Abstract: A fuel additive includes 50 wt. % to less than 75 wt. % cyclic dienes and/or cyclic trienes that thermally crack into only chain branching radicals and greater than 25 wt. % to 50 wt. % organo-nitrates and/or nitro-organics. The fuel additive is combined with fuel at a combined treat rate ranging from 1000 (wt.) ppm to 3000 (wt.) ppm.

Abstract: The present invention provides a chemical vapor deposition raw material, which has a low melting point, has heat stability such that no thermal decomposition occurs during vaporization, readily decomposes at low temperature during film-formation, and can stably form a nickel thin-film having fewer impurities. The present invention relates to a chemical vapor deposition raw material containing an organic nickel compound, in which a cyclopentadienyl group or a derivative thereof is coordinated to nickel, and a cycloalkenyl group having one allyl group or a derivative thereof is coordinated to the carbon skeleton of cycloalkyl. This raw material has a low melting point, proper heat stability and film-formation ability at low temperature. Further, due to a high vapor pressure, the raw material is suitable for a three-dimensional electrode material having a three-dimensional structure.

Abstract: The invention teaches that hydrocarbon compositions may be improved in terms of their stability reserve and in terms of their combustion efficiency, by co-use of a conductivity improver. There is optionally present a combustion improver selected from an iron compound, a manganese compound, a calcium compound and a cerium compound; and/or an organic compound selected from a bicyclic monoterpene, a substituted bicyclic monoterpene, adamantane, a substituted or unsubstituted bicyclic tetraterpene, and propylene carbonate.

Abstract: An additive composition for a fuel comprises: (i) a metal compound selected from an iron compound, a manganese compound, a calcium compound, a cerium compound and mixtures thereof; (ii) an organic compound selected from a bicyclic monoterpene, substituted bicyclic monoterpene, adamantane, propylene carbonate and mixtures thereof; and (iii) a stabilizer. The additive composition allows fuels which are prone to separation, for example blended fuels or fuels having a high content of asphaltenes, to be used successfully.

Abstract: A high octane non-leaded gasoline meeting ASTM D910 LL standard is provided that includes a base gasoline fuel having a minimum MON of 96.5 and meeting the ASTM D910 standard. An octane-boosting component is mixed with the base gasoline fuel that raises the MON above 99.6 and the blended fuel complies with ASTM D910. The octane-boosting component is selected from a group including an additive, TEL only and a TEL containing gasoline.

Abstract: A fuel additive concentrate comprising at least one aryl amine; and at least one metal-containing compound is disclosed. In an aspect, the fuel additive concentrate can be synergistic. Fuel composition comprising the fuel additive concentration and methods of combusting the fuel composition are also disclosed. Moreover, methods of enhancing research octane number, increasing fuel economy, and reducing the carbon footprint of a vehicle are also disclosed.

Abstract: A fuel additive concentrate comprising at least one aryl amine; and at least one metal-containing compound is disclosed. In an aspect, the fuel additive concentrate can be synergistic. Fuel composition comprising the fuel additive concentration and methods of combusting the fuel composition are also disclosed. Moreover, methods of enhancing research octane number, increasing fuel economy, and reducing the carbon footprint of a vehicle are also disclosed.

Abstract: A fuel additive concentrate comprising at least one aryl amine; and at least one metal-containing compound is disclosed. In an aspect, the fuel additive concentrate can be synergistic. Fuel composition comprising the fuel additive concentration and methods of combusting the fuel composition are also disclosed. Moreover, methods of enhancing research octane number, increasing fuel economy, and reducing the carbon footprint of a vehicle are also disclosed.

Abstract: The invention concerns a method for supplying iron, via the fuel, to the particulate trap of a diesel engine exhaust in a form suitable for promoting trap regeneration. The method involves the addition to the fuel of a defined colloid of iron oxide. Combustion of this colloid produces iron-containing compounds, especially iron oxides, which collect in association with carbonaceous particulate matter in the particulate trap, and function to promote the combustion of this matter. The colloid in particular shows a lower level of associated deposit formation on the fuel injectors than the iron additives of the prior art. The method is thus particularly suitable for modern engines showing increased susceptibility to fuel injector deposits. The colloid also shows a balance of properties providing excellent suitability for use as an additive in fuels, and especially in diesel engine on-board dosing devices.

Abstract: Described are catalyst compositions and methods for their preparation and use. Certain catalyst compositions can include at least one reduction catalyst and at least one oxidation catalyst. A catalyst composition as described herein is useful in providing certain benefits to a combustible fuel, such as, for example, reducing harmful emissions and/or improving overall fuel economy.

Abstract: A composition for improving the combustion efficiency of an internal combustion engine. The composition includes a mixture of a hydrocarbon fuel and an organometallic soap selected from among several cerium-containing and ferric compounds. The cerium-containing compound or compounds increase the energy released during combustion of the fuel. The ferric compound or compounds coat an interior wall of a combustion chamber of the internal combustion engine to increase the power output of the engine by reducing the accumulation of residues deposited on the interior wall which interfere with the combustion of fuel.

Abstract: A composition for improving the combustion efficiency of an internal combustion engine. The composition includes a mixture of a hydrocarbon fuel and an organometallic soap selected from among several cerium-containing and ferric compounds. The cerium-containing compound or compounds increase the energy released during combustion of the fuel. The ferric compound or compounds coat an interior wall of a combustion chamber of the internal combustion engine to increase the power output of the engine by reducing the accumulation of residues deposited on the interior wall which interfere with the combustion of fuel.

Abstract: A method of improving the combustion of a fuel by adding a catalyst or combustion enhancer at an extremely low concentration, preferably in the range of 1 part catalyst per 200 million parts fuel to 1 part catalyst per 6 trillion parts fuel. The catalyst or combustion enhancer may be selected from a wide range of soluble compounds. The method may comprise the steps of an initial mixing of the catalyst or enhancer with a suitable solvent and then subsequent dilution steps using solvents or fuel. Suitable solvents include water, MTBE, methylketone, methyisobutylketone, butanol, isopropyl alcohol and other hydrophilic/oleophilic compounds.

Abstract: This invention relates to fuel oil, especially middle distillate fuel oil, compositions comprising middle distillate fuel oil and incorporated therein an incorporated therein an additive composition comprising (a) at least one fuel-soluble or fuel-dispersible neutral alkaline earth metal compound and/or at least one fuel-soluble or fuel-dispersible neutral alkali metal compound, and (b) at least one fuel-soluble or fuel-dispersible transition metal compound, characterized in that the fuel oil composition contains at most 0.05 mass % of sulfur, the total metal content derived from (a) and (b) in the fuel oil composition is at most 50 ppm by mass, and the mass proportion of (a) to (b), based on metal content, is in the range of from 1:99 to 99:1.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a hydrocarbon fuel composition comprising (i) at least 99% by weight of a base gas; and (ii) additives comprising (a) 2 to 50 ppm organometallic compound; and (b) 100 to 5000 ppm aniline or substituted aniline and 100 to 5000 ppm toluidine. The present invention discloses addition of an additive or additive mixture to base fuel preferably, liquefied petroleum gas. The addition of additive mixture not only improves the properties of the base fuel for use as torch gas for cutting and welding application, but also reduces the consumption of both fuel and oxygen for cutting applications.

Abstract: A diesel fuel composition containing metallic additives that are stabilized against phase separation. The diesel fuel contains a colloidally dispersed or solubilized metal catalyst compound, which can be used for diesel particulate trap regeneration and, as a stabilizer, 5-1,000 ppm (weight) of an oil-soluble or oil-dispersible organic compound having a lipophilic hydrocarbyl chain having attached directly thereto at least two contiguous polar head functional groups, i.e., the functional groups are separated by no more than three carbon atoms. The diesel fuel composition is particularly suitable for use with diesel engines fitted with a particulate trap for emissions control.

Abstract: A method of making ferrocene and other metallocenes involves adding a metal halide, such as iron chloride (FeCl3), to a solution of diethylamine, cyclopentadiene, a crown ether, and a metal (Fe° powder, Na° or K°). After stirring the boiling mixture, the diethylamine is removed, and the residue extracted with a hydrocarbon condensate. The extract is filtered and vacuum stripped to crystallize the metallocene, such as ferrocene from the solution. The method provides an improved process for producing organometallic compounds containing a transition element as the metal component. The method also provides an improved process for the production of bis(cyclopentadienil) transition element compounds marked by economy of operation and good yields. The resulting products have been shown to increase octane ratings and reduce NOx emissions in motor fuels.

Abstract: The present invention provides a composition comprising: i) at least one compound of formula (I): wherein R1 and R2 are independently selected from a group consisting of hydrogen, unsubstituted or substituted C1-19 hydrocarbyl or a group of formula (II): wherein Q is a bond or an unsubstituted or substituted hydrocarbyl group; wherein R3 is selected from a group consisting of hydrogen and unsubstituted or substituted C1-18 hydrocarbyl; wherein the R1—C—R2 backbone is from 5 to 20 atoms in length; wherein each A and B is independently an unsubstituted or substituted unsaturated cyclic hydrocarbyl group; and wherein n is an integer from 0 to 10; and ii) a diluent or carrier; wherein the compound(s) of formula (I) is present in an amount sufficient to provide, at ?30° C., at least 1 wt % of iron, based on the weight of the composition.

Abstract: A composition for improving the combustion efficiency of an internal combustion Engine. The composition includes a mixture of a hydrocarbon fuel and an organometallic soap selected from among several cerium-containing and ferric compounds. The cerium-containing compound or compounds increase the energy released during combustion of the fuel. The ferric compound or compounds coat an interior wall of a combustion chamber of the internal combustion engine to increase the power output of the engine by reducing the accumulation of residues deposited on the interior wall which interfere with the combustion of fuel.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an apparatus and method for delivering tungsten from a to a fuel combustion system or to the exhaust therefrom. By the present invention, tungsten from the lubricant or the fuel will interact with iron from the combustion process. In this manner, the tungsten scavenges or inactivates iron that can otherwise poison catalytic converters, sensors and/or automotive on-board diagnostic devices and/or reduce the operation of spark plugs. The present invention can also lead to improved durability of exhaust after treatment systems. Supplying tungsten acts to change the characteristics of iron deposits formed by combusting a fuel with iron.

Abstract: An additive composition for a fuel comprises: (i) a metal compound selected from an iron compound, a manganese compound, a calcium compound, a cerium compound and mixtures thereof; (ii) an organic compound selected from a bicyclic monoterpene, substituted bicyclic monoterpene, adamantane, propylene carbonate and mixtures thereof; and (iii) a stabiliser. The additive composition allows fuels which are prone to separation, for example blended fuels or fuels having a high content of asphaltenes, to be used successfully.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a hydrocarbon fuel composition comprising (i) at least 99% by weight of a base gas; and (ii) additives comprising (a) 2 to 50 ppm organometallic compound; and (b) 100 to 5000 ppm aniline or substituted aniline and 100 to 5000 ppm toluidine. The present invention discloses addition of an additive or additive mixture to base fuel preferably, liquefied petroleum gas. The addition of additive mixture not only improves the properties of the base fuel for use as torch gas for cutting and welding application, but also reduces the consumption of both fuel and oxygen for cutting applications.

Abstract: A fuel additive contains ferrocene and/or ferrocene derivative(s), and lecithin. A fuel additive contains 80 to 99 mass % of ferrocene and/or ferrocene derivative(s), and 1 to 20 mass % of lecithin, and being in the solid state. A fuel additive contains 78 to 99 mass % of ferrocene and/or ferrocene derivative(s), 0.9 to 20 mass % of lecithin and 0.1 to 2 mass % of water, and being in the particle state. A fuel additive containing 2 to 5 mass % of ferrocene and/or ferrocene derivative(s), 5 to 50 mass % of lecithin and mineral oil, and being in the liquid state, wherein the ferrocene and/or ferrocene derivative(s), and the lecithin are dissolved in the mineral oil. The above-mentioned fuel additive is used by being added into a fuel so as to make the concentration of the ferrocene and/or ferrocene derivative(s) and the lecithin in ranges of 1 to 50 ppm, and 0.01 to 500 ppm, respectively.

Abstract: A method of improving the combustion of a fuel by adding a catalyst or combustion enhancer at an extremely low concentration, preferably in the range of 1 part catalyst per 200 million parts fuel to 1 part catalyst per 6 trillion parts fuel. The catalyst or combustion enhancer may be selected from a wide range of soluble compounds. The method may comprise the steps of an initial mixing of the catalyst or enhancer with a suitable solvent and then subsequent dilution steps using solvents or fuel. Suitable solvents include water, MTBE, methylketone, methyisobutylketone, butanol, isopropyl alcohol and other hydrophilic/oleophilic compounds.

Abstract: The present invention provides a composition comprising: i) at least one compound of formula (I): wherein R1 and R2 are independently selected from a group consisting of hydrogen, unsubstituted or substituted C1-19 hydrocarbyl or a group of formula (II): wherein Q is a bond or an unsubstituted or substituted hydrocarbyl group; wherein R3 is selected from a group consisting of hydrogen and unsubstituted or substituted C1-18 hydrocarbyl; wherein the R1—C—R2 backbone is from 5 to 20 atoms in length; wherein each A and B is independently an unsubstituted or substituted unsaturated cyclic hydrocarbyl group; and wherein n is an integer from 0 to 10; and ii) a diluent or carrier; wherein the compound(s) of formula (I) is present in an amount sufficient to provide, at ?30° C., at least 1 wt % of iron, based on the weight of the composition.

Abstract: The present invention provides a composition comprising: i) at least one compound of formula (I): wherein R1 and R2 are independently selected from a group consisting of hydrogen, unsubstituted or substituted C1-19 hydrocarbyl or a group of formula (II): wherein Q is a bond or an unsubstituted or substituted hydrocarbyl group; wherein R3 is selected from a group consisting of hydrogen and unsubstituted or substituted C1-18 hydrocarbyl; wherein the R1—C—R2 backbone is from 5 to 20 atoms in length; wherein each A and B is independently an unsubstituted or substituted unsaturated cyclic hydrocarbyl group; and wherein n is an integer from 0 to 10; and ii) a diluent or carrier; wherein the compound(s) of formula (I) is present in an amount sufficient to provide, at ?30° C., at least 1 wt % of iron, based on the weight of the composition.

Abstract: A fuel additive concentrate comprising at least one aryl amine; and at least one metal-containing compound is disclosed. In an aspect, the fuel additive concentrate can be synergistic. Fuel composition comprising the fuel additive concentration and methods of combusting the fuel composition are also disclosed. Moreover, methods of enhancing research octane number, increasing fuel economy, and reducing the carbon footprint of a vehicle are also disclosed.

Abstract: The present invention relates to iron-organo compounds and the use of such compounds in the regeneration of particulate filter traps in combustion systems such as high-compression spontaneous ignition engines. The iron-organo compounds have the formula X-Y where X represents the group of formula Y represents the formula each A and B is independently an unsubstituted or substituted aromatic carbon ring or an unsubstituted or substituted aromatic heterocyclic ring; the or each Z is independently an unsubstituted or substituted divalent hydrocarbyl group; n is 0 or an integer of from 1 to 10.

Abstract: There is disclosed a method of reducing the conductivity of deposits formed from the combustion of a fuel comprising an iron-containing compound, said method comprising adding a manganese-containing compound to the fuel.

Abstract: A fuel additive iron salt composition effective in improving the operation of diesel engine particulate traps when added to a diesel fuel so as to provide 1-25 ppm iron in the fuel which comprises an oil soluble or oil dispersible neutral or overbased iron salt of an acidic organic compound, 50-99 mole % of the total iron present in the composition being in the ferric form, the balance being the ferrous form.

Abstract: A method, apparatus, and fuel composition for the protection of a catalytic after treatment system and a method for protecting a catalytic after treatment system in a lean burn system are disclosed. A scavenging agent is introduced into the combustion chamber in an amount effective to complex with catalytic poisoning combustion byproducts and improve emissions system durability. In a preferred embodiment, the scavenger is an organometallic compound which also imparts additional desirable properties to the fuel.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the reduction or inhibition of corrosion in an atmospheric burner unit by adding to a combustion system an effective amount of manganese, or a manganese precursor source, or derivative. The system may further include a catalyst package that may be composed of one or more individual organometallic compounds of Li, Na, K, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Mo, Fe, Co, Pt, Ce, and combinations, mixtures or precursors thereof. The manganese component of the catalyst package of the present invention reduces or eliminates the poisoning of the combustion system, whereby improved combustion and reduced emissions result. In addition, this invention inhibits both high- and low-temperature corrosion that occurs on the hot surfaces of burner furnace walls and tubes, and on cooler surfaces of the burner unit exhaust stack.

Abstract: A fuel rendering composition, an alternative supplemental fuel and a universal fuel treatment. Halogenated hydrocarbon(s) and solvent(s), particularly terpenoid containing solvent(s), are combined to form a composition that when mixed with vegetable oil, crude or refined, renders that oil suitable for use in a diesel engine. Various hydrocarbons, solvents and related compounds are disclosed. Providing a metal-organic compound such as a cyclopentadienyl compound with a halogenated hydrocarbon and solvent at appropriate rates produces a universal fuel treatment.

Abstract: This invention relates to a process for reducing the level of pollutants in the exhaust of a diesel engine, comprising: operating said diesel engine using as the fuel a water-diesel fuel emulsion; and contacting the exhaust gas from said diesel engine with an after-treatment such as a filter.

Abstract: A fuel composition of the present invention exhibits minimized hydrolysis and increased fuel stability, even after extended storage at 65° F. for 6-9 months. The composition, which is preferably not strongly alkaline (3.0 to 10.5), is more preferably weakly alkaline to mildly acidic (4.5 to 8.5) and most preferably slightly acidic (6.3 to 6.8), includes a lower dialkyl carbonate, a combustion improving amount of at least one high heating combustible compound containing at least one element selected from the group consisting of aluminum, boron, bromine, bismuth, beryllium, calcium, cesium, chromium, cobalt, copper, francium, gallium, germanium, iodine, iron, indium, lithium, magnesium, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, niobium, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, palladium, rubidium, sodium, tin, zinc, praseodymium, rhenium, silicon, vanadium, or mixture, and a hydrocarbon base fuel.

Abstract: A method, apparatus, and fuel composition for the protection of a catalytic after treatment system and a method for protecting a catalytic after treatment system in a lean burn system are disclosed. A scavenging agent is introduced into the combustion chamber in an amount effective to complex with catalytic poisoning combustion byproducts and improve emissions system durability. In a preferred embodiment, the scavenger is an organometallic compound which also imparts additional desirable properties to the fuel.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the use of fuel additives in the regeneration of particulate filter traps, e.g. diesel particulate filter traps. The invention further relates to fuel additives suitable for use in such a process.

Abstract: Ferrocene dicarboxylic acid diesters have the general formula (I), in which X stands for an oligoethylene glycol radical with 2 to 20 ethoxyl units and/or an &agr;,&ohgr;-alkyldiol radical with 2 to 18 C atoms. Also disclosed are processes for preparing the same, their use, solid composite propellants containing the disclosed ferrocene dicarboxylic acid diesters and processes for preparing the same.

Abstract: A method improves the operation of a diesel engine through the use of a fuel additive, a diesel particulate trap and a NO.sub.x -reducing catalyst. The operation of the NO.sub.x -reducing catalyst is enhanced by the introduction of urea or like compound upstream of the catalyst at temperatures effective for non-catalytic NO.sub.x reduction and the generation of ammonia. The additive comprises fuel-soluble compositions of platinum group metal in effective amounts to lower the emissions of unburned hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide from the trap. The catalytic activity provided to the exhaust system by the fuel additive is selective and preferably reduces the oxidation of SO.sub.2 to SO.sub.3. The platinum group metal compositions are preferably added in amounts effective to provide concentrations of the metal in the fuel of less than 1 part per million (ppm). Lithium and/or sodium compositions can be used in amounts effective to reduce the trap regeneration temperature, e.g.

Abstract: A process for reducing carbonaceous deposits caused by the combustion of heavy fuel oil in high-compression, spontaneous-ignition internal combustion engines involves adding an additive such as ferrocene or ethyl ferrocene to a heavy fuel oil having a density of 0.9 to 1.01 kg/dm.sup.3 in an amount of 1 to 100 ppm prior to combustion of the fuel oil and combusting the fuel oil in the high-compression, spontaneous-ignition internal combustion engine. The additive is dissolved in the heavy fuel oil.

Abstract: A low smoke firefighter training hydrocarbon composition and process. The compositions preferably contain alkanes and avoid aromatics. Ferrocene or certain other volatile iron compounds are incorporated in the compositions which am readily ignitable but not dangerously so. The process enhances the firefighter training while reducing smoke and soot to the surrounding environment.

Abstract: The invention provides a method employing a fuel additive to improve the operation of a pass-through oxidation catalyst over long periods of time with continued catalytic activity and without the undesirable conversion of SO.sub.2 to SO.sub.3. A pass-through catalyst support is continuously, selectively catalyzed by the combustion of a fuel containing a platinum group metal composition which burns to release the catalyst metal in active form. The effectiveness of the process is attributed to improved combustion in the engine by the catalyst and the treatment of the catalytic oxidizer with active catalyst metal released during combustion such that, in the exhaust system, the soluble organic fraction of the particulates and the levels of gaseous unburned hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide are significantly reduced. The catalysts conditioned by the present invention cause minimal conversion of SO.sub.2 to SO.sub.3.

Abstract: A process for the addition of ferrocene to combustion or motor fuels involves an improved metering of the additive ferrocene into the combustion chamber of an internal combustion engine or a combustion system. The process utilizes the sublimation properties of ferrocene in that ferrocene is passed through sublimation into a stream of combustion gas or a substream thereof and with the combustion or motor fuel, which is present as a vapor or finely distributed as solid or liquid particles, fed to a chemical conversion through combustion. A preferred application consists of loading the combustion chamber of a diesel engine equipped with a diesel particulate filter with a carrier gas stream enriched with ferrocene vapor in a sublimator.

Abstract: The invention presented relates to a method for reducing the emission of nitrogen oxides from a diesel engine without significant loss of fuel efficiency and without significant increases in carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon emissions. The method involves preparing a diesel engine such that the injection timing thereof is set at a point sufficient to obtain reductions in the nitrogen oxides emissions from the engine; and firing the diesel engine with a diesel fuel having admixed therein an additive which comprises a fuel soluble organometallic platinum group metal coordination composition.

Abstract: A passive ferrocene injection system provides a container that defines an internal reservoir holding a quantity of solid phase ferrocene. A means is provided for maintaining an elevated reservoir temperature sufficient to produce a vapor of ferrocene. The reservoir is connected to the air inlet system of a combustion device in such a manner that the ferrocene vapor is metered into the air inlet stream. One portion of this connection is a flow orifice metering ferrocene vapor from the reservoir at least by diffusion, and more normally, by diffusive and convective transport mechanisms.