Abstract: An embodiment of the invention IS an array of microcavity plasma devices The array includes a first metal film electrode with a plurality of non-uniform cross-section microcavities therein that are encapsulated in oxide A second electrode is a thin metal foil encapsulated in oxide that is bonded to the first electrode A packaging layer contains gas or vapor in the non-uniform cross-section microcavities To make such device, photoresist is patterned to encapsulate the anodized foil or film except on a top surface at desired positions of microcavities A second anodization or electrochemical etching is conducted to form the non-uniform cross-section sidewall microcavities cavities After removing photoresist and metal oxide, a final anodization lines the walls of the microcavities with metal oxide and fully encapsulates the metal electrodes with metal oxide

Abstract: Methods are disclosed for batch fabrication of vacuum switch tubes that reduce manufacturing costs and improve tube to tube uniformity. The disclosed methods comprise creating a stacked assembly of layers containing a plurality of adjacently spaced switch tube sub-assemblies aligned and registered through common layers. The layers include trigger electrode layer, cathode layer including a metallic support/contact with graphite cathode inserts, trigger probe sub-assembly layer, ceramic (e.g. tube body) insulator layer, and metallic anode sub-assembly layer. Braze alloy layers are incorporated into the stacked assembly of layers, and can include active metal braze alloys or direct braze alloys, to eliminate costs associated with traditional metallization of the ceramic insulator layers. The entire stacked assembly is then heated to braze/join/bond the stack-up into a cohesive body, after which individual switch tubes are singulated by methods such as sawing.

Abstract: An organic EL device panel includes an organic EL device substrate including a substrate, a plurality of organic EL devices which are formed on the substrate, and a plurality of wirings for driving the organic EL devices, a sealing substrate which covers the organic EL devices, and a sealing material which is used for attaching the organic EL device substrate to the sealing substrate, wherein space for placing the sealing material includes a region having a sealing space where there is an overhead crossing of wirings, and wherein the organic EL device substrate is attached to the sealing substrate by a sealing material without a spacer in the region where there is the overhead crossing of wirings.

Abstract: An LED apparatus of the type including (a) a mounting board having an LED-supporting surface with an LED device thereon and (b) a lens member over the LED device establishing a light path therebetween. The inventive LED apparatus includes a lens-aligning member having front and back surfaces and defining an aperture receiving the LED device therethrough such that the LED device protrudes beyond the front surface. The lens member includes a lens portion and a flange thereabout, the flange being attached to the front surface of the lens-aligning member such that the lens portion substantially surrounds the protruding LED device. The lens-aligning member has a first mating feature which is positioned and arranged for mating engagement with a second mating feature of the mounting board, thereby accurately aligning the lens member over the LED device by accurately aligning the lens-alignment member with the mounting board.

Abstract: Discrete flexible pixel assemblies can be hermetically sealed from the environment and can comprise unitary, self-contained replaceable modules which enable efficient, economical production of large scale, free-form electronic displays, signs and lighting effects for outdoor use. The method and means for producing hermetically sealed discrete flexible pixel assemblies can include encapsulation means, exterior encasement means, and cable connector means.

Abstract: The invention is a distributed element LED light bulb 11 comprising an envelope 13 having an inside surface 15 and an outside surface 17. The light bulb 11 includes at least one mount 19 having a first conductive member 21 and a second conductive member 23. The mount 19 is for securing the envelope 13 in a fixture or a socket and for providing electrical current from the socket or fixture to the LED light bulb. A plurality of LEDs 25 are mounted on the inside surface 15 of the envelope 13 and disposed to emit light inwardly. One or more electrical elements 27 provide current to/from the plurality of LEDs 25.

Abstract: A decorative lighting display including at least one string of lighting elements positioned within a display housing having a plurality of distinct regions, and wherein, when the lighting display is activated, one or more lighting elements positioned in a first region of the housing intermittingly illuminate a first portion of the display and one or more lighting elements positioned in a second region intermittingly illuminate a second portion of the display, the intermittent illumination of the first and second portions of the display cooperating to produce a dynamic or animated visual effect.

Abstract: A decorative tree has a trunk, a plurality of double limbs and individual limbs connected to the trunk, and controlling electronics. Each double limb includes two individual limbs joined at a branch joint. Each individual limb has a plurality of flexible lamp stems and a molded branch formed around a structural rod. The lamp stem has two insulated wires, has a stiffening rod wrapped in a smooth sheath, and terminates in a molded lamp holder that supports an LED. Each lateral lamp stem connects to the molded branch at a molded branch fork and the tip lamp stem connects to an end of the stiffening rod. The controlling electronics provide an operating signal to the LED, which preferably causes the LED to sequentially emit more than one color in a repeated sequence.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a micro-lens array and light-emitting device, comprising forming a first structured polymer film with close packed surface cavities having a mean diameter of less than 20 micrometers and a relatively lower surface energy surface, forming a transparent second structured film with an array of microlenses formed thereon corresponding to the cavities of the first structured film, wherein the second structured film comprises a relatively high surface energy material and has a refractive index greater than 1.45, and wherein the microlenses are randomly distributed, separating the second structured film with the micro-lens array from the first structured polymer film, and attaching the second structured film to a transparent substrate or cover of a light-emitting device through which light is emitted.

Abstract: Provided is a light fixture having a first elongate body defining a mounting surface. A light module is disposed adjacent the mounting surface and includes a module body and a plurality of light emitting devices disposed on the mounting body. The light emitting device defines an emitting axis about which light is emitted. The fixture further includes a first reflector member and a second reflector member disposed on opposed sides of the emitting axis for reflecting light emanated by the light emitting devices. The first reflector member and the second reflector member are pivotable to vary the angle at which light is emitted from the light fixture.

Abstract: Lamp assemblies and methods of making the same are provided. Such a lamp assembly can include a heat sink and a light-emitting diode package that can be mounted to the heat sink. The light-emitting diode package can include a substrate with a top surface and bottom surface, a lens, and electrical contacts on the surface of the substrate. The lamp assembly can also include a printed circuit board with a face surface, a rear surface opposite the face surface and an opening extending from the face surface to the rear surface. The printed circuit board can have electrical contacts thereon for electrical connection with the electrical contacts of the light-emitting diode package. The substrate of the light-emitting diode package can engage the opening of the printed circuit board to mechanically couple the light-emitting diode package to the printed circuit board. When assembled, a bottom surface of the substrate can be flush and aligned with a rear surface of the printed circuit board.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a light emitting diode apparatus and a manufacturing method thereof, and more particularly to provide an AC-driven white light emitting diode apparatus comprising a plurality of groups of the AC-driven light emitting diode chips with different emission wavelengths and a plurality of groups of the DC-driven light emitting diode chips with different emission wavelengths. The AC-driven white light emitting diode apparatus manufactured by the disclosed method has the properties of high color rendering, high light emitting efficiency, and stable chromaticity coordinate.

Abstract: An organic light emitting diode (OLED) display device and a method of fabricating the same is provided. Semiconductor layers of driving transistors located in two adjacent pixels included in the OLED display device may extend in different lengthwise directions. Thus, striped stains of the OLED display device can be improved.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a field emission electron source, the method comprising the steps of: preparing a substrate, a carbon nanotubes slurry, and a conductive slurry; applying a conductive slurry layer onto the substrate; applying a layer of carbon nanotubes slurry onto the conductive slurry layer; and solidifying the substrate under a temperature of 300 to 600 degrees centigrade so as to form the field emission electron source.

Abstract: In a method of manufacturing an organic light emitting display according to an embodiment, when a thin film transistor substrate including a display area and a non-display area is prepared, an organic light emitting layer is formed on the display area. Then, a first cathode layer is formed on the organic light emitting layer through a first deposition method, and a second cathode layer is formed on the first cathode layer through a second deposition method. The first and/or second deposition method may be performed by using heat. Thus, the light-emitting quality of the organic light emitting display may be improved.

Abstract: Provided is a method of manufacturing an organic light emitting display device in which a laser beam is used. The method includes forming an organic light emitting unit on a substrate; forming a sealing unit that seals the organic light emitting unit; forming an protective film which is opaque on the sealing unit to protect the organic light emitting unit or the sealing unit by blocking the transmission of the laser beam; forming an optical pattern on the opaque protective film using the laser beam; and forming a transparent film from the opaque protective film by oxidizing the opaque protective film.

Abstract: A method and a combination for assembling of an illuminator and a decorative cover made of polyhedron structure, imprinted with design motifs and/or used in restaurants and other service institutions for decoration and for commercial presentations including menus and listed service. The polyhedron cover is an incomplete structure short of at least one geometric surface or is truncated having attachment flaps around the missing or the truncated geometric surface for attachment to an illuminator base. The illuminator base includes slots to enclose the flaps, locks to attach the flaps and a rotating actuator that is used as a rotating base for the illuminator to enable the rotation of the cover around a stand or a support to review the imprinted motifs or menus around the cover. The base further includes at least one switching device and the actuator includes activator for said switching device and the illuminator is actuated by rotating and pushing or pulling the cover.

Abstract: A method for providing a flat panel display comprising the steps of: providing an anode assembly containing a plurality of pixels; applying a photoresist to a surface of the anode assembly; applying a mask that defines a control frame top surface; exposing the mask to UV radiation and causing the photoresist to cross link at the exposed areas of the photoresist such that the exposed photoresist is inert and does not outgas in a vacuum; removing the unexposed areas of the photoresist to define a pedestal; forming a planarizing layer over the exposed photoresist pedestal; applying a metal layer over the planarizing layer; applying a second photoresist over the metal layer; exposing portions of the second photoresist and removing excess of the metal layer and the planarizing layer to form the metal layer only on top of the exposed photoresist pedestal; and applying nanotube emitters on the metal layer.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a large area LED array, comprising providing two stacks (21) of electrodes (26), each electrode arranged in a meander pattern (4) on a substrate (3), at least two U-turns (7) on one side of the meander each being connected to a LED mounting surface (8) to form a row (9) of mounting surfaces, arranging the stacks so that rows and columns of mounting surfaces intersect each other at a plurality of intersection points (24), and mounting LEDs (22) at these intersection points. The substrate material is then removed, and the stacks are stretched in two directions thereby separating said intersection points (24) from each other. According to the invention, the LEDs can be mounted to the LED mounting surfaces when these are still located close to each other, preferably adjacent to each other enabling a simple and cost efficient mounting process. Further, the size of the substrates on which the conducting layer is formed can be limited.

Abstract: An organic light emitting device and a method of fabricating the same are disclosed. The organic light emitting device includes an opaque substrate having one or more holes, and an organic emissive unit interposed between first and second electrodes positioned on the opaque substrate.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing an illuminating device includes steps of: forming an electrical conductive circuit on a metallic substrate, arranging light-emitting elements on the metallic substrate to be electrically connected with the electrical conductive circuit, covering a transparent cap on each of the light-emitting elements, fixing an electrical connector to the metallic substrate to be electrically connected to the electrical conductive circuit, forming a transparent body outside the transparent caps, the metallic substrate and the electrical conductive circuit by means of an over-molding process; forming a lamp cover outside the transparent body, the metallic substrate and the electrical connector by means of an over-molding process. An illuminating device is further provided, thereby prevents the light-emitting elements from suffering damage due to the temperature and pressure of the over-molding process, and increasing the brightness of the light emitted by the light-emitting elements.

Abstract: A lightweight, flexible, plastic substrate is coated with at least one layer, such that the substrate has desired barrier and electrode characteristics useful in constructing OLED displays. The layer has both a low enough resistance to function as an electrode for the display, and low oxygen and moisture permeability. The display is thereby protected from oxygen and moisture degradation. For lower permeability and/or higher conductivity, multiple alternating layers of barrier materials and conductive materials may be applied. The barrier material includes at least one of a thin metallic film, an organic polymer, a thin transparent dielectric, a thin transparent metal nitride, and a thin transparent conductive oxide. The conductive material includes at least one of a thin transparent conductive oxide, a thin transparent metallic film, and a thin transparent metal nitride. Preferably, a multilayer polymer base coat is deposited over the substrate to exclude moisture and atmospheric gases.

Abstract: An optoelectronic device having a monolithic interconnect structure includes a continuous anode layer, a discontinuous cathode layer, and an electroactive layer sandwiched between the continuous anode layer and the discontinuous cathode layer.

Abstract: A lamp electrode includes a sealed tube for generating light when powered by an external power supply and a pair of electrodes formed on the ends of the sealed tube. Solder is filled into the space between each electrode and the sealed tube, and formed on the surface of the exterior surface of the electrodes. A method for forming the lamp electrode includes forming a cylindrically shaped electrode on an end of a sealed tube; maintaining a supply of solder in the liquid state; and dipping the end of the tube on which the electrode is formed into the solder.

Abstract: An organic EL display device includes a first light emission layer which includes a first dopant material having a first absorbance peak in absorbance spectrum characteristics and a first host material having a first absorbance bottom on a shorter wavelength side than the first absorbance peak, the first light emission layer extending over the first to third organic EL elements and being disposed above pixel electrodes of the first to third organic EL elements, and a second light emission layer which includes a second dopant material having a second absorbance peak in absorbance spectrum characteristics and a second host material having a second absorbance bottom on a shorter wavelength side than the first absorbance peak and than the second absorbance peak, the second light emission layer extending over the first to third organic EL elements and being disposed above the first light emission layer.

Abstract: A light emitting device comprising a photonic crystal structure having a crystal structure in which nanospheres are densely arranged in a 3D manner, wherein the nanospheres have phosphors excited by an excitation source to emit light of a wavelength longer than a pump photon of the excitation source, wherein the photonic crystal structure has at least a photonic bandgap (PBG) along a specific crystal orientation, and wherein the wavelength of the pump photon overlaps a photonic bandedge region.

Abstract: A method for fitting a base for a discharge lamp is provided. The method may include providing a discharge lamp with an end region, on which an option is provided for making contact with an electrode located in the interior of the discharge vessel; applying material to the end region; positioning a base sleeve onto the end region with the material; and positioning a clamping ring onto the base sleeve; wherein the clamping ring is of the kind that has at least one bead.

Abstract: An LED backlight method for display systems comprising receiving a plurality of light emitting diodes categorized into a plurality of bins, wherein each bin references a separate range of white point colors, and determining an optimal order for mounting the plurality of light emitting diodes at spatially distributed positions, the plurality of light emitting diodes comprising white point colors associated with separate bins, wherein the optimal order of the plurality of light emitting diodes produces a light of a desired white point color when the light outputs of the plurality of light emitting diodes are mixed.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a plurality of interdigitated pixels arranged in an array, having a very low series-resistances with improved current spreading and improved heat-sinking. Each pixel is a square with sides of dimension l. The series resistance is minimized by increasing the perimeter of an active region for the pixels. The series resistance is also minimized by shrinking the space between a mesa and n-contact for each pixel.

Abstract: A dual emitting device includes a transparent substrate and an array of pixels. The array of pixels is disposed on the transparent, and each pixel of the array includes at least one first sub-pixel and at least one second sub-pixel. The first sub-pixel includes a first OLED driven by a first TFT, and a first sheltering layer on the first OLED. The second sub-pixel includes a second OLED driven by a second TFT, and a second sheltering layer formed between the transparent substrate and the second OLED.

Abstract: A vehicular lamp has a semiconductor light emitting element as a light source. The vehicular lamp includes a heat dissipation member that dissipates heat generated by the semiconductor light emitting element; a power supply member that supplies power to the semiconductor light emitting element; a light emitting element holding portion that holds the semiconductor light emitting element in a state of contact with the heat dissipation member; and a housing portion that is secured to a lamp body. The light emitting element holding portion electrically connects the semiconductor light emitting element and the power supply member, the housing accommodates the power supply member and the heat dissipation member, and the light emitting element holding portion is detachably secured to the heat dissipation member.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing an LED light string using a jig having a main body and a plurality of spiral grooves formed thereon adjacent to each other is provided. The method includes winding an electrical wire in each of the grooves, removing portions of the electrical wires to provide a plurality of spaced exposed segments at successive locations on each of the electrical wires, placing LED chips on at least some of the plurality of exposed segments formed in one of the electrical wires, connecting each LED chip to a corresponding exposed segment on a different electrical wire by a connector, and sealing each LED chip and connector. A jig for attaching one or more LED chips to a plurality of electrical wires is also provided.

Abstract: A lamp fixture includes a housing situated along a housing principal axis. The housing has a first housing end and a second housing end which are situated in opposed relation along the housing principle axis. A polycarbonate lens tube encompasses the housing about the housing principle axis and transmits light emanating from the at least one tubular fluorescent lamp. The lens tube is open at first and second tube ends. The first and second tubular ends are situated in opposed relation along the housing principle axis. A first endcap joins the first tube end to the first housing end. A second endcap joins the second tube end to the second housing end. When endcaps join the tubular lens to the housing, the resulting unit provides a light fixture for the at least one fluorescent tubular lamp.

Abstract: A wall-mounted light fixture comprises an LED-mounting surface having one or more LED's mounted thereon to serve as a primary source of illumination for the wall-mounted light fixture. This wall-mounted light fixture also generally comprises a house that contains the one or more LED's. This housing also comprises, on a side that is directly thermally coupled to the LED(s) and that is oriented towards and disposed closest to the aforementioned vertical wall (when the wall-mounted light fixture is properly mounted on the vertical wall), a heat sink. This heat sink is thermally coupled to the LED-mounting surface and has an exterior portion shaped to have a large surface area to thereby substantially increase a heat-exchange capacity of the heat sink.

Abstract: An optically coupled light guide includes a light source having a surface defined by a channel, a light guide and an optical gel coupling the channel of the light source to the light guide.

Abstract: A partitioning wall is formed on one surface of a substrate. The partitioning wall has a lattice-like shape and defines a plurality of surrounded-regions. Each of the surrounded-regions is surrounded by the partitioning wall and includes a plurality of pixel-regions on which pixels are to be formed. A first predetermined region of the substrate adjacent to a part of the partitioning wall is maintained at a higher temperature, and a second predetermined region other than the first predetermined region is maintained at a lower temperature. Liquid which contains a carrier transporting material is coated on the pixel-regions in the surrounded-regions while maintaining the temperatures of the substrate.

Abstract: There is provided a method of manufacturing an organic electroluminescence device including a plurality of light-emitting elements. The organic electroluminescence device includes a partition wall layer having a first partition wall layer with openings corresponding to the light-emitting elements and a second partition wall layer which is disposed on the first partition wall layer, the partition wall layer extends so as to follow the gap of the light-emitting elements, and has a groove on the top. The method of manufacturing includes forming the partition wall layer by forming the first partition wall layer and forming the second partition wall layer on the first partition wall layer such that the first partition wall layer is exposed at the bottom of the groove. The first partition wall layer is composed of an inorganic material, and the second partition wall layer is composed of an organic material.

Abstract: A lighting device includes a printed circuit board, a plurality of electrical connection units, and a plurality of illuminant units. The printed circuit board has a layer of insulation and a layer of circuit. The insulation layer forms a plurality of holes corresponding to a plurality of electrically conductive zones of the circuit layer. The electrical connection units are connected to the electrically conductive zones through the holes. The illuminant units are set in electrical connection with the electrical connection units. The electrical connection units are fixedly mounted to the circuit layer and electrical power is supplied through the electrically conductive zones to the illuminant units. The electrical connection units are arranged in an array on the printed circuit board.

Abstract: Optical display backlight assemblies having a transmissive optical film affixed to a frame which at least partially surrounds a backlight, are disclosed. The transmissive optical film can provide an increased bending resistance to the frame. The increase in bending resistance of the frame also increases the bending resistance of a display which incorporates the backlight assemblies. The optical film can be in tension after being affixed to the frame, and the tension in the film also can result in a flatter film surface with less sag. The film can be placed in tension prior to being affixed to the frame, the frame can be elastically distorted prior to affixing the film to impart tension to the film, or the film can develop tension by shrinkage after being affixed to the frame.

Abstract: An organic electroluminescent element is manufactured by: a step of forming a first electrode layer on a substrate; a step of forming a light-emitting layer above the first electrode layer; a step of forming a charge injection layer above the light-emitting layer; a step of forming a metal layer that includes a material selected from the group consisting of aluminum, silver, tin, copper, and a composite metallic material containing two or more members of these metals above the charge injection layer; and a step of forming a second electrode layer by laminating an electrode material selected from transparent conductive oxides, transparent conductive nitrides, and composite materials of these compounds above the metal layer by a low damage sputtering method, an ion plating method, or a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method.

Abstract: A ceramic arc body includes a main body having a chamber. A leg extends from the main body and has an internal opening therethrough that communicates with the chamber. An electrically non-conductive seal member is received in the leg opening. A tapered internal surface abuttingly engages the seal member and provides for centering of the seal member relative to the leg. A separate tapering region, shoulder, or stop surface limits insertion of the seal member into the leg opening for precision location of the seal member, and in another embodiment, a single continuous taper inside the leg cooperates with a tapered seal member for both centering and precision insertion of the seal member into the leg. In another embodiment, a hybrid electrode is employed where one portion of the hybrid electrode is electrically non-conductive and a second portion of the electrode is electrically conductive.

Abstract: A conductive composition and applications thereof are provided. The conductive composition comprises a mixture consisting of a metal powder and a glass powder. The diameter of the metal powder ranges from about 1 ?m to about 3 ?m. The diameter of glass powder ranges from about 0.5 ?m to about 1 ?m. The weight percentage of the metal powder to the mixture is from about 60% to about 98%. The conductive composition could be used to manufacture the electrodes of a flat lamp.

Abstract: A method is provided for formation of a glass to metal seal at one end of a quartz lamp tube, as part of the process of manufacturing a complete lamp tube. The method involves a direct sealing of the tube of quartz glass with a seal material surrounding an electrode or its electrical feed through. The seal material may be in the form of a bead having a generally elliptical or spherical shape.

Abstract: A light emitting apparatus includes a housing having a transparent bulb with phosphor, and at least one LED positioned within the housing to excite the phosphor and emit light through the transparent bulb.

Abstract: A light-emitting diode lamp includes a light engine, a power assembly, and a heatsink. The light engine includes a plurality of light-emitting diodes, and the power assembly includes a socket disposed at one end of the power assembly and a heat spreader plate disposed at another end of the power assembly opposite the socket. The light engine is mounted to the heat spreader plate. The power assembly further includes a power supply circuit that is electrically coupled to the socket and to the light engine. The socket is configured to electrically couple the power supply circuit to an external electrical source. The heatsink encircles the power assembly and is thermally connected to the light engine. The heatsink also includes a plurality of perforations, which are arranged to facilitate a natural convection airflow over and through the heatsink.

Abstract: A lamp (10) for an automotive headlamp and a method for manufacturing such kind of a lamp (10) is provided, wherein the lamp (10) comprises a burner (12) for emitting light, a metal holder (20) connected to the burner (12) for supporting the burner (12), a first socket part (32) made from a heat-resistant plastic material, which is connected to the burner (12), and a second socket part (34), through which a part of the burner (12), which is connected to a first electrical pole (14), is led for connecting the burner (12) to a voltage source, wherein the second socket part (34) is arranged adjacent to the first socket part (32) such, that at least one insulating gap (42) for providing voltage resistance in mainly radial and/or axial direction is provided. Due to the first socket part (32) it is possible to receive the hot burner (12) by the socket without impairing the heat resistance, wherein the second socket part (34) may be made from a cheaper material.

Abstract: A decorative moulding having embedded lighting that is directly visible through a hole in the moulding when viewed from a front surface of the moulding, and a method of making a modular moulding having embedded lighting. The lighting is provided by a light source, preferably a light emitting diode, that is positioned in a light mount. The light mount is fixed to the substrate with the light source in the hole in the moulding. A plurality of light mounts can be positioned in a respective plurality of holes in the substrate at desired spacings with light mounts connected to each adjacent light mount by electrically conductive wires. The decorative moulding can be manufactured as modular pieces and the electrically conductive wires can be connected to wires of adjacent modular pieces.

Abstract: A lighting apparatus including at least two lighting members and a retractable housing member having at least two distinct retractable wires slidingly guided therethrough. The retractable housing member is positioned directly between the at least two lighting members to provide operable communication therebetween. The at least two lighting members are energized via the electrical power source while in a depressed position or in an expanded position.

Abstract: An illumination apparatus and method of manufacture of the same in which an array of light-emitting elements is aligned to an array of optical elements to achieve a thin and efficient light source that can also be arranged to provide directional and/or programmable illumination.

Abstract: A substrate for an LED assembly can have a plurality of cups formed therein. At least one cup can be formed within another cup. The cups can be co-axial with respect to one another, for example. A machined surface of the substrate can enhance reflectivity of the LED assembly. A transparent and/or non-global solder mask can enhance reflectivity of the LED assembly. A transparent ring can enhance reflectivity of the LED assembly. By enhancing reflectivity of the LED assembly, the brightness of the LED assembly can be increased. Brighter LED assemblies can be used in applications such as flashlights, displays, and general illumination.