Abstract: The invention concerns a method for coordination of transmission from a first and at least one further base station (M1, P1), wherein said first base station (M1, P1) evaluates the usage by said at least one further base station (M1, P1) of at least one subframe, and said first base station (M1, P1) uses said at least one subframe for transmission dependent on the evaluated usage by said at least one further base station (M1, P1) of said at least one subframe, and a base station therefore.

Abstract: In various embodiments, an electronic device may include a wireless communication module performing WLAN communication, a processor operatively connected to the wireless communication module, and a memory operatively connected to the processor. The processor may receive geofence-related information from a server in response to execution of an application associated with a geofencing service, identify status information of the electronic device, determine at least one channel based on the received geofence-related information and/or the identified status information of the electronic device, and perform a scan function based on the determined at least one channel. Other embodiments are possible.

Abstract: When a user equipment transmits a random access preamble, a base station transmits a random access response to the user equipment in response to the random access preamble. The base station may include CSI measurement configuration information in the random access response and then transmit the random access response. The user equipment may perform a CSI report on the basis of the CSI measurement configuration information.

Abstract: Example systems, methods, apparatus and articles of manufacture for wirelessly modifying detection characteristics of portable devices are disclosed herein. Example portable devices disclosed here include a microphone and radio frequency circuitry to scan for a radio frequency beacon at a first scanning rate. Disclosed example apparatus also include a processor to trigger activation of audio monitoring, in the portable device, of an audio signal obtained via the microphone. In some disclosed examples, the audio monitoring is to be triggered in response to a first connection being made via the radio frequency circuitry with a first transmitter of the radio frequency beacon. In some disclosed examples, the audio monitoring is to collect research data from the audio signal.

Abstract: A wireless communication device may determine that a channel is to be used to transmit an advertisement. The wireless communication device may determine a channel-specific gain associated with transmitting the advertisement via the channel. The wireless communication device may generate the advertisement to include information identifying a channel identifier of the channel and the channel-specific gain. The wireless communication device may transmit the advertisement for locationing based on a received signal strength indicator (RSSI) of the advertisement.

Abstract: A cell measurement method, applied to a base station, includes: configuring, for an unmanned aerial vehicle, a reporting parameter for a measurement report for cell measurement, the reporting parameter for the measurement report at least including a specified measurement cell number and a specified measurement time value; and sending the reporting parameter for the measurement report to the unmanned aerial vehicle, to enable the unmanned aerial vehicle to send the measurement report to the base station when it is detected according to the reporting parameter for the measurement report that a candidate cell queue meets a reporting rule for the measurement report.

Abstract: Systems and methods are provided that allow a transmit receive point (TRP) that is a member of a group of TRPs to convey a characteristic of the group through the transmission of a synchronization sequence. A transmit receive point in a first group of TRPs transmits with a first synchronization sequence. A TRP in a second group of TRPs transmits with a second synchronization sequence, the first and second synchronization sequences being different from each other. The TRPs of the first group share a common first characteristic and the TRPs of the second group share a common second characteristic. The transmission of the first synchronization sequence conveys the first common characteristic, and the transmission of the second synchronization sequence conveys the second common characteristic.

Abstract: This application provides a data transmission method, a base station, a local breakout controller, a gateway, and a system. The data transmission method includes: receiving, by a base station, LBO service data sent by user equipment, where the LBO service data carries information about an IP address of a first server; receiving, by the base station, a first message sent by an LBO controller, where the first message includes information about a correspondence between the IP address of the first server and an IP address of a gateway, and the gateway is a gateway that forwards the LBO service data to the first server; and sending, by the base station, the LBO service data to the gateway.

Abstract: Methods, apparatuses, and systems directed to adaptive uplink power control in a wireless network are provided. Among the apparatuses is a wireless transmit/receive unit that may include any of a receiver, a transmitter, and a processor coupled to the receiver and the transmitter. The processor may identify, from a plurality of transmissions, a first group of transmissions for transmission during a first transmission opportunity of a first uplink. The processor may determine a first power level for the first group of transmissions based, at least in part, on a characteristic of the first transmission opportunity and a characteristic of a second transmission opportunity of a second uplink, wherein the second transmission opportunity may be usable for transmission of a second group of the plurality of transmissions. The first and second characteristics may define respective time resources, where at least some of the first and second time resources overlap.

Abstract: In one example a computer implemented method comprises estimating, in a processor communicatively coupled to a wireless client of a composite device, a first transmission time for an uplink beacon from a first access point communicatively coupled to the wireless client, scheduling, in the processor, a second transmission time for a beacon from a local access point of the composite device, and defining a scan window during which scan operations for the wireless client of the composite device and the local access point of the composite device are to occur, the scan window offset from the second transmission time by a first time buffer.

Abstract: Methods and devices for application aware scheduling in a wireless communication network include a Radio Resource Control, RRC, Connection Reconfiguration message that includes an announcement message indicating a Network Type and Software Version Number, N-TSVN, for an extended protocol. The RRC Connection Reconfiguration message is transmitted from the network node to a user equipment, UE. The UE may then determine that a UE Software Version Number, UE-SVN, is compatible with the N-TSVN received in the announcement message. The UE may then transmit, and the network may receive, an initial message including the UE-SVN.

Abstract: A transmission device that generates control information including 3-bit information and transmits a physical downlink shared channel, a reference signal for demodulation of the physical downlink shared channel, and the control information, wherein, in a case that all codewords which are mapped to the physical downlink shared channel are enabled, among a first value to an eighth value indicated by the 3-bit information, the third value to the eighth value indicate that the number of layers is from 3 to 8 respectively, and the first value and the second value indicate that the number of layers is equal to 2, and the first value indicates that the scrambling identity for the reference signal is equal to 0 and the second value indicates that the scrambling identity is equal to 1.

Abstract: Whether a detected wireless network is capable of connection using a Fast Initial Link Setup (FILS) method is determined, and handover processing for switching a connection destination to the detected wireless network is performed based on the result of determination.

Abstract: Configurations are described for maintaining a continuity and quality of wireless signal connection between a mobile device and systems accessible through the internet. In particular, configurations are disclosed to address the challenge of a mobile device that moves through a physical environment wherein the best wireless connectivity performance is achieved by switching between available connection sources and constantly evaluating a primary connection with other available connections that may be switched in to become a new primary connection. The mobile device may be self-propelled or carried by some other mobilizing means.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method and apparatus for transmitting data using a multi-carrier in a mobile communication system. The method of transmitting data in user equipment of a wireless communication system using a carrier aggregation technique according to an embodiment of the present invention includes the steps of setting secondary cells included in an S-TAG (Secondary-Timing Advance Group) configured of only secondary cells (SCells), deactivating a downlink timing reference cell in the S-TAG; determining whether other activated secondary cells exist besides the deactivated downlink timing reference cell in the S-TAG, and when the other activated secondary cells exist in the S-TAG, setting one of the other activated secondary cells as a new downlink timing reference cell. According to the present invention, uplink transmission speed can be increased in the user equipment and user QoS can be improved by transmitting data using one or more uplink carriers in the terminal.

Abstract: A mobile telecommunications system anchor entity for a mobile telecommunications system is provided. The mobile telecommunications system has at least one entity serving at least one user equipment, wherein the at least one entity and the at least one user equipment are located in a common system information area. The mobile telecommunications system has circuitry, which performs transmitting minimum system information to the at least one user equipment, wherein the minimum system information includes system information area identifier information.

Abstract: A method for use in a wireless device comprises detecting a first set of beamformed signals from one or more cells. The method further comprises allocating beam-level filters of the wireless device to a subset of beamformed signals of the first set of beamformed signals based on the detected beamformed signals. The method further comprises monitoring the subset of the first set of beamformed signals using the allocated beam-level filters. A wireless device comprises one or more interfaces, memory, and processing circuitry. The processing circuitry is configured to execute instructions stored in the memory, whereby the wireless device is configured to perform the method above.

Abstract: There is provided a communication device having a wireless interface (20) including a transceiver (28) and a controller (38) configured to use the transceiver when applying a first protocol, which is a Bluetooth BR/EDR protocol, and also when applying a second protocol, which is suitable for audio streaming, and to use the transceiver for a Bluetooth BR/EDR inquiry scan and/or page scan procedure for data packets sent by an external device (40), wherein the scan procedure comprises a set of N scan segments during which the transceiver is used for inquiry/page scanning, each scan segment having a start time and a frequency, wherein each scan segment is executed during idle times of the second protocol; wherein the duration of each scan segment is at least 1,0055 ms and less than 10.625 ms; wherein the set of scan segments comprises at least two different frequencies and wherein the frequency changes more often than every 1.28 sec.

Abstract: A method for monitoring and controlling session traffic usage, includes: receiving traffic usage increment information of a first session and a second session reported by a first PCF and a second PCF; accumulating a total traffic usage of the first session and the second session according to the received traffic usage increment information; determining whether a current total traffic usage reaches a threshold value of a total issued traffic usage; and sending the total traffic usage information of the first session and the second session to the first PCF and the second PCF in response to that the current total traffic usage reaches the threshold value of the total issued traffic usage, and in response to that the current total traffic usage does not reach the threshold value of the total issued traffic usage, repeating above steps.

Abstract: Disclosed are a method for transmitting and receiving downlink signals between a terminal and a base station in a wireless communication system supporting an unlicensed band, and a device supporting same. More specifically, as one applicable embodiment in the present disclosure, the terminal can control/change a monitoring period of a physical downlink control channel on the basis of whether a downlink signal transmission burst is transmitted from a base station, and in response thereto, the base station sets a transmission period of the physical downlink control channel in the downlink signal transmission burst so as to transmit the same to the terminal.

Abstract: Techniques for efficiently performing data transactions are disclosed herein. In an example, crowd-sourced data is used to generate a network map that includes network properties mapped to one or more geographical locations. The network map is used to determine if a network that has one or more target properties is within a threshold range of a computing device. The target properties are based on one or more parameters of an upcoming data transaction. If a respective network with one or more target properties is within range of the computing device, the upcoming data transaction can be scheduled for initiation when the computing device is connected to the respective network. If no networks have the one or more target properties, the upcoming transaction can be initiated using a current network connection.

Abstract: A method of operating a terminal device in a wireless telecommunications network is described. The method comprised; receiving a system information block containing a list of a plurality of different values of a parameter used in the wireless telecommunication network; determining one or more parameter values in the list which is supported within the terminal device; and receiving a system information block associated with the one or more supported parameter values from one or more other system information blocks associated with non-supported parameter values.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method and apparatus for transmitting data using a multi-carrier in a mobile communication system. The method of transmitting data in user equipment of a wireless communication system using a carrier aggregation technique according to an embodiment of the present invention includes the steps of setting secondary cells included in an S-TAG (Secondary-Timing Advance Group) configured of only secondary cells (SCells), deactivating a downlink timing reference cell in the S-TAG; determining whether other activated secondary cells exist besides the deactivated downlink timing reference cell in the S-TAG, and when the other activated secondary cells exist in the S-TAG, setting one of the other activated secondary cells as a new downlink timing reference cell. According to the present invention, uplink transmission speed can be increased in the user equipment and user QoS can be improved by transmitting data using one or more uplink carriers in the terminal.

Abstract: User equipment (UE) includes processing circuitry, where to configure the UE for New Radio (NR) communications in an unlicensed spectrum, the processing circuitry is to decode radio resource control (RRC) signaling including configuration information identifying a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) search space set. The configuration information includes a PDCCH monitoring periodicity, a PDCCH monitoring offset, and a PDCCH monitoring duration associated with the PDCCH search space set. The PDCCH search space set is monitored for downlink control information (DCI) using the PDCCH monitoring periodicity, the PDCCH monitoring offset, and the PDCCH monitoring duration. Upon detecting the DCI within the monitored PDCCH search space set, a DCI format within the DCI is decoded.

Abstract: This disclosure relates to energy budgeted cellular service recovery techniques. A wireless device may determine one or more energy budgets for service recovery. It may be determined that cellular service loss is currently occurring. Cellular service recovery may be attempted, where service recovery scan timing for the attempt to recover cellular service is determined based at least in part on the one or more energy budgets for service recovery.

Abstract: Whether a detected wireless network is capable of connection using a Fast Initial Link Setup (FILS) method is determined, and handover processing for switching a connection destination to the detected wireless network is performed based on the result of determination.

Abstract: This disclosure provides systems, methods, and apparatus, including computer programs encoded on computer-readable media, for managing wireless local area network (WLAN) density. The WLAN density is managed to limit how many APs can utilize a first portion of a first frequency band in a geographical area. A limit of APs may be based on an estimated amount of interference that would be caused by the APs to an incumbent system that also uses the first portion of the frequency band. The WLAN density control may prevent the estimated amount of interference caused by APs in a geographical area from exceeding a threshold interference level based on the presence of the incumbent system. WLAN density control may involve the AP configuration of a first AP or may involve the density of client devices associated with one or more APs in the geographical area.

Abstract: Configurations are described for maintaining a continuity and quality of wireless signal connection between a mobile device and systems accessible through the internet. In particular, configurations are disclosed to address the challenge of a mobile device that moves through a physical environment wherein the best wireless connectivity performance is achieved by switching between available connection sources and constantly evaluating a primary connection with other available connections that may be switched in to become a new primary connection. The mobile device may be self-propelled or carried by some other mobilizing means.

Abstract: A radiofrequency harvester circuit may be used in a battery-less RFID device. The harvester circuit includes an antenna unit that captures radiofrequency signals and harvesting circuitry coupled to the antenna unit for collecting energy from the radiofrequency signals captured by the antenna unit. The antenna unit is selectively tunable at a plurality of tuning bands that are scanned by selectively tuning the antenna unit at different frequency bands and sensing respective values indicative of the power of radiofrequency signals captured by the antenna unit at the frequency bands scanned. A highest value out of said respective values for the power of radiofrequency signals as well as the frequency band in the plurality of tuning bands of the antenna unit providing the aforesaid highest value are identified and the harvester circuit is operated with the antenna unit tuned at the frequency band providing the highest value thus identified.

Abstract: An apparatus configured to be employed within an evolved Node B (eNodeB) or within a User Equipment (UE) is disclosed. The apparatus includes control circuitry. The control circuitry is configured to configure a semi-persistent scheduling (SPS) configuration that accommodates short subframes. The short subframes have a transmit time interval (TTI) of less than duration of 1 legacy subframe (e.g., 1 ms). The SPS configuration is provided within a radio resource control (RRC) signaling.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus enabling a wireless network to optimize paging channel operation, based on mobile device context information. In one embodiment, the wireless network is a cellular network (e.g., LTE-Advanced), and both base stations and cellular user devices dynamically exchange and maintain a paging agreement. The paging agreement limits the paging channel operation, thereby minimizing unnecessary scanning and usage of irrelevant radio resources. Such paging mechanisms are limited to the air interface between the base station and the mobile device, and are compatible with existing legacy devices and network entities. Networks with appropriately enabled user devices may improve their resource utilization. Base stations may advantageously reclaim freed-up cellular resources to support other services.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention provide a method for handover between secondary base stations, a network device, and user equipment. The network device instructs each of at least one candidate secondary base station to make a prior path handover preparation, so that each of the at least one candidate secondary base station waits to be selected by user equipment as a target secondary base station. The path handover preparation includes at least one of the following: preconfiguring an access resource for the user equipment or establishing a data transmission channel with the network device. The user equipment is handed over to the target secondary base station in the at least one candidate secondary base station according to configuration information of each of the at least one candidate secondary base station when the user equipment needs path handover.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method and devices for transmitting and receiving a synchronization signal and a method for generating a synchronization signal in a wireless access system supporting narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT). A method for transmitting a primary synchronization signal (PSS) by a base station in a wireless access system supporting narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT), according to an embodiment of the present invention, can comprise the steps of: repeatedly generating first sequences n times so as to generate primary synchronization signals; multiplying n first sequences by second sequences and thus generating n primary synchronization signals; and transmitting n primary synchronization signals by means of n OFDM symbols, respectively. The size of a bandwidth used in the wireless access system supporting NB-IoT is the size of one physical resource block (PRB), and one PRB can comprise twelve subcarriers in a frequency domain.

Abstract: Configurations are described for maintaining a continuity and quality of wireless signal connection between a mobile device and systems accessible through the internet. In particular, configurations are disclosed to address the challenge of a mobile device that moves through a physical environment wherein the best wireless connectivity performance is achieved by switching between available connection sources and constantly evaluating a primary connection with other available connections that may be switched in to become a new primary connection. The mobile device may be self-propelled or carried by some other mobilizing means.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods for premises device identification and characterization. In one embodiment, the premises devices are IoT (“internet of things”) devices having wireless interfaces, and the disclosed apparatus and methods “passively” canvass or assess a given premises as to its IoT profile, including both transparent and proxy-managed installations via a software-defined radio (SDR) device incorporated into a host device at the premises (e.g., DOCSIS modem, DSTB, wireless AP/router, or gateway). The SDR is controlled by logic operative to run on the host device (and optionally a network-side process), enabling the SDR to scan the RF environment within the premises in particular frequency bands typically associated with IoT devices and protocols. Information regarding each particular device is transmit to a network-side management process for use in populating the user's cloud-based EPG, selectively targeting advertising or other content to the premises, or yet other functions.

Abstract: Configurations are described for maintaining a continuity and quality of wireless signal connection between a mobile device and systems accessible through the internet. In particular, configurations are disclosed to address the challenge of a mobile device that moves through a physical environment wherein the best wireless connectivity performance is achieved by switching between available connection sources and constantly evaluating a primary connection with other available connections that may be switched in to become a new primary connection. The mobile device may be self-propelled or carried by some other mobilizing means.

Abstract: Downlink spectral capacity of an eMBMS cell to be maximized for the eMBMS users. In one embodiment, supplementary eMBMS cells may be used together with a primary cell, in which the supplementary eMBMS cells broadcast only eMBMS content and the primary cell is used for uplink and downlink signaling. The primary cell may perform signaling for the corresponding supplementary cells. In this manner, signaling relating to configuring of the eMBMS cells may be offloaded to the non-eMBMS primary cell and eMBMS specific services can be fully utilized from the eMBMS cells. In a second embodiment, an eMBMS cell may be a standalone eMBMS cell that is not associated with a primary cell. In this embodiment, self-contained eMBMS signaling is defined. Additionally, eMBMS data may be broadcast in specified MBSN subframes. In this manner, a device, such as an eMBMS-only device, can independently receive eMBMS services.

Abstract: A geographical area identifier which specifies a geographical area for which a value tag is valid is used for assessing second type system information available from an access node.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method and apparatus for transmitting data using a multi-carrier in a mobile communication system. The method of transmitting data in user equipment of a wireless communication system using a carrier aggregation technique according to an embodiment of the present invention includes the steps of setting secondary cells included in an S-TAG (Secondary-Timing Advance Group) configured of only secondary cells (SCells), deactivating a downlink timing reference cell in the S-TAG; determining whether other activated secondary cells exist besides the deactivated downlink timing reference cell in the S-TAG, and when the other activated secondary cells exist in the S-TAG, setting one of the other activated secondary cells as a new downlink timing reference cell. According to the present invention, uplink transmission speed can be increased in the user equipment and user QoS can be improved by transmitting data using one or more uplink carriers in the terminal.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for subframe configuration and generation in a multi-cell multi-carrier system. A frame for radio transmission in the system consists of multiple subframes, and each subframe consists of multiple Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) symbols. Training symbols, frequency-domain data scrambling, size of Fast-Fourier Transform (FFT), or length of cyclic prefix can be configured differently for each subframe to facilitate different applications, such as unicasting or broadcasting.

Abstract: A first terminal device, for use in a wireless telecommunications system, including: a receiver; a transmitter: a storage medium operable to store mapping information identifying sets of predetermined radio resources and a predetermined geographical region associated with each respective set of predetermined radio resources; and a controller operable to: receive a geographical location, the geographical location of the terminal device being determined by a location unit; determine the predetermined geographical region of the received mapping information within which the determined geographical location is located; determine the set of predetermined radio resources associated with the determined geographical region using the received mapping information; control the receiver to receive signals from a second terminal device using the determined set of predetermined radio resources; and control the transmitter to transmit signals to the second terminal device using the determined set of predetermined radio resou

Abstract: Configurations are described for maintaining a continuity and quality of wireless signal connection between a mobile device and systems accessible through the internet. In particular, configurations are disclosed to address the challenge of a mobile device that moves through a physical environment wherein the best wireless connectivity performance is achieved by switching between available connection sources and constantly evaluating a primary connection with other available connections that may be switched in to become a new primary connection. The mobile device may be self-propelled or carried by some other mobilizing means.

Abstract: Configurations are described for maintaining a continuity and quality of wireless signal connection between a mobile device and systems accessible through the internet. In particular, configurations are disclosed to address the challenge of a mobile device that moves through a physical environment wherein the best wireless connectivity performance is achieved by switching between available connection sources and constantly evaluating a primary connection with other available connections that may be switched in to become a new primary connection. The mobile device may be self-propelled or carried by some other mobilizing means.

Abstract: Embodiments herein relate to e.g. a method performed by a radio network node (12) for handling system information of a wireless communication network. The radio network node receives, from a wireless device (10), a 5 request for transmission of at least a part of the system information, wherein the request is associated with an indication indicating that the request is for a transmission of the at least part of the system information. The radio network node further transmits, in a transmission, the requested at least part of the system information to the wireless device, wherein one or more properties of 10 the transmission are adapted based on the received request; and wherein the transmission is beamformed towards the wireless device and/or the transmission is performed within a time interval from the received request.

Abstract: Provided are a method of estimating mobility state of an UE and a device supporting the method. According to one embodiment of the present invention, the method includes: entering a second cell from a first cell, wherein the first cell provides specific information; receiving neighbor cell list from the second cell; and counting a number of cell changes for mobility state, based on whether the neighbor cell list from the second cell includes at least one of neighbor cells providing the specific information.

Abstract: The system and methods of the various embodiments enable fine grained network selection decisions. This may allow a mobile network operator, a cable operator, or a Wi-Fi network operator to define network selection rules that are not only based upon network availability, time, and location, but also on network signal strength, signal to noise ratio, link speed, and cellular network radio parameters. These rules may also be complimented with local device based policies and parameters, which may possibly be based on user preferences and/or network operator preferences. The system and methods of the various embodiments also prevent inadvertent Wi-Fi network selection decisions by incorporating a time threshold parameter which defines a time period for which a wireless device must have detected a specific Wi-Fi access point prior to performing network selection.

Abstract: A Wireless Fidelity network scanning method and a mobile device are provided. The method includes: obtaining, by a mobile device, information about a distance between a location of the mobile device at a first time point and a location of the mobile device at a second time point, where the first time point is a time point later than the second time point; determining, by the mobile device, that the information about the distance is less than a first distance threshold, and adjusting a first scanning frequency at which the mobile device scans a WiFi network to a second scanning frequency, where the second scanning frequency is less than the first scanning frequency; and scanning, by the mobile device, the WiFi network according to the second scanning frequency.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present disclosure relate to methods and devices for information reception during an intra-frequency measurement gap. In example embodiments, the terminal device is served by at least one network device and includes a receiver equipped with a plurality of RX RF chains. The terminal device selects two sets of RX RF chains from the plurality of RX RF chains and uses these two sets of RX RF chains respectively for an intra-frequency measurement and information reception during an intra-frequency measurement gap. In this way, efficiencies of communications/services may be improved, and further user experiences may be improved.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a pre-5th-Generation (5G) or 5G communication system to be provided for supporting higher data rates Beyond 4th-Generation (4G) communication system such as Long Term Evolution (LTE). The present disclosure relates to a pre-5th-Generation (5G) or 5G communication system to be provided for supporting higher data rates Beyond 4th-Generation (4G) communication system such as Long Term Evolution (LTE). Embodiments of the present disclosure provide a method for transmitting signals. The method includes: determining, by a communication node, that resources of a DRS and resources of other types of reference signals are overlapped; and selecting, by the communication node, at least one type of signal from the DRS and the other types of reference signals according to a predefined mode and transmitting the selected signal.

Abstract: An apparatus and method are described for implementing a 2-way beacon. For example, one embodiment of an apparatus comprises: a beacon to transmit a first advertisement packet associated with 1-way functions available from the beacon and to further transmit a second advertisement packet associated with 2-way functions available from the beacon; the first advertisement packet to cause an app and/or hub to be initialized on a mobile device; and the second advertisement packet to cause the beacon to establish a first secure communication channel to a cloud service through the app and/or hub.