Abstract: There is provided an emulsifier comprising at least one C8 to C18 fatty acid diethanolamide, at least one C12 to C24 fatty acid, at least one C6 to C18 alcohol ethoxylate and optionally at least one sorbitan ester and/or at least one alkylene glycol monoalkyl ether. There is additionally provided emulsions comprising a fuel, water and an emulsifier and methods of producing emulsions.

Abstract: Fuel compositions for advanced combustion engines that include a naphtha boiling range portion are provided, where the fuel compositions can have a reduced ignition delay and/or an improved derived cetane number. The improved combustion properties can be achieved by adding a portion of a light naphtha (boiling range) composition to a heavy naphtha boiling range composition. The addition of up to about 10 vol % of a light naphtha composition to a heavy naphtha composition can result in a mixture having a reduced ignition delay relative to the heavy naphtha composition.

Abstract: A hydrocarbon fuel additive being a solution of the active complex in an organic solvent is provided, wherein the active complex consists of: chiral ester C4-C9 and monocarboxylic acid C1-C6. The achievable technical result is the decrease in the hydrocarbon fuel consumption in gasoline and diesel internal combustion engines, boiler units from 4.7 to 9.9%, and, accordingly, the increase in the efficiency of these devices, as well as the extension of the range of tools to reduce the hydrocarbon fuel consumption and improve the efficiency of internal combustion engines and boiler units.

Abstract: A liquid fuel composition comprising a base fuel suitable for use in an internal combustion engine; one or more organic UV filter compounds; and one or more ester co-additive compounds provides improvements in terms of stability properties in an additive blend containing said one or more organic UV filter compounds and said one or more ester co-additive compounds, particularly at low temperatures, such as temperatures of 5° C. or lower.

Abstract: The disclosure provides a fuel additive concentrate, a method for cleaning fuel injectors, a method for restoring power to a diesel fuel injected engine, a fuel composition, and a method of operating a fuel injected diesel engine. The additive concentrate includes (a) a hydrocarbyl substituted quaternary ammonium internal salt and (b) a hydrocarbyl substituted dicarboxylic anhydride derivative, wherein the hydrocarbyl substituent has a number average molecular weight ranging from about 450 to about 1500. A weight ratio of (a) to (b) in the additive concentrate ranges from about 1:20 to about 2:1, and the additive concentrate is devoid of a reaction product of a hydrocarbyl substituted dicarboxylic acid, anhydride or ester and an amine compound of the formula wherein R2 is hydrogen or a hydrocarbyl group containing from 1 to 15 carbon atoms, and R3 is hydrogen or a hydrocarbyl group containing from 1 to 20 carbon atoms.

Abstract: The present invention relates to methods of making an oil product from plant material that is used to make alcohol (e.g., ethanol) via fermentation. The methods extract oil from the plant material (e.g., corn oil from corn) before exposing to the fermented plant material to distillation temperatures so as to reduce the levels of free fatty acids and/or alcohol esters that can be generated by exposing the oil to distillation temperatures. The present invention also related to oil products made by such methods.

Abstract: Disclosed are polyisobutenyl alcohols and substituted polyisobuentyl alcohols of the formula: wherein n is an integer from 5 to 90, R is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, haloalkyl, alkoxycarbonyl and substituted aryl wherein at least one substituent group of the substituted aryl is selected from cyano, nitro and alkoxycarbonyl.

Abstract: In accordance with the disclosure, exemplary embodiments provide a fuel additive concentrate, a method for cleaning fuel injectors, a method for restoring power to a diesel fuel injected engine, a fuel composition, and a method of operating a fuel injected diesel engine. The additive concentrate includes (a) a hydrocarbyl substituted quaternary ammonium internal salt; and (b) a reaction product of (i) a hydrocarbyl substituted dicarboxylic acid, anhydride, or ester and (ii) an amine compound or salt thereof of the formula wherein R is selected from hydrogen and a hydrocarbyl group containing from about 1 to about 15 carbon atoms, and R1 is selected from hydrogen and a hydrocarbyl group containing from about 1 to about 20 carbon atoms. The reaction product (b) on average has less than 2 amino-triazole groups per molecule. A weight ratio of (a) to (b) in the additive concentrate ranges from about 10:1 to about 1:10.

Abstract: Disclosed are fatty ester compositions comprising beta-hydroxy fatty esters, as well as methods for producing beta-hydroxy fatty esters, and recombinant microorganisms useful in methods of producing beta-hydroxy fatty esters

Abstract: Disclosed is a method of preparing a petroleum-alternative bio fuel material such as 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furfural (HMF), 5-alkoxymethyl-2-furfural, levulinic acid alkil ester, etc. through a single process without saccharification, using a catalyst conversion reaction, from galactan that can be massively supplied at low costs and extracted from macroalgae of marine reusable resources. Thus, the macroalgae of the marine biomass resources is used so that a carbon source can be more easily extracted than that of a lignocellulosic biomass resource without a problem of having an effect on grain price like a crop-based biomass.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the use of a composition comprising a partial ester of a carboxylic acid and a polyhydric alcohol as a lubricity improver, wherein as the polyhydric alcohol use is made of a diglycerol composition which comprises at least 75.0 wt. % of diglycerol, wherein as the carboxylic acid use is made of a fatty acid composition which contains at least one C8-C22 fatty acid or a mixture of two or more thereof.

Abstract: To provide an aviation fuel oil composition which has excellent life cycle characteristics and achieves excellent specific fuel consumption. The aviation fuel oil composition according to the present invention includes: a first base which is a fraction having a boiling range of 140 to 280° C. obtained through a step of hydrotreating a first feedstock containing a sulfur-containing hydrocarbon compound and an oxygen-containing hydrocarbon compound derived from an animal or vegetable oil and fat or a second feedstock which is an oil blend of the first feedstock and a petroleum-based base obtained by refining a crude oil; and a second base which is a fraction having a boiling range of 140 to 280° C. obtained from a heavy oil cracking apparatus.

Abstract: The use of an additive composition to improve the conductivity of a fuel oil. The additive composition comprises a polymeric condensation product formed by the reaction of an aliphatic aldehyde or ketone, or a reactive equivalent, with at least one ester of p-hydroxybenzoic acid.

Abstract: A fuel composition for a fuel injected internal combustion engine, a method for improving performance of fuel injectors and a method for cleaning fuel injectors for a fuel-injected internal combustion engine. The fuel composition includes a major amount of fuel and a minor, effective amount of a quaternary ammonium salt of a hydrocarbyl amine and a hydrocarbyl-substituted alkyl-hydroxybenzoate. The amount of quaternary ammonium salt present in the fuel is sufficient to improve performance of the fuel injected internal combustion engine having combusted the composition compared to the performance of such engine having combusted a fuel composition that does not contain the quaternary ammonium salt. The hydrocarbyl-substituted alkyl-hydroxybenzoate contains one or more hydrocarbyl substituents providing a total of at least 8 up to about 200 carbon atoms, provided the one or more hydrocarbyl substituents do not contain sulfur, oxygen, or nitrogen atoms.

Abstract: Methods of making fuel additives and fuel additive formulations are presented that include degummed lipid acid or lipid ester; a bean oil and/or seed oil; a pour point depressant; and glycerol monooleate or glycerol monostearate. The fuel additives can be added to any fuel and result in advantages such as an increased shelf life.

Abstract: Provided in a fuel additive for heavy oil, made using a composition comprising: an oil-soluble metallic compound containing any one metal selected from calcium, barium, manganese, and iron; alcohol; hydrotreated light distillate; paraffin (kerosene); mineral oil; and a nonionic surfactant. The fuel additive for heavy oil, when added in a small amount to a heavy oil, can lower the kinematic viscosity and the flash point of the heavy oil, minimize the occurrence of a residual carbon fraction, dust, a sulfur fraction, or the like, increase the caloric value of the heavy oil, and improve the combustion efficiency during the combustion of the heavy oil.

Abstract: The present invention is related to the use of hydroxyalkanoic acid derivatives as a fuel additive. In particular, the present invention provides the use of lower alkyl esters and/or salts of hydroxyalkanoic acid as biofuels and/or fuel additives. The present invention also provides a fuel composition including at least one fuel and lower alkyl esters and/or salts of hydroxyalkanoic acid.

Abstract: A fuel composition for a fuel injected internal combustion engine, a method for improving performance of fuel injectors and a method for cleaning fuel injectors for a fuel-injected internal combustion engine. The fuel composition includes a major amount of fuel and a minor, effective amount of a quaternary ammonium salt of a hydrocarbyl amine and a hydrocarbyl-substituted alkyl-hydroxybenzoate. The amount of quaternary ammonium salt present in the fuel is sufficient to improve performance of the fuel injected internal combustion engine having combusted the composition compared to the performance of such engine having combusted a fuel composition that does not contain the quaternary ammonium salt. The hydrocarbyl-substituted alkyl-hydroxybenzoate contains one or more hydrocarbyl substituents providing a total of at least 8 up to about 200 carbon atoms, provided the one or more hydrocarbyl substituents do not contain sulfur, oxygen, or nitrogen atoms.

Abstract: A more complete combustion and a decrease in particulate emissions in the burning of a heavy fuel oil in an industrial boiler or similar combustion device is obtained by first heating the oil to a temperature sufficient to significantly lower its viscosity and continuously mixing a fuel additive containing a solution of a high molecular weight, substantially linear, viscoelastic polymer to the heated oil flowing to the combustion device by mechanically stirring the oil and additive at conditions that do not cause degradation of the viscoelastic polymer through rupture and breakage of polymer molecules.

Abstract: The use as an anti-wear additive and/or friction modifier in a non-aqueous lubricant composition and/or in a fuel composition of at least one long chain fatty acid ester of a hydroxy carboxylic acid in which the long chain fatty acid has at least 4 carbon atoms and the ester is an oil-soluble ester of a mono- or poly-hydroxy carboxylic acid having 1 to 4 groups which are independently carboxylic acid groups or lower hydrocarbyl esters thereof and in which, when the hydroxy carboxylic acid is a mono-hydroxy carboxylic acid, the ester has a long chain fatty acid ester moiety of the hydroxy group of the hydroxy carboxylic acid and, when the hydroxy carboxylic acid is a poly-hydroxy carboxylic acid, the ester has independently long chain fatty acid ester moieties of one or two of the hydroxy groups of the poly-hydroxy carboxylic acid. Also, a non-aqueous lubricant composition and a fuel composition for an internal combustion engine which comprises at least one of said long chain fatty acid esters.

Abstract: Disclosed are polyisobutenyl alcohols and substituted polyisobuentyl alcohols of the formula: wherein n is an integer from 5 to 90, R is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, haloalkyl, alkoxycarbonyl and substituted aryl wherein at least one substituent group of the substituted aryl is selected from cyano, nitro and alkoxycarbonyl.

Abstract: An additive mixture for fuels including a) at least one N-formal, b) at least one antioxidant and c) at least one corrosion inhibitor. The additive mixture ensures that the additized fuels and lubricants have biocidal and corrosion-inhibiting additization, especially when they include proportions of renewable raw materials, such as biodiesel, and when they are in contact with copper-containing surfaces.

Abstract: This invention describes the preparation of fatty acid esters of glycerol formal either by a triglyceride transesterification process or, alternatively, by an esterification process of fatty acids previously obtained from the hydrolysis of triglycerides (fat splitting), with glycerol formal in the presence of an acid or basic catalyst. Also the invention describes the use of these fatty acid esters of glycerol formal prepared by said process as biofuel. In an embodiment, such biofuel is used in the preparation of other biofuels by its mixture with a product selected from a group formed by: glycerol formal, biodiesel, petrol-derived diesel, and mixtures thereof. The biofuels thus obtained are characterized to allow the complete incorporation of the glycerol obtained in the current biodiesel production process in a biodiesel fuel.

Abstract: Formulations using tartaric compounds of the present invention in a low sulfur, low ash and low phosphorous lubricant lower wear, and friction and improves fuel economy.

Abstract: Maleated fatty acids that are functionalized with materials such as polyols, alkanolamines and/or alkylene oxides have been discovered to improve the properties of various fluids. In a non-limiting example, functionalized maleated fatty acids having acid numbers less than 10 may improve the lubricity of fuels and lubricants, such as hydrocarbon fuels and lubricants, when added thereto.

Abstract: The present invention is related to the use of hydroxyalkanoic acid derivatives as a fuel additive. In particular, the present invention provides the use of lower alkyl esters and/or salts of hydroxyalkanoic acid as biofuels and/or fuel additives. The present invention also provides a fuel composition including at least one fuel and lower alkyl esters and/or salts of hydroxyalkanoic acid.

Abstract: Lubricating oil used for the lubrication of engines run on biodiesel fuels are improved in their resistance to oxidation by the addition to said to lubricating oil of particular detergents, and premixed mixtures of particular detergents and anti-oxidants.

Abstract: A functional fluid suitable for use in an internal combustion engine is provided, comprising: (a) a major amount of a base fluid; (b) a minor amount of a polysubstituted alkanol amine derivative reaction product obtainable by reacting: (i) a carboxylate compound of formula I R1COOR2??(I) in which: R1 is an aliphatic C1-30-hydrocarbon radical; and R2 is hydrogen or alkyl, mono- or polyhydroxyalkyl, or ammonium; with (ii) an alkanol amine of the formula II NHR3R4??(II) wherein R3 and R4 are independently selected from hydrogen atoms and linear or branched-chain hydrocarbon groups, the carbon chain of which is optionally interrupted by one or more —NH— groups and which optionally has at least one hydroxyl group attached to a carbon atom of the hydrocarbon group, with the proviso that R3 and R4 are not both hydrogen atoms and that at least one of said residues R3 and R4 carries at least one hydroxyl group; in a molar ratio of the —COO— groups of the carboxylate compound of formula I to the molar sum

Abstract: This disclosure concerns the synthesis and use of novel polymers based on ethylene and vinyl esters, modified by conjugation to improve their solubility in liquid hydrocarbons, as double-purpose additives to improve the filterability and flow of liquid hydrocarbons at low temperatures, in particular for middle distillates derived from the distillation of petroleum and crude oil.

Abstract: A fuel composition comprising a major amount of hydrocarbons boiling in the gasoline or diesel range and an alkylene oxide-adducted hydrocarbyl amide reaction product having from about 3 to 50 moles of alkylene oxide per mole of hydrocarbyl amide, wherein the reaction product is prepared by (a) first reacting a fatty acid or fatty acid lower alkyl ester with ammonia or a mono- or di-hydroxy hydrocarbyl amine and (b) subsequently reacting the resulting intermediate with an alkylene oxide to provide a reaction product comprising the alkylene oxide-adducted hydrocarbyl amide, a mixture of mono- and di-ester products, and amine by-products, wherein the amount of amine by-products in the reaction product is less than 7 wt %, based on the total weight of the alkylene oxide-adducted hydrocarbyl amide reaction product, and the amide:ester ratio in the reaction product is in the range of about 0.1:1 to 1.1:1.

Abstract: A biofuel containing an estolide ester, an ether ester, or a combination thereof. The estolide ester and ether ester can be of formula A: R1—CH(O—X)R2CO2R3 wherein R1 is an alkyl group having from 1 to 36 carbons, X is an alkyl group having from 1 to 10 carbons and preferably 1, 2, or 3 carbons or is an acyl group of formula COR5 where R5 is an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbons and preferably 1, 2, or 3 carbons, R2 is an alkylene group or alkenylene group having from 1 to 36 carbons, and R3 is alkyl having 1 to 10 carbons and preferably 1, 2, or 3 carbons.

Abstract: An improved fuel additive formulation, method of use, and method of producing the fuel formulation are described. The improved fuel additive of the present invention comprises a mixture of nitroparaffins (comprising nitromethane, nitroethane, and nitropropane), and a combination of modified commercially available ester oil and/or a solubilizing agent, and/or toluene. The ratio of ester oil and/or solubilizing agent and/or toluence to nitroparaffin is preferably less than 20 volume percent, with nitroparaffins comprising the balance of the additive. A method of preparing and using the additive formulation is also provided.

Abstract: Novel clean fuels comprising selected nonlinear long chain saturated primary monohydric/dihydric alcohol derivatives and mixtures thereof; novel diols and/or diol derivatives; and processes for making clean synthetic jet fuels and/or clean synthetic diesel fuels as well as processes for making clean synthetic jet fuels and/or clean synthetic diesel fuels concurrently with making nonlinear alcohols for use by the detergent industry.

Abstract: Petroleum additive formulations include a petroleum additive dissolved in a carrier fluid including at least one compound of the formula (I): (R2)p-Ph-(CH2)m—COO—(AO)n—R1 where; R1 is C1 to C10 alkyl; AO is alkyleneoxy; n is 0 or from 1 to 100; m is 0, 1 or 2; and Ph is a phenyl group, which may be substituted with groups (R2)p; where each R2 is independently C1 to C4 alkyl or alkoxy; and p is 0, 1 or 2. Further, crude petroleum or petroleum refinery streams can be treated by adding a petroleum additive dissolved in a carrier fluid of the formula (I) to the product stream. Desirably the carrier fluid is or includes iso-propyl benzoate and/or 2-ethyl hexyl benzoate.

Abstract: Esters formed from polyol, C12-C28 branched chain fatty acid, and/or C12-C28 cyclic fatty acid are useful as a friction modifier for lubricants. Monomer is a preferred source for these fatty acids.

Abstract: A method is provided for reducing the vapour pressure (RVP) of a gasoline/alcohol mixture which comprises adding a surfactant composition comprising an alkanolamide, an alkoxylated alcohol and an alkoxylated fatty acid to a gasoline/alcohol mixture.

Abstract: The present invention relates to fuel additives, fuel compositions and methods of manufacture in which the additives are provided to impart desired properties to fuels. These properties include, without limitation, reduction of nitrogen oxide and particulate emissions from the exhaust stream of internal combustion engines using the fuels. Preferred embodiments of an additive form of the composition include a nitrogen-containing compound selected from the group consisting of urea, cyanuric acid, triazine, ammonia and mixtures thereof, a carrier blend comprising an alkoxylated alcohol, a polyalkylene glycol ester and an alkanolamide and water. The additive may be provided in a concentrate form by addition of a solvent or may be provided as a final form fuel composition. A method of additive manufacture and is disclosed.

Abstract: A method of making a fuel composition for a modified internal combustion spark ignition engine comprising combining a fuel grade ethanol, an oxygen-containing component and at least one C6-C12 hydrocarbon. A fuel produced by such a method is also provided.

Abstract: A fuel composition comprising: (a) a hydrocarbon fuel selected from the group consisting of diesel and gasoline; and (b) a synthetic blend, wherein the fuel composition further comprises a fuel additive composition comprising:

Abstract: A fuel composition exhibiting improved anti-static properties, comprises a liquid fuel which contains less than 500 parts per million by weight sulfur; 0.001 to 1 ppm of a hydrocarbyl monoamine or hydrocarbyl-substituted poly(alkyleneamine); and 10 to 500 ppm of at least one fatty acid containing 8 to 24 carbon atoms, or an ester thereof.

Abstract: This invention relates to a water blended fuel composition made by combining: (i) a normally liquid hydrocarbon fuel; (ii) water; and (iii) a nitrogen-free surfactant. The fuel composition may be used as the fuel for use in an open flame burning apparatus or in an internal combustion engine.

Abstract: The invention relates to a fuel composition which comprises a diesel fuel, a C1-C4 alkyl ester of an &agr;-hydroxymonocarboxylic acid and, if appropriate, a C1-C4 alcohol. The diesel fuel is either obtained from petroleum or from a petroleum fraction, such as middle distillate, or is obtained by conversion of material of biological origin (so-called biodiesel). The fuel composition preferably contains from 3 to 6% by weight of C1-C4 alkyl ester, calculated on the basis of the total weight of the composition.

Abstract: Oils having improved lubricity and low temperature properties and additives for use therein.

Abstract: There is described a fuel composition which is substantially free of alkanolamides, containing at least 95 % by volume of a hydrocarbon-based fuel and from 0.1 to 5 % by volume of an additive selected from the groups consisting of: a) the optionally alkoxylated linear or branched saturated or unsaturated monoalcolhols having 8 to 24 C atoms, containing zero or 1 to 20 mol of ethylene oxide and/or 1 to 5 mol of propylene oxide per mol of alcohol, or b) the polyols having 2 to 6 carbon atoms, optionally partially esterified with fatty acids having 12 to 24 carbon atoms, or c) the alkoxylated fatty acids having 12 to 24 carbon atoms and 4 to 20 mol of ethylene oxide per mol of fatty acid, or d) the ethoxylated dimeric fatty acids.

Abstract: A stable, substantially clear and homogeneous fuel composition contains an additive comprising a nitrogen donor and carrier, the nitrogen donor being present in an amount sufficient to reduce the NOx emissions of the fuel when subject to combustion and the carrier being selected to render the nitrogen donor soluble and to give the additive a molecular weight compatible with the energy properties of the fuel.

Abstract: There is described a fuel additive composition comprising an alkanolamide, an alkoxylated alcohol, an alkoxylated fatty acid, or a derivative thereof, in which the degree of alkoxylation of the C18 to C22 fatty acid is from 0.5 to 5 mols of alkoxylate to 1 mol of fatty acid. There is also described a fuel composition comprising a liquid hydrocarbon fuel and a surfactant composition according to the invention. A method of running an internal combustion engine comprising the use of such a fuel is also described.

Abstract: An additive concentrate for improving the lubricity of low sulfur fuels comprises an additive composition diluted in an aromatic solvent, said composition comprising the reaction product of a first glyceride possessing an unsaturated fatty acid content of at least about 40 mole %, based on the total weight of fatty acid present in the first glyceride, and an iodine number of greater than 35, a second glyceride possessing an unsaturated fatty acid content of less than about 20 mole %, based on the total weight of the fatty acids present in the second glyceride, and an iodine number of less than 35, and, at least one alkanolamine. The concentrate remains fluid and stable at low temperatures and, when added to low sulfur fuels, improves lubricity, enhances fuel economy and minimizes engine deposits.

Abstract: Specific esters of specific alkoxylated alcohols in combination with other cold flow improvers provide oils with improved low temperature properties.

Abstract: The invention relates to a fuel composition which comprises a diesel fuel, a C1-C4-alkyl ester of an &agr;-hydroxymonocarboxylic acid and, if appropriate a C1-C4-alcohol. The diesel fuel is either obtained from petroleum or from a petroleum fraction, such as a middle distillate, or is obtained by conversion of material of biological origin (so-called biodiesel). The fuel composition preferably contains from 3 to 6% by weight C1-C4-alkyl ester, calculated on the basis of the total weight of the composition.

Abstract: A method for controlling engine deposits in a direct injection spark ignition gasoline engine which comprises operating the engine with a fuel composition comprising a major amount of hydrocarbons boiling in the gasoline range and an effective deposit-controlling amount of a fuel additive composition comprising: (a) an aromatic ester compound of the formula: or a fuel soluble salt thereof, wherein R is hydroxy, nitro or —(CH2)x—NR5R6, wherein R5 and R6 are independently hydrogen or lower alkyl having 1 to 6 carbon atoms and x is 0 or 1; R1 is hydrogen, hydroxy, nitro or —NR7R8, wherein R7 and R8 are independently hydrogen or lower alkyl having 1 to 6 carbon atoms; R2 and R3 are independently hydrogen or lower alkyl having 1 to 6 carbon atoms; and R4 is a polyalkyl group having an average molecular weight in the range of about 450 to 5,000; and (b) a poly(oxyalkylene) amine having at least one basic nitrogen atom and a sufficient number of oxyalkylene units to render the p