus soils, by converting the solid carbon compounds with a reactant into carbon dioxide and conveying the carbon dioxide gas into an analyzer. To reach the reaction temperature, metal particles are added to a specified amount of the dry, milled soil sample and the dry matter is heated inductively in the presence of the reactant to the reaction temperature.

Abstract: The instant invention relates to the separation and collection of hydrocarbons, including methane, from a gas emanating from an earth formation to determine the hydrocarbon potential of such earth formation. The apparatus includes a sequential network of cryogenic traps, adsorbent traps and furnaces to recover methane in one such cryogenic trap as a condensed carbon dioxide sample, in combination with (i) a valve antecedent to such network and (ii) a vacuum pump subsequent to such network to continuously provide a subatmospheric pressure throughout the network and prevent condensation of oxygen or atmospheric carbon dioxide in the cryogenic traps.

Abstract: A pyrolysis apparatus useful in analyzing complex chemical substances including a pyrolysis chamber formed in a tubular member of fused quartz, the apparatus having a mixing chamber formed from a fused quartz material wherein pyrolysis components from a sample to be analyzed are mixed with hydrogen prior to being subjected to detection in an analyzer such as a flame ionization detector.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method and apparatus for detecting hydrazine, monomethylhydrazine (MMH), and unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine (UDMH) in a gaseous sample. The hydrazine compound detector includes a sample converter wherein vapors of an aldehyde such as acetaldehyde or a ketone such as acetone are mixed with a sample in gaseous form, and the mixture is allowed to react to form azine and hydrazone derivatives of the aldehyde or ketone. The derivatives may be transported long distances and then analyzed, as by heating in the presence of an oxidant in a pyrolyzer containing a nickel surface to produce nitric oxide (NO), followed by measurement of the NO in a NO detector such as a chemiluminescent analyzer.

Abstract: A method of quantitatively analyzing nitrogen contained in titanium group metal or an alloy thereof, involving melting the metal or alloy in an inert gas atmosphere, allowing the nitrogen in titanium to be extracted and subjecting the extracted nitrogen to a quantitative analysis, characterized in that a titanium sample for analysis is melted in the present of nickel in an amount corresponding to 7 to 16 times the weight of the sample.

Abstract: A method of detecting oil aerosol in an air flow. The contaminated air is passed between an electrode (11) and an electrically conductive catalyst (14), and an electrical discharge therebetween causes electrostatic precipitation of oil on to the catalyst. Air flow and discharge are stopped, and the catalyst is heated with the air substantially stagnant until the catalytic combustion temperature of the oil is reached. The heat generation due to such combustion is sensed and used to produce an output signal indicative of the quantity of deposited oil.

Abstract: In a redox reaction process, the oxidized state of organic compounds is increased through the steps of directing oxides of nitrogen together with a reducing agent selected from oxygenated compounds and aromatic compounds through a catalyst bed in the form of supported gold heated to a temperature sufficient to reduce the oxides of nitrogen present to nitric oxide, after which the higher oxidized forms of organic compounds are recovered. The organic compounds to be oxidized can be separated by chromatography before introduction with one of the oxides of nitrogen into the catalyst bed, and detection of the reducing agent by chemiluminescent measurement of NO.sub.2.sup.* enables determination of the higher oxidized species produced.

Abstract: Disclosed is an apparatus for measuring the moisture content of a sample. The apparatus includes a first sealed chamber for accepting the sample and a first impulse furnace within the first chamber for dissociating water in the sample into the hydrogen and oxygen, a second sealed chamber in gaseous communication with the first chamber, a second impulse furnace within the second chamber for dissociating water and the hydrogen and the oxygen, and a hydrogen analyzer for determining the amount of hydrogen formed by the first and second impulse furnace. Also disclosed is a method of measuring the amount of water in the sample. The sample is heated in an enclosed chamber in the presence of a water dissociation catalyst, whereby water in the first chamber is dissociated into hydrogen and oxygen. Vapors are passed from the enclosed chamber to a second enclosed chamber which contains a water dissociation catalyst, whereby water in the vapors is dissociated into hydrogen and oxygen.

Abstract: In the illustrated and preferred embodiment of this disclosure, a chemiluminescent sulfur detector, both method and apparatus, for detecting bonded sulfur in compounds is disclosed. The illustrated and preferred embodiment, being provided with a discrete sample, passes the sample through a first furnace in the presence of a carrier of inert gas and is exposed to a suitable granulated metal oxide, such as copper oxide or vanadium pentoxide, resulting in oxidation of the sulfur compound. The sample is then passed through a second furnace comingled with elemental hydrogen, there being a conversion of sulfur oxides to hydrogen sulfide. The output of the second furnace is dried. The hydrogen sulfide, along with the inert carrier gas, is introduced into a reaction chamber and is mixed with ozone. A chemiluminescent reaction occurs in the chamber, and the resulting light emission is measured photoelectrically by either a photomultiplier tube or photodiode.

Abstract: A method of quantitatively analyzing oxygen or nitrogen contained in titanium group metal or an alloy thereof, involving melting the metal or alloy in an inert gas atmosphere, allowing the oxygen in titanium to react with carbon thereby extracting it as carbon monoxide, or allowing the nitrogen in titanium to be extracted, and subjecting the extracted carbon monoxide or nitrogen to a quantitative analysis, characterized in that a titanium sample for analysis is melted in the present of nickel in an amount corresponding to 7 to 17 times the weight of the sample.

Abstract: A catalytic calorimeter measures the heat value of a gas and includes a chamber for receiving gas and air. A catalyst within the chamber causes the combustion of the gas and air, while a first thermocouple provides a signal indicating the temperature of the gas and air prior to combustion. A second thermocouple indicates the temperature of the catalyst, which is heated by an electrical resistance heater. A first temperature controller is connected to the second thermocouple and the heater for maintaining the catalyst at a predetermined temperature. A heat sink within the chamber absorbs heat from the products of the combustion of the gas and a third thermocouple indicates the temperature of the heat sink. A Peltier effect thermoelectric cooler is provided to remove heat from the heat sink. A second temperature controller connected to the third thermocouple and the cooler maintains the heat sink at a predetermined temperature.

Abstract: The specification discloses an analyzer for determining the carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen content of an organic material. The analyzer includes a vertically oriented, U-shaped furnace including a combustion chamber containing a crucible in which the sample is combusted into constituent gases and a reagent chamber containing a reagent through which the constituent gases must pass. A lance extends into the combustion chamber to guide the sample into the crucible and to direct oxygen onto the sample combusting in the crucible. The analyzer further includes an equilibration vessel and means for conveying the constituent gases to the vessel and past CO.sub.2 and H.sub.2 O infrared cells to monitor the products of combustion. Means are provided for conveying the equilibrated gases past the infrared cells to obtain readings relating to carbon and hydrogen content. A doser doses an aliquot of the equilibrated gas into a nitrogen measurement apparatus to obtain a reading relating to nitrogen content.

Abstract: An ammonia gas analyzer and a sulfuric acid converter utilized in the ammonia gas analyzer in which a sample gas is maintained at a relatively high temperature prior to entering the sulfuric acid converter to thereby prevent acidic sulfuric acid sulfates and/or ammonia sulfates from crystallizing and being deposited on the walls of the device. The ammonia gas analyzer includes gas sampling means, a gas measuring channel connected to the gas sampling means, a comparison gas channel connected parallel to the measuring gas channel with the measuring gas channel including an NH.sub.3 /NO converter for converting NH.sub.3 in a sample gas into NO and means for measuring a concentration of NH.sub.3 on the basis of variations of an amount of NO in the measuring gas channel with respect to that in the comparison gas channel.

Abstract: An analytical method for the independent or simultaneous determination of any number of elements selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen and sulfur or chlorine in samples, which comprises passing an oxygen gas through a reaction tube packed with an oxidation catalyst or oxidizing agent having a heating zone of from 800.degree. C. to 1100.degree. C., introducing a sample into said tube to subject it to complete combustion, uniformalizing the gas, dividing the gas into two portions, and introducing one portion in a carrier gas into a copper-reducing tube having a heating zone of from 400.degree. C. to 700.degree. C., determining the resulting nitrogen gas, carbon dioxide gas and steam or acetylene gas on a gas detector, while introducing the second portion in an oxygen gas into an absorption liquor, and determining the resulting sulfate or chlorine ion and, an apparatus useful therefor.

Abstract: An apparatus and method useful for analyzing refractory substances includes a means for locally heating a sample portion of a refractory material to generate the dissociated vapor thereof.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for controlling a chemical reaction by heterogeneous catalysis, in which a surface acoustic wave (SAW) is propagated along a surface of a piezoelectric element in contact with liquid or gaseous substances to be chemically reacted, to thus generate an electric field at the surface of the element which initiates and sustains the desired reaction. The catalysis rate can be varied by varying the frequency and/or intensity of the surface acoustic wave. The surface of the element may be coated with a very thin film of a catalytic group 8 metal which can be penetrated by the SAW electric field. In such an embodiment, normal catalysis proceeds via chemisorption, and the SAW element field acts to increase the catalysis rate.