Abstract: In an anode-side assembling process, a first end of a glass tube is fused to a rearward end of an electrode bar secured to an anode-side lead to produce a primary sealed product. In a cathode-side assembling process, a ring-shaped cathode is secured by caulking to a forward end portion of an electrode bar secured to a forward end of a cathode-side lead to produce a cathode member. In an assembling process, a second end of the glass tube of the primary sealed product is fused to a rearward end of the electrode bar secured to the cathode-side lead of the cathode member to produce a xenon discharge tube. A trigger electrode, which is composed of a transparent conductive film, is formed on a surface of the glass tube so that the light-transmissive sealed tube-coating ratio specified by the transparent conductive film is within a range of 5 to 30%.

Abstract: A high-quality and high-reliability rotary anode target for X-ray tubes, of which the mechanical strength at high temperatures is increased and which is applicable not only to low-speed rotation (at least 3,000 rpm) but also even to high-speed rotation at high temperatures, and also a method for producing it. The rotary anode has a two-layered structure to be formed by laminating an Mo alloy substrate that comprises from 0.2% by weight to 1.5% by weight of TiC with the balance of substantially Mo, and an X-ray generating layer of a W—Re alloy that overlies the substrate.

Abstract: An x-ray tube is provisionally assembled by interposing an upright part (12A) projecting from a first brazing agent (A) between a stem (3) and a bulb (2), and by interposing a second brazing agent (B) between the bulb (2) and an output window (4). This temporary assembly is conveyed into a vacuum brazing oven (P). Since a gap (K) is provided between the stem (3) and the bulb (2) by the upright part (12A), gas inside the bulb (2) can be discharged through the gap (K). Then, the vacuum brazing oven (P) is heated to a predetermined temperature to melt the first and second brazing agents (A, B), to thus fuse-bondingly fix the stem (3) and the output window (4) to the bulb (2). Brazing connection is completed in the vacuum brazing oven (P) while maintaining the sealed vessel (7) in a high vacuum condition without provision of a discharge pipe in the stem (3).

Abstract: An apparatus (20) for setting a filament (22) on an electrode (24) comprises a body (52) having a central member (54) with a longitudinal axis (A-A), a first end member (56) and a second end member (58). The first and second end members (56, 58) are located at opposite ends of the central member (54) and each extends away from the longitudinal axis (A-A) thereby forming a recess (59). Each end member (56, 58) includes a surface generally facing the recess (61, 63) and an outer surface (74, 76). A bore (68) in the body is adapted to receive a retaining member (not shown) for mounting the body (52) to the electrode (24). A cavity (70) extends through the first end member (56) from its outer surface (74) to its recess facing surface (61). A cavity (80) in the second end member (58) opens toward the recess (59). The cavities (70, 80) in the first end member (56) and second end member (58) are located opposite one another across the recess (59).

Abstract: A method for manufacturing x-ray tube parts is disclosed wherein metallic pieces are explosively bonded together to establish a high strength, stable union between them. The x-ray tube parts may then be milled from the bonded metallic pieces. The explosion bonding process creates only discrete intermetallic components in the joint region instead of a continuous, weakening intermetallic layer common in brazed joints. An explosion bond joint is characterized by a wavelike interface, thereby increasing surface area over which the components are bonded and further increasing bond integrity. Stems, rotor hubs, rotor sleeves, anodes, and other tube components may be manufactured using this method.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing an X-ray device is described including the step of coupling a housing that includes diamond to an anode structure that includes diamond. Further, a target metal may be formed on a tip of the anode structure. An X-ray device is also described including a housing made of diamond, a cathode within the housing, and an anode structure that includes diamond. The anode structure may include conductive diamond, while the housing structure may include high resistivity diamond.

Abstract: A joining method designed to minimize the temperature needed to obtain a high strength braze joint between a molybdenum alloy substrate and a graphite disk used in a rotating anode X-ray tube target used for computed tomography applications. The method consists of two separate brazing operations. The first brazing operation joins a thin molybdenum sheet to the graphite disk using a pure metal braze to form a plated graphite subassembly. The second brazing operation joins the plated graphite subassembly to the molybdenum alloy substrate using a highly specialized braze alloy having a melt temperature below the recrystallization temperature of said molybdenum alloy substrate and a remelt temperature after brazing above the recrystallization temperature of said molybdenum alloy substrate.

Abstract: An X-ray tube anode comprises a graphite ring, a target substrate applied onto the graphite ring and a target focal track applied onto the target substrate. The target focal track comprises a first refractory metal and the target substrate comprises a second refractory metal and at least one layer of a material that is characterized by characterized by a coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) that is the same as the CTE of the target focal track or is intermediate between the CTE of the target focal track and the CTE of the substrate.

Abstract: A method is provided for enhancing heat transfer within an X-ray vacuum tube, from a hot component such as the rotating anode assembly to a cooler component such as the metal tube housing, by increasing surface emissivity of respective components. The method comprises the steps of fabricating each component from an alloy containing a specified minimum amount of chromium, and then implementing a first heating operation, wherein a fabricated component is heated in a dry hydrogen atmosphere for a first specified time period. Thereafter, a second heating operation is implemented, wherein the fabricated component is heated in a wet hydrogen atmosphere for a second specified time period. This procedure forms a refractory chromium oxide coating on the component that exhibits high absorption in the NIR region of the electromagnetic spectrum.

Abstract: A method and apparatus are provided for adjusting a filament set height in a cathode of an x-ray tube. The method for adjusting a filament set height of a cathode comprises providing a cathode cup of an x-ray tube, the cathode cup comprising at least one bore extending therethrough; inserting a filament post through at least one bore such that the filament set height is below a desired filament set height; measuring an actual filament set height that results from the step of inserting; determining a filament set height adjustment distance in which the filament set height adjustment is generally equal to a difference between the actual filament set height and the desired filament set height; contacting an end of the filament lead with an adjustment tool; and moving the adjustment tool a distance substantially equal to the filament set height adjustment distance. Therefore, the filament is positioned at the predetermined filament set height.

Abstract: An X-ray image tube according to the present invention has a whole evacuated envelope comprising an metallic input window through which X-rays pass, a metallic frame to which the metallic input window is welded, a hollow cylinder portion, an output window, etc., and the metallic input window and the metallic frame are hermetically welded to each other by ultrasonic welding. By means of such a construction, an X-ray image tube which can suppress occurrence of distortion of an electronic lens formed in the evacuated envelope, and a manufacturing method thereof is realized.

Abstract: Provided are a high-quality and high-reliability rotary anode target for X-ray tubes, of which the mechanical strength at high temperatures is increased and which is applicable not only to low-speed rotation (at least 3,000 rpm) but also even to high-speed rotation at high temperatures, and also a method for producing it. The rotary anode has a two-layered structure to be formed by laminating an Mo alloy substrate that comprises from 0.2% by weight to 1.5% by weight of TiC with the balance of substantially Mo, and an X-ray generating layer of a W—Re alloy that overlies the substrate.

Abstract: A method is used for interfacing materials of dissimilar thermal expansion in an X-ray tube. Initially, a first joint is identified, which has an inner component to be received into an outer component. Typically, the inner component has a higher coefficient of expansion than the outer component, so the purpose of the invention is to reduce the physical expansion of that component in the joint. A plurality of slots is introduced along the approximate axial length of the inner component of the joint, to achieve the aforementioned purpose. Alternatively, a coupling member could be provided between two components, the coupling member having a thermal expansion rate greater than one component and less than the other component.

Abstract: A novel photocathode and image intensifier tube include an active layer comprised substantially of amorphic diamond-like carbon, diamond, or a combination of both. The photocathode has a face plate coupled to an active layer. The active layer is operable to emit electrons in response to photons striking the face plate.

Abstract: Cathode filaments are recrystallized to a microstructure that maintains ductility for proper alignment and electron emission capability. The method comprises controlled heating of a cathode filament from an ambient temperature T.sub.amb to its recrystallization temperature T.sub.recryst ; controlled holding of the cathode filament at the temperature T.sub.recryst ; and controlled cooling of the cathode filament from the temperature T.sub.recryst to the ambient temperature T.sub.amb. The cathode filament is usable in an x-ray tube and can be formed of a tungsten-rhenium material.

Abstract: An explosive forming process provides an anode (10) suitable for use in a high energy x-ray tube. The process includes applying a shaped charge (54, 80, 90, 92) to a refractory material which has been formed in the general shape of the anode. The configuration of the charge is calculated to provide a target area (16) on the anode of uniform, high density which does not tend to outgas in the high vacuum conditions of the x-ray tube. The explosive process is capable of forming anodes with much larger diameters than is possible with conventional forging techniques.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing an X-ray tube that simplifies the manufacturing process, which method includes a stem unit assembly process, a high-temperature brazing process, an X-ray tube assembly process, and a low-temperature brazing process. In the stem unit assembly process, cathode pins are inserted through high-temperature brazing material and the cathode pin holes provided on the bottom plate member of the stem unit. In the high-temperature brazing process, the stem unit assembled in the above-described process is heated to the brazing temperature of the high-temperature brazing material used in the stem unit. In the X-ray tube assembly process, the focusing electrode, ceramic bulb, and output window are placed over the stem unit with low-temperature brazing material interposed between each component. In the low-temperature brazing process. the X-ray tube assembled in the above-described process Is heated to the brazing temperature of the low-temperature brazing material used in the X-ray tube assembly.

Abstract: The invention pertains to a method for manufacturing a rotary anode assembly for an X-ray tube. According to the invention, a base element made of graphite is joined in a first step as a blank with excess dimensions to a shaft by material bonding. Then the further processing of the rotary anode assembly takes place by mechanical machining to nearly final-form dimensions and by application of the focal track coating, wherein the axis of rotation of the shaft is utilized as the reference for the performance of the mechanical machining.

Abstract: In a method of forming a glass to metal seal between one end of a glass lamp tube (for, for example, a flash lamp or laser lamp), a metal rod which is terminated by the electrode is heated, and has molten glass sealing material applied thereto to form a beaded sleeve. The tube to which the electrode is to be attached is heated, and further sealing material is applied to the end of the tube so as to create a dome of material which closes off that end. Excess sealing material is then removed from the dome so as to leave an annulus of sealing material around the end wall of the, now open, tube. The electrode and rod can then be inserted into the tube until the bead on the rod is near the annulus at the end of the tube, and the tube can be worked, while being rotated, down to form a frusto-conical end such that movement of the bead relative to the annulus then brings the two into contact while a positive gas pressure is maintained within the tube.

Abstract: A new method for forming a joint between a molybdenum-based alloy structure and a structure formed from a more ductile alloy is disclosed. The method involves the solid-state bonding of the two structures, which can be carried out by a variety of techniques, such as inertia-welding or explosive-welding. The molybdenum-based alloy may be a TZM-type material, while the more ductile alloy may be tantalum-based, niobium-based, or nickel-based, for example. This method is especially useful in the manufacture of x-ray devices, such as those which include rotary anode assemblies. As one illustration, the method can be used to provide a very strong joint between a target formed from a molybdenum alloy and an insert formed from a tantalum alloy. Related x-ray assemblies are also described.

Abstract: A method is used for interfacing dissimilar materials in an X-ray tube. The X-ray tube includes a rotor assembly to distribute heat generated in the X-ray tube. The X-ray tube is sealed within a glass material which has a first expansion coefficient. An interface is provided between the rotor assembly and the glass material to absorb temperature coefficient stresses. Preferably, the glass material is Borosilicate and the interface comprises a metal material and a ceramic material. The ceramic material has a second expansion coefficient that closely matches the first expansion coefficient. The metal material is preferably Kovar, and the ceramic material is preferably Mullite. Temperature coefficient stresses are then absorbed within the ceramic and metal structure.

Abstract: Systems and methods are disclosed for exhausting and combined exhausting and seasoning of x-ray tubes having glass envelopes for a high performance x-ray system having a rotating anode therein. The methods include providing a glass tubulation having a diameter greater than about 20 mm, then operatively connecting the glass tubulation to the x-ray tube glass envelope, providing a glass sealing cup inside the glass tubulation, the glass sealing cup having a smaller diameter than the glass tubulation, providing a vacuum to the glass tubulation, positioning a heater on the outside of the glass tubulation, heating the anode of the x-ray tube to a temperature inside the x-ray tube glass envelope of about 1500.degree. C., positioning the glass sealing cup inside the glass tubulation proximate the position of the heating means on the outside of the glass tubulation, heating the glass tubulation proximate the glass sealing cup to about 1300.degree. C.

Abstract: Improved methods of exhausting and combined exhausting and seasoning of x-ray tube envelopes for high performance x-ray system having a rotating anode therein which includes providing a glass tubulation having a diameter greater than about 20 mm then operatively connecting the glass tubulation to the x-ray tube envelope, providing a disk inside the glass tubulation, the disk having a smaller diameter than the glass tubulation, providing a vacuum to the glass tubulation; positioning heating means on the outside of the glass tubulation, heating the anode of the x-ray tube to a temperature temperatures inside the x-ray tube envelope of about 1500.degree. C., positioning the disk inside the glass tubulation proximate the position of the heating means on the outside of the glass tubulation, heating the glass tubulation proximate the disk to about 1300.degree. C.

Abstract: Improved systems and methods are disclosed for exhausting and combined exhausting and seasoning of x-ray tubes having metal envelopes for high performance x-ray systems having a rotating anode therein. The methods and systems for sealing a metal tubulation, having a diameter greater than about 20 mm and operatively connected to the x-ray tube metal envelope, to a metal disk positioned inside the metal tubulation, the metal disk having a smaller diameter than at least one portion of the metal tubulation include providing a vacuum connection to the metal tubulation and a heater positioned on the outside of the metal tubulation; heating the anode of the x-ray tube to temperatures inside the x-ray tube metal envelope of about 1500.degree. C.

Abstract: Improved systems and methods are disclosed for exhausting and combined exhausting and seasoning of x-ray tubes having glass envelopes for high performance x-ray system having a rotating anode therein. The systems and methods include using a metal tubulation having a diameter greater than about 20 mm operatively connected to a glass tubulation having a diameter greater than about 20 mm which is in turn connected to a glass x-ray tube envelope; positioning a metal disk inside the metal tubulation, the metal disk having a smaller diameter than at least one portion of the metal tubulation, and connecting a vacuum pump to the metal portion of the tubulation; positioning heating means on the outside of the metal portion of the tubulation, heating the anode of the x-ray tube to a temperature inside the x-ray tube envelope to about 1500.degree. C.

Abstract: Systems and methods are disclosed for exhausting and combined exhausting and seasoning of x-ray tubes having glass envelopes for high performance x-ray system having a rotating anode therein. The system and methods include providing a glass tubulation having a diameter greater than about 20 mm; then operatively connecting the glass tubulation to the x-ray tube glass envelope; providing a metal disk inside the glass tubulation, the metal disk having a smaller diameter than the glass tubulation, providing a vacuum to the glass tubulation; heating the anode of the x-ray tube to a temperature inside the x-ray tube envelope of about 1500.degree. C.

Abstract: An improved anode assembly for an x-ray tube is described herein. The assembly includes:(a) a target having a central cavity formed therein;(b) a tubular stem for connection to the target to form a target/stem assembly;(c) an insert within the central cavity, shaped to receive a portion of the stem, and comprising a niobium-based alloy; and(d) a rotor body assembly adapted for connection to the target/stem assembly and rotation therewith.X-ray tubes which incorporate such an anode assembly are also described, as are methods for bonding a target to a tubular stem for use in a rotating x-ray tube.

Abstract: An improved method of making a high performance x-ray system having cathode cup assembly which reduces tube manufacturing costs and failures due to filament misalignment during the manufacturing process is available.

Abstract: A high pressure gas discharge lamp and the method of making same utilizing integrated circuit fabrication techniques. The lamp is manufactured from heat and pressure resistant planar substrates in which cavities are etched, by integrated circuit manufacturing techniques, so as to provide a cavity forming the gas discharge tube. Electrodes are deposited in the cavity. The cavity is filled with gas discharge materials such as mercury vapor, sodium vapor or metal halide. The substrates are bonded together and channels may be etched in the substrate so as to provide a means for connection to the electrodes. Electrodeless RF activated lamps may also be fabricated by this technique. Micro-lasers may also be fabricated by this technique as well.

Abstract: In a method for manufacturing a glow cathode for an electron tube, a layer of an alloy, such as iridium-lanthanum (Ir.sub.2 La), is produced on a substrate by coating the substrate, such as in a number of layers, with the components of the alloy by deposition from the vapor phase, such that the components of the alloy are present in the stoichiometrically correct ratio on the substrate, and in that the substrate is heated for a time duration adequate for alloy formation to a temperature that is lower than the melting temperature of the phase of the alloy having the lowest melting point.

Abstract: The present invention is a vertical resonant surface-emitting laser, and more particularly, a method for making a micro-laser that can be emitted to the upper surface of resonance structures by forming electrodes on the side surface of the resonance structures. By forming the electrodes injecting the current to the active layer on the side surface of resonators, the electrodes may be formed more easily on the fine micro-laser. Moreover, the current is more efficiently injected to the inside the active layer due to the side electrode surrounding an upper glass layer and emitter, and the laser may be operated even with a smaller start current, and serial resistance of the resonators may be reduced.

Abstract: Methods of making an improved high performance x-ray system having a rotating anode therein are available. The anode includes an improved target/stem connection which reduces tube failure due to anode assembly imbalance. Methods of bonding a metallic target and a metal stem to form a composite rotating x-ray tube target are also available. In these procedures an insert of an alloy, for example, tantalum or its alloys , is placed between the target and the niobium-alloy stem and then bonded thereto to produce a composite x-ray tube target/stem having a high remelt temperature and bond strength which retains its balance throughout the manufacturing process and during x-ray tube operations.

Abstract: A method of making a high performance x-ray system having a rotating anode includes making target/tubular stem assembly and then assembling it to a rotor body assembly. This particular method reduces tube failure due to anode assembly imbalance and provides an improved rotating x-ray tube anode assembly.

Abstract: A method of making a high performance x-ray system having an improved cathode cup assembly reduces tube manufacturing costs and failures due to filament misalignment during the manufacturing process.

Abstract: Methods of making an improved high performance x-ray system having a rotating anode therein which includes an improved target/tubular stem combination which, when combined with a rotor body assembly, reduces tube failure due to anode assembly imbalance and methods of bonding a metallic target and a metal tubular stem and connecting the combination to a rotor body assembly to provide a rotating x-ray tube target are disclosed. An insert of an alloy, for example, tantalum or its alloys, is placed between the target and the niobium-alloy tubular stem and then bonded thereto to produce the x-ray tube target/tubular stem assembly having a high remelt temperature and bond strength which, when connected, such as by bolting to the rotor body assembly, the resulting anode assembly retains proper balance during x-ray tube operations.

Abstract: A method is described for manufacturing a correction mask for an image intensifier tube of the proximity-focus type having an oblong cathode and anode. Such image intensifiers tend to have a non-uniform light output at the anode in response to a uniform input image at the cathode. A measurement is made of the light output distribution along at least one line at the anode under uniform illumination of the cathode, which measurement is used to manufacture a transparency for attachment on the output window of the image intensifier tube. The transparency is provided with a light absorbing line, which line absorbs more light at those positions along the length of the output window where the light output was higher. The absorbence of the light absorbing line is made proportional to the difference between the actual light output and required value light output, whereby the light output of the image intensifier tube is equalized to a required level.

Abstract: A process for assembling a laser and an apparatus used to assemble a laser is disclosed. The laser contains, among other components, a semiconductor chip, a lens and an optical fiber. The chip and lens are disposed in a housing. The optical fiber is disposed in a transmission assembly. The process replaces a tedious manual method for aligning the lens housing and the transmission assembly. The process uses an apparatus which separates each of the plurality of leads on the lens housing from each other. The apparatus restrains the lens housing while the housing is placed in contact with the transmission assembly. The apparatus provides electrical contacts which are placed into electrical connection with the leads on the lens housing. Electrical current is then provided which is conducted to the chip. The chip generates a beam of light which is focused by the lens into the fiber and then transmitted by the fiber. The power of the beam of light in the fiber is measured.

Abstract: To connect a vitreous lamp bulb which has an essentially tubular extension 6) to a base lamp holding structure (2), the holding structure is formed with a cylindrical recess into which the tubular extension is fitted. The material of the lamp holding structure, or at least a portion adjacent the recess, is a high-temperature meltable plastic, and the extension portion is surrounded by a spiral spring or wire loops which, to attach the lamp to the base lamp holding structure, is subjected to a high-frequency electromagnetic field so that, by induction, the plastic surrounding the extension will melt, and embed the spiral or looped wires in the molten plastic while oozing towards the extension portion to securely grip the extension portion in the base lamp holding structure.

Abstract: A process providing a cathode coil made of tungsten and fastening it to molybdenum straps by brazing with platinum by supplying thermal energy in a punctiform manner.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a stripline laser which is composed of a plurality of constituent parts assembled together with at least two of the parts being soldered to one another, characterized by the step of soldering being by a soft solder, subsequently cleaning the interior of the assembled laser by subjecting it to the influence of a plasma treatment, continuing the plasma treatment to passivate the interior surfaces of the assembled parts of the laser, and limiting the temperature of the parts joined together by the soft solder to, at most, 150.degree. during each of the plasma treatments. The method is particularly suitable for utilization to form a CO.sub.2 stripline laser, and includes adding a CO.sub.2 gas during the second or continued plasma treatment for passivating the surfaces by saturating them with CO.sub.2.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing gas lasers, such as He-Ne lasers or Ar lasers characterized by positioning the laser housing within a vacuum chamber, evacuating the vacuum chamber to evacuate the laser housing through a filling tube provided in the housing, baking the housing, then filling the vacuum chamber with the laser gas, which enters into the laser housing through the filling tube, subsequently forming a solder closure in the end of the sealing tube, the removing the laser housing from the vacuum chamber and subsequently permanently sealing the filling tube by pinching off the solder closure to form a cold-weld seal of the tube.

Abstract: In a gas laser having a capillary and a cathode that envelopes the capillary, a fastening of the cathode suitable for batch soldering is achieved in that the cathode is secured to an end piece having a mount for an optical element, and an end of the cathode facing away from the end piece is elastically supported against a housing wall with such a slight spring power that a weight of the unit formed of the cathode, end piece, and mount is adequate for overcoming the friction between the spring and the housing wall. Thus, the end piece with the attached cathode can slide into its final position during soldering solely on the basis of the force of gravity. The invention is particularly suited for helium-neon lasers that are manufactured in glass solder technology.

Abstract: A method for fabricating an ion chamber dosimeter collecting array of the type utilizing plural discrete elements formed on a uniform collecting surface which includes forming a thin insulating layer over an aperture in a frame having surfaces, forming a predetermined pattern of through holes in the layer, plating both surfaces of the layer and simultaneously tilting and rotating the frame for uniform plate-through of the holes between surfaces. Aligned masking and patterned etching of the surfaces provides interconnects between the through holes and copper leads provided to external circuitry.

Abstract: Process for repairing or restoring a part with a locallly damaged surface, articularly an anticathode or target consisting of depositing in preferred manner at damaged points of said surface, preferably by chemical vapor deposition, the material constituting said part and then machining said surface in such a way that it conceals its original state.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for the fabrication of an X-ray image intensifier tube. Before being introduced into the X-ray image intensifier, one of all the electrodes are entirely or partially covered with a layer of an orgainc polymer which is an electronic conductor of electricity and which has the property of reacting chemically with the alkaline metals deposited on the electrodes. Thus, the spurious illumination of the observation screen, due to the alkaline metals deposited on the electrodes during the preparation of the photocathode, is eliminated.

Abstract: A process for producing a fluidtight seal between a body of a vitroceramic material and a metal element intended to be part of the construction of a gas laser and in particular a laser gyrometer includes interposing between the surfaces of the body of vitroceramic material and the metal element to be sealed a joining member of a metal capable of diffusing into the vitroceramic material, and subjecting the assembly thus formed to a thermo-compression operation so as to result in a superficial diffusion of the material of the joining member into the facing surfaces of the body of vitroceramic material and the metal element.

Abstract: A gas laser tube is fitted with internal mirrors only and no windows. The laser tube is processed by heating the tube with the ends open in a vacuum oven to drive out contaminating substances. The mirrors are installed by cold welding after the tube has been decontaminated and filled with a fresh supply of its operating gas. The mirrors mount on flexible bellows which enable the mirrors to be easily aligned.

Abstract: The present invention describes a pumping tubulation getter device comprising a hollow cylindrical tube of compression bondable metal and an electrophoretically deposited layer of porous sintered non-evaporable getter material selectively deposited on the internal surface of the hollow cylindrical tube having getter material free zones at the ends of the tube. The pumping tubulation getter device is used in the manufacture of many types of electron discharge devices including ring laser gyroscopes.

Abstract: A laser comprises an interaction region formed by a wall surface of a capillary discharge tube which has been roughened along a continuous length thereof. This roughened surface suppresses and substantially eliminates diffraction rings in lasers.

Abstract: An electron beam catcher for velocity modulated electron tubes which is formed as a two multi-stage collector comprising a plurality of catcher electrodes 1 and 2 surrounding the electron beam and mounted so that one follows the other in the direction of the electron beam axis and the catcher electrodes are electrically insulated from each other and are surrounded by a metallic outer envelope 3. A plurality of semicylindrical insulating parts 4 and 4' extended in the axial direction and are mounted between the catcher electrodes 1 and 2 and the outer metallic cover or vacuum envelope 3 which is heated to cause it to expand and is then shrunk onto the insulator parts 4 and 4' such that the oblong insulator parts 4 and 4' are pressed against the catcher electrodes 1 and 2 and are tightly held by the metallic outer vacuum envelope 3. The electron catcher 15 particularly useful in high powered travelling wave tubes.