Abstract: Described herein is the use of organic materials in methods of barocaloric cooling. The barocaloric effects may be exhibited where the organic material is near a non-isochoric phase transition, such as a non-isochoric first-order phase transition. The organic material has one or more carbon atoms and may be an organic compound or a salt thereof. In some cases that organic material is a soft matter material, such as a plastic crystal or a liquid crystal. The methods may be adapted for use of the organic material as a heating agent.

Abstract: The present disclosure is directed to an additive composition for engine oils comprising; (a) an alkenyl-substituted succinic anhydride and (b) a polyamine compound and (C) Co-additives, wherein the reaction product has a ratio of the amide to imide infrared absorption peak areas of about 1:1.2 to about 1.6. The said reaction product is effective to prevent engine deposits along with protecting elastomeric seal material of an internal combustion engine and also improves piston cleanliness and ring sticking performance of an internal combustion engine.

Abstract: The present invention relates to compositions containing a detergent composition and an active metal containing compound, where the detergent composition includes a quaternary ammonium salt detergent and optionally an oxygen-containing detergent, and where the active metal containing compound is in the form of a colloidal dispersion, comprising an organic phase, particles of an iron compound in its amorphous form, and at least one amphiphilic agent. These compositions may be used in fuels and provide improved engine performance when such fuels are used, specifically by reducing fuel injector fouling in the engine and/or by improving the regeneration of the engine's particulate exhaust trap.

Abstract: This invention relates to a method of lubricating an internal combustion engine comprising at least one of a crankcase, a gear and a wet-clutch, said method comprising supplying to said crankcase, gear, and wet-clutch a lubricating composition containing: (a) an oil of lubricating viscosity; and (b) a friction modifying additive which is the reaction product of a hydrocarbyl-substituted succinic anhydride and an acid-functionalized amine compound.

Abstract: This disclosure relates to a composition for use as an additive for fuels and lubricants including a reductive amination product of a vinyl terminated macromonomer (VTM) based aldehyde. Optionally aldehyde is reacted with the amino compound under condensation conditions sufficient to give an imine intermediate, and the imine intermediate is reacted under hydrogenation conditions sufficient to give the composition. The aldehyde is formed by reacting a VTM under hydroformylation conditions sufficient to form the aldehyde. A reductive amination method for making a composition for use as an additive for fuels and lubricants. The method includes reacting a VTM based aldehyde with an amino compound containing at least one —NH— group under condensation conditions sufficient to give an imine intermediate, and reacting the imine intermediate under hydrogenation conditions sufficient to give said composition. The aldehyde is formed by reacting a VTM under hydroformylation conditions sufficient to form the aldehyde.

Abstract: Haze may be removed from a biofuel or biofuel intermediate by using a clarifier. The clarifier includes copolymer prepared using a formulation comprising an alpha olefin and maleic anhydride. The clarifier may also be used with admixtures of biofuels, biofuel intermediates, or biofuel feedstocks with conventional hydrocarbons.

Abstract: A method of inhibiting vanadic corrosion of a hot part of a gas turbine system is provided. The method includes introducing, in the combustor, a first oxide comprising magnesium oxide (MgO) and at least one second oxide from among Al2O3, Fe2O3, TiO2 and SiO2. A ratio “m” of a number of moles of MgO to a number of moles of V2O5 and a ratio “a” of a total number of moles of the at least one second oxide to the number of moles of V2O5 satisfy two conditions based on a firing temperature of the expansion turbine, an average density of one or more double oxides formed by a reaction between MgO and the at least one second oxide, and an average Knoop hardness of the one or more double oxides formed by the reaction between MgO and the at least one second oxide.

Abstract: The present invention related to a fuel additive package for a low-sulfur diesel fuel made up of specific grades of fatty acids higher in di-unsaturated fatty acids such as linoleic acid blended in an aromatic solvent and a compatibilizer mixture which consists of low molecular weight alcohols and low molecular weight acylated nitrogen compound, which is the reaction product of alkyl succinic anhydride and an alkanolamine.

Abstract: A multipurpose chemical additives (MPC) is disclosed to mitigate fouling in hydrocarbon refinery processes, such as in a heat exchanger. A method for reducing fouling of a hydrocarbon is also disclosed that includes (i) providing a crude hydrocarbon for a refining process; and (ii) adding an additive to the crude hydrocarbon.

Abstract: A lubricant additive composition, a method for reducing engine deposit formation and a method for improving emulsion stability of a lubricant composition. The lubricant additive composition includes (a) an organomolybdenum compound contributing from about 20 to no greater than 300 ppm by weight molybdenum to the lubricant composition based on a total weight of the lubricant composition containing the additive composition; (b) a boronated hydrocarbyl substituted succinimide dispersant; and (c) a reaction product of (i) a hydrocarbyl-dicarboxylic acid or anhydride, (ii) a polyamine, (iii) a dicarboxyl-containing fused aromatic compound, and (iv) a non-aromatic dicarboxylic acid or anhydride. The hydocarbyl group of the hydrocarbyl-dicarboxylic acid or anhydride has a number average molecular weight of greater than 1800 Daltons as determined by gel permeation chromatography. A weight ratio of (b) to (c) ranges from about 1:1 to about 4:1.

Abstract: Use of a reaction product of saturated or unsaturated aliphatic mono- or polycarboxylic acids with aliphatic polyamines for improving or boosting the separation of water from fuel oils which comprise additives with detergent action. A Fuel additive concentrate comprising the said reaction product, certain additives with detergent action and optionally dehazers, cetane number improvers and solvents or diluents.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the use of at least 120 ppm of a nitrogen-containing detergent as a diesel fuel additive to improve the performance of a diesel engine having a high pressure fuel system.

Abstract: A fuel oil flow improver comprising the ester compound (A) below and the copolymer (B) below, which is the fuel oil flow improver in which the mass ratio [(A)/(B)] of the ester compound (A) and the copolymer (B) is from 30/70 to 70/30. (A) The ester compound represented by Formula (I) below. R1 is e.g. a linear saturated C19 alkyl group, and X, Y, and Z each represent an integer of 1 or higher. (B) A copolymer of a weight-average molecular weight of 5,000 to 50,000 obtained by polymerizing (b1) to (b3) below at a molar fraction of (b1)/(b2)/(b3)=0.4 to 0.8/0.1 to 0.3/0.1 to 0.3. R2 is e.g. a linear saturated C14 alkyl group. R3 is e.g. a linear saturated C10 alkyl group. R4 is e.g. a linear saturated C12 alkyl group.

Abstract: A fuel composition for a fuel injected diesel engine, a method for improving performance of fuel injectors and a method for cleaning fuel injectors for a diesel engine. The fuel composition includes a major amount of fuel and a minor effective amount of a reaction product of (i) a hydrocarbyl substituted compound containing at least one tertiary amino group and (ii) a halogen substituted C2-C8 carboxylic acid, ester, amide, or salt thereof, wherein the reaction product as made is substantially devoid of free anion species.

Abstract: A diesel fuel additive composition, a fuel containing the fuel additive, a method for improving diesel engine performance using the additive. The diesel fuel additive includes a reaction product of (a) a hydrocarbyl-substituted acylating agent and (b) a reactant selected from the group consisting of a nitrogen-containing compound, a hydroxyl-containing compound, and water that provides a reaction product selected from the group consisting (1) a mono-amide/mono-acid or metal free mono-acid salt thereof, (2) a diacid or metal free diacid salt thereof, and (3) mono-ester/mono-acid or metal free mono-acid salt thereof. The reaction product includes at least about 10 molar percent acid groups based on total moles of the reaction product.

Abstract: The present disclosure is directed to a hydrocarbyl-substituted succinimide lubricity additive or a hydrocarbyl-substituted succinamide lubricity additive for low sulfur diesel fuel. The additive is derived from an olefin having little to no terminal double bonds and a very high proportion of internal double bonds. The succinimide or succinamide is made by combining the alkylated succinic anhydride with ammonia. Also provided is a method for reducing wear scarring in a compression ignition engine comprising providing to the engine a middle distillate fuel comprising an effective amount of the hydrocarbyl-substituted succinimide and/or hydrocarbyl-substituted succinamide. A method for reducing an average coefficient of friction of a middle distillate fuel in a compression ignition engine comprising providing to the engine the disclosed fuel is also disclosed.

Abstract: A diesel fuel additive composition, a fuel containing the fuel additive, a method for improving diesel engine performance using the additive. The diesel fuel additive includes a reaction product of (a) a hydrocarbyl-substituted acylating agent and (b) a reactant selected from the group consisting of a nitrogen-containing compound, a hydroxyl-containing compound, and water that provides a reaction product selected from the group consisting (1) a mono-amide/mono-acid or metal free mono-acid salt thereof, (2) a diacid or metal free diacid salt thereof, and (3) mono-ester/mono-acid or metal free mono-acid salt thereof. The reaction product includes at least about 10 molar percent acid groups based on total moles of the reaction product.

Abstract: A fuel oil flow improver comprising the ester compound (A) below and the copolymer (B) below, which is the fuel oil flow improver in which the mass ratio [(A)/(B)] of the ester compound (A) and the copolymer (B) is from 30/70 to 70/30. (A) The ester compound represented by Formula (I) below. R1 is e.g. a linear saturated C19 alkyl group, and X, Y, and Z each represent an integer of 1 or higher. (B) A copolymer of a weight-average molecular weight of 5,000 to 50,000 obtained by polymerizing (b1) to (b3) below at a molar fraction of (b1)/(b2)/(b3)=0.4 to 0.8/0.1 to 0.3/0.1 to 0.3. R2 is e.g. a linear saturated C14 alkyl group. R3 is e.g. a linear saturated C10 alkyl group. R4 is e.g. a linear saturated C12 alkyl group.

Abstract: A diesel fuel, diesel fuel additive concentrate and method for improving the performance of fuel injectors for a diesel engine are provided. The diesel fuel includes a major amount of middle distillate fuel; and a reaction product of a hydrocarbyl substituted dicarboxylic acid or anhydride and an amine compound or salt. The amine compound has the formula wherein R is selected from the group consisting of a hydrogen and a hydrocarbyl group containing from about 1 to about 15 carbon atoms, and R1 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and a hydrocarbyl group containing from about 1 to about 20 carbon atoms. The reaction product contains at least one amino triazole group and is present in the fuel in an amount sufficient to improve the performance of diesel fuel injectors.

Abstract: Use of a reaction product of saturated or unsaturated aliphatic mono- or polycarboxylic acids with aliphatic polyamines for improving or boosting the separation of water from fuel oils which comprise additives with detergent action. A Fuel additive concentrate comprising the said reaction product, certain additives with detergent action and optionally dehazers, cetane number improvers and solvents or diluents.

Abstract: A diesel fuel additive composition, a fuel containing the fuel additive, a method for improving diesel engine performance using the additive and a method for making the additive for diesel engines having a high pressure fuel injection system. The fuel additive has a number average molecular weight (Mn) of from about 500 to about 10,000 and is selected from a hydrocarbyl-substituted succinic acid or anhydride or derivative thereof and a hydrocarbyl-substituted Mannich base. The additive has a molecular weight distribution such that less than about 25 wt. % of the additive has a molecular weight of 400 or less as measured by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) based on a polystyrene calibration curve.

Abstract: The use of a mixture comprising (A) 5 to 95% by weight of at least one oil-soluble polar nitrogen compound which can interact with paraffin crystals in middle distillate fuels under cold conditions, and (B) 5 to 95% by weight of at least one oil-soluble aliphatic compound with an alkyl or alkenyl chain having at least 8 carbon atoms, obtainable from aliphatic mono- or dicarboxylic acids having 4 to 300 carbon atoms or derivatives thereof with mono- or polyamines or with alcohols, for lowering the cloud point in middle distillate fuels which, before the addition of additives, have a CP of ?8.0° C. or lower by at least 1.5° C. compared to the unadditized middle distillate fuel at a dosage of the mixture of 50 to 300 ppm by weight, with no simultaneous deterioration in the response behavior for the lowering of the cold filter plugging point on addition of cold flow improvers.

Abstract: Lubricant compositions comprising (a) an oil of lubricating viscosity; and (b) at least one non-metal-containing additive, comprising a nitrogen-containing dispersant having a total base number of at least about 90 are useful for lubricating an internal combustion engine. The lubricants have less than 1.0% sulfated ash and a total base number of at least about 8.5, and at least 30% of the total base number of the composition is provided by non-metal-containing additives. The lubricants exhibit a high TBN without deterioration of elastomeric seals.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a method to clean up or keep clean the fuel system of a direct injection spark-ignited engine by operating the engine with a fuel composition that includes a liquid fuel and a fuel additive composition. The fuel additive composition useful in the present invention has at least one nitrogen-containing dispersant and optionally a fluidizer where the dispersant has a specific lipophilic parameter and the dispersant or the dispersant and the fluidizer have a specific hydrophilic-lipophilic parameter, the dispersant provides about 0.15 to about 50 ppm by weight nitrogen in the fuel composition, and the fluidizer and/or the dispersant provide about 10 to about 10,000 ppm by weight active components in the fuel composition. The method of the present invention is effective in controlling deposits in fuel injectors and combustion chambers of a direct injection spark-ignited engine.

Abstract: A fuel composition and methods for using it for controlling deposit formation in a spark-ignition internal combustion engine, such as a direct injection engine, comprising a spark-ignition fuel, a detergent, and a deposit inhibitor compound.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a method to reduce wear and prevent deposit formation in an internal combustion engine, said method comprising combusting in said engine a fuel composition comprising gasoline, ethanol and at least one fuel additive. There is also provided a composition to improve wear protection in an internal combustion engine combusting an ethanol-containing fuel, said composition comprising gasoline, ethanol, and one or more fuel additive materials.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to the use of fuel additives in duel delivery systems contacting or combusting fuels containing ethanol, such as E85. The additives improve the properties of the resulting fuel, minimize the impact of the fuel on the components of the fuel delivery system, improve the protection of the engine and the fuel delivery system, and also enhance the benefits to the consumer and to the environment of utilizing varying amounts of ethanol as a fuel in combustion engines.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides compositions and methods for improving corrosion inhibition in engines combusting a fuel containing ethanol. In particular, E85 fuels are provided containing additives able to reduce, eliminate and/or prevent corrosion of engine combustion surfaces and surfaces of engine components exposed to the fuel containing ethanol.

Abstract: A composition of matter comprising an amine acylated with a hydrocarbyl group substituted carboxylic acylating agent containing an average of from 1.3 to 1.6 groups derived from ?,?-unsaturated carboxylic compounds per Mn of the hydrocarbyl group, wherein the hydrocarbyl group has Mn determined by GPC ranging from 1500 to 3000, the amine comprises polyamine bottoms and said acylated amine has total base number (TBN) ranging from 17 to 35. A method for preparing the composition, lubricating oils containing the composition and, in another embodiment, lubricating oil compositions of this invention further comprising a metal overbased sulfonate detergent.

Abstract: Compositions and methods are disclosed for reducing combustion chamber deposits (CCD) and/or intake valve deposits (IVD) in spark ignition internal combustion engines. A succinic acid derivative (SAD) of this invention or a mixture with at least one additional component of this invention is added to a liquid hydrocarbon or liquid hydrocarbon-oxygenate gasoline each in an amount of about 0.0005–0.5 wt % of the gasoline. Preferably the gasoline is unleaded. The preferred additional components include polyethers (PE), polyolefin butyrolactam derivatives (BLD), butyrolactam alkoxylates (BLA), tridecanol alkoxylate derivatives (TAD) and polyisobutylene amine (PIBA).

Abstract: A fuel composition for use in an internal combustion engine containing (a) a diesel fuel, (b) ethanol, (c) a surfactant, and optionally (d) a combustion improver, which provides lubricity to the engine and reduces exhaust emissions.

Abstract: A middle distillate fuel additive comprising the reaction product resulting from the combining of a hydrocarbyl succinic anhydride and a hydroxyamine. The lubricating properties of low sulfur-content middle distillate fuels, such as diesel, jet or bio-diesel fuels, can be significantly improved by inclusion therein of such additive compounds. The use of these middle distillate fuel additives makes it possible to avoid mechanical failure problems, such as fuel pump or injector failure, otherwise caused by inadequate fuel lubricity, while still retaining the environmental benefits of using a low sulfur fuel.

Abstract: A composition containing: (a) 0.001% to 20% of at least one compound represented by formula (II), wherein R5 is C1–C70 difunctional alkyl or C6–C14 difunctional aryl, and R3and R4 independently are hydrogen, alkyl, heterocyclic, aryl or aralkyl groups; and (b) crude oil. In addition to dispersing asphaltenes, the composition of the present invention typically also increases demulsibility, reduces viscosity, reduces sediment formation, reduces surface fouling and reduces corrosion.

Abstract: This invention relates to a novel multi-functional fuel and lubricant additive that provides dispersancy properties as well as viscosity index improver credit and, improved fuel economy. The invention further relates to concentrates, and to fuel and lubricating oil compositions containing said additive or concentrates. Finally, the invention provides methods for improving fuel economy, improving dispersancy, and for preparing the hybridized, acylated olefin copolymer useful as an oil additive.

Abstract: This invention is directed to a new low molecular weight copolymer (The PIB/UAR copolymer) that may be prepared by reacting a low molecular weight polyisobutene (PIB) having less than about 32 carbon atoms with an unsaturated acidic reagent in the presence of a free radical initiator. No chain transfer agent is required to prepare the low molecular weight PIB/UAR copolymer. The PIB/UAR copolymer may be useful as is, or as an intermediate for (1) polysuccinimides, (2) detergents or dispersants for lube oil or fuels, (3) pour point depressants and (4) surface sizing agents for paper. The PIB/UAR copolymer may be used by itself or as the ester, amide, imide or metal salt derivative of the PIB/UAR copolymer. The PIB/UAR copolymer may be liquid at ambient temperature.

Abstract: A middle petroleum distillate composition containing a major proportion of middle petroleum distillate and a minor proportion of an additive in a sufficient amount to limit the settling speed of paraffins contained in said middle distillate. Said additive consists of a product resulting from a reaction between at least one aliphatic dicarboxylic compound and at least one primary amine functional compound of general formula (I), wherein R1 is a monovalent saturated aliphatic radical, Z is selected from —NR?— groupings in which R? is a hydrogen atom or a monovalent saturated aliphatic radical, n is an integer between 2 and 4, and m is an integer between 1 and 4; said primary amine functional compound being used in a ratio of 0.3-0.8 mols per mol of said dicarboxylic compound.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of polyalkenylsuccinimide products, in particular polyisobutenylsuccinimide products, is proposed, in which a polyalkene is reacted with a maleic acid, maleic anhydride or a functional derivative thereof to give a polyalkenylsuccinic anhydride and the polyalkenylsuccinic anhydride is then reacted with an oligoamine or polyamine, the polyalkenylsuccinic anhydride either

Abstract: This invention relates to a novel multi-functional fuel and lubricant additive that provides dispersancy properties as well as viscosity index improver credit and, improved fuel economy. The invention further relates to concentrates, and to fuel and lubricating oil compositions containing said additive or concentrates. Finally, the invention provides methods for improving fuel economy, improving dispersancy, and for preparing the hybridized, acylated olefin copolymer useful as an oil additive.

Abstract: There is provided use of a thermal stabiliser for increasing the thermal stability of a cetane improver in a fuel composition comprising (i) a fuel, and (ii) the cetane improver wherein the thermal stabiliser is a compound of the formula H—R1 wherein H is a group comprising a heterocyclic group and R1 is a hydrocarbyl group having from 10 to 200 carbons.

Abstract: A method for controlling the deposits in the fuel vaporizer of a fuel reformer used to prepare a liquid hydrocarbon for use as a fuel in a fuel cell which comprises introducing into the fuel vaporizer a liquid hydrocarbon containing an effective deposit controlling amount of a nitrogen-containing detergent additive and a fuel composition suitable for use in a fuel cell which comprises a liquid hydrocarbon having a boiling range at atmospheric pressure falling between about 77 degrees F. (25 degrees C.) and about 437 degrees F. (225 degrees C.), a total sulfur content of less than 3 ppm, and containing an effective deposit controlling amount of a nitrogen-containing detergent additive.

Abstract: A process to make water-blended fuel by emulsifying the emulsifier in a portion of the fuel, then adding the water under high shear mixing to give a concentrated water fuel emulsion. The concentrated emulsion is then diluted with final portion of fuel using mixing or blending conditions resulting in an emulsified water blend fuel.

Abstract: The invention concerns a composition of mulifunctional additives for cold process treatment obtained by reacting carboxylic compounds with amine compounds, characterized in that it contains at least 50 wt. % of a mixture consisting of 10 to 90 wt. % of an additive (AB) of a carboxylic compound (A) selected among maleic and succinic anhydrides, corresponding acids and esters with a polyalkylamine (B) and 90 to 10 wt. % of an additive (CD) obtained by reacting a copolymer (C) obtained by reacting a first unsaturated carboxylic acid with an alkylated ester of a second unsaturated carboxylic acid, identical to or different from the first, of general formula (II) R1R2C═CR3COOR4 wherein R1 and R2, identical or different, being hydrogen, a linear or branched C1-C20 alkyl radical; R3 is hydrogen or a linear or branched alkyl group with not more than three carbon atoms and R4 is hydrogen or a C1-C25 radical, with N-alkylpolyalkylenepolyamine (D).

Abstract: A novel aviation fuel characterized by having a low freeze point (typically no higher than −40° C.

Abstract: This invention is directed to a new low molecular weight copolymer (The PIB/UAR copolymer) that may be prepared by reacting a low molecular weight polyisobutene (PIB) having less than about 32 carbon atoms with an unsaturated acidic reagent in the presence of a free radical initiator. No chain transfer agent is required to prepare the low molecular weight PIB/UAR copolymer. The PIB/UAR copolymer may be useful as is, or as an intermediate for (1) polysuccinimides, (2) detergents or dispersants for lube oil or fuels, (3) pour point depressants and (4) surface sizing agents for paper. The PIB/UAR copolymer may be used by itself or as the ester, amide, imide or metal salt derivative of the PIB/UAR copolymer. The PIB/UAR copolymer may be liquid at ambient temperature.

Abstract: Succinimide-acid compounds prepared by reaction of hydrocarbyl-substituted succinic acylating agents with alpha-omega amino acids are disclosed, as well as derivatives thereof useful as lubricity additives, lubricant dispersants, friction modifiers, liquid hydrocarbonaceous fuel detergents, antioxidants and alkali and/or alkaline-earth metal detergents.

Abstract: A novel aviation fuel characterized by having a low freeze point (typically no higher than −40° C.

Abstract: A motor fuel additive composition comprises a mixture of: (a) from about 5 to about 50 weight percent, based upon the total weight of the additive, of a detergent component selected from the group consisting of (i) a reaction product of a substituted hydrocarbon and an amino compound, and (ii) a polybutylamine or polyisobutylamine; and (b) a fuel conditioner component comprising (i) from about 2 to about 50 weight percent, based upon the total weight of the additive, of a polar oxygenated hydrocarbon compound and (ii) from about 2 to about 50 weight percent, based upon the total weight of the additive, of an oxygenated compatibilizing agent. The fuel conditioner component may additionally comprise a hydrophilic separant, an aromatic hydrocarbon, or mixtures thereof. Additionally, in some cases the hydrophilic separant may also act as the compatibilizing agent. The additive may also additionally comprise a carrier oil or fluidizer.

Abstract: Succinimide-acid compounds prepared by reaction of hydrocarbyl-substituted succinic acylating agents with alpha-omega amino acids are disclosed, as well as derivatives thereof useful as lubricity additives, lubricant dispersants, friction modifiers, liquid hydrocarbonaceous fuel detergents, antioxidants and alkali and/or alkaline-earth metal detergents.

Abstract: This invention relates to a process for making an aqueous hydrocarbon fuel composition, comprising: (A) mixing a normally liquid hydrocarbon fuel and at least one chemical additive to form a hydrocarbon fuel-additive mixture; and (B) mixing said hydrocarbon fuel-additive mixture with water under high shear mixing conditions in a high shear mixer to form said aqueous hydrocarbon fuel composition, said aqueous hydrocarbon fuel composition including a discontinuous aqueous phase, said discontinuous aqueous phase being comprised of aqueous droplets having a mean diameter of 1.0 micron or less. An apparatus for operating the foregoing process is also disclosed. Aqueous hydrocarbon fuel compositions are disclosed.

Abstract: A fuel composition for two-cycle engines comprising a major amount of fuel boiling in the gasoline range and a minor amount of a lubricant composition comprising a base oil of lubricating viscosity and an additive formulation comprising (1) a molybdenum/sulfur complex of a basic nitrogen compound, (2) a carboxylic acid amide, and (3) a succinimide.