Abstract: A process for the removal of dust from gas that has been produced by low temperature carbonization is provided. The process separates solid particles by means of washing oil in a spray washer that also cools the gases that have been produced by low temperature carbonization. The process includes intensively wetting the gases that have been produced with oils that have been condensed out of the stream of the gas. At least a first and second washing stage is provided in the spray washer. The mass flow comprising the washing oil and condensate is collected in the second washing stage and subdivided. Thereafter, the mass flow is fed to both the first and second washing stage as recirculated and recycled washing oil.

Abstract: In a process and an apparatus for purifying flammable gas, in particular low-temperature carbonization gas, the gas is scrubbed and discharged as pure gas and condensate. The condensate is distilled in a distillation unit. Volatile constituents are admixed to the pure gas, so that the calorific value of the latter is increased. The non-volatile constituents are discharged. The non-volatile constituents can be fed to a low-temperature carbonization drum and carbonized therein at low temperature.

Abstract: A coal gasifier has an inner wall surface made by metal of an inlet part of a heat recovery vessel, the inlet part having a inner cooling mechanism, and gas for peeling deposits on the inner wall surface is injected from plural gas injection holes, the injected gas forming a slewing flow and further being intermittently increased. And at least one cooling medium injection nozzle is provided at a side wall in the upper part of a gasification chamber.

Abstract: A system and method for producing product gas using residual waste liquor is described with a gasifier reactor having a fluidized bed located therein. The gasifier reactor is heated to a predetermined temperature range with either an external heater or a second fluidized bed located at a position below the first fluidized bed. A heat exchanger may be positioned in the first fluidized bed and/or the second fluidized bed for indirectly heating the respective fluidized beds. Condensing heat exchanger means recovers heat from the product gas and condenses an acid gas therefrom for recycling the chemicals. A reagent is sprayed in the condensing heat exchanger means to clean the product gas. Pressurization allows the cleaned product gas to be directly fired in a turbine.

Abstract: A gasification system for solid wastes having a thermal reactor and a mechanical gas cleaner, an indirect heat exchange cooler, and an electrostatic precipitator for cleaning and cooling the produced gas. Feed material is continuously fed to he central section of the thermal reactor above an air introduction manifold and nozzles and in an upward direction, forming a stratified charge. As feed material moves upward and outward from the reactor center it is reduced to ash. An agitator assures contact between the hot particulate product and hot gases resulting in gasification of the feed material and net movement to the sidewall of the thermal reactor, forming ash. The air introduction nozzles serve as a grate. Ash descends along the sidewall to the reactor base for removal. The mechanical cleaner has a high speed rotating brush-like gas separator element and scraper combination which removes condensed tars and particulates from the produced gas stream.

Abstract: Disclosed is a gas conditioner and a method for treating crude, relatively impure gases produced from a gasification process to yield a relatively clean, tar-free producer gas having an energy value of about 1200 to 1500 Kcal/m.sup.3. The gas conditioner comprises a reaction chamber for retaining a fuel supply and containing a cracking reaction. An upper portion of the reaction chamber includes an internal reaction housing which provides a primary reaction zone. The gas conditioner also includes a grate structure for filtering producer gas prior to its exit from the conditioner.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for desulfurizing a gas and regenerating a sorbent is disclosed. The sulfur-containing feed gas which can be an effluent gas from a coal gasification reactor, for example, is desulfurized with a particulated metallic oxide sorbent in a transport riser. The sulfided sorbent is than separated from a desulfurized effluent gas and regenerated by contact with an oxygen-containing gas in a transport riser. The regenerated sorbent is separated from an SO.sub.2 containing offgas and recycled to the desulfurization step. The degree of sorbent conversion in the desulfurization step is held at a low level and the sorbent regeneration rate is increased to avoid excessive temperature rise in the regeneration step. In such manner, sorbent cooling can be substantially eliminated. The regeneration riser preferably comprises a once-through lift riser to minimize the riser transport gas requirements to just oxidant gas or oxidant gas mixed with a reduced amount of diluent gas.

Abstract: Disclosed is a gas conditioner and a method for treating crude, relatively impure gases produced from a gasification process to yield a relatively clean, tar-free producer gas having an energy value of about 1200 to 1500 Kcal/m.sup.3. The gas conditioner comprises a reaction chamber for retaining a fuel supply and containing a cracking reaction. An upper portion of the reaction chamber includes an internal reaction housing which provides a primary reaction zone. The gas conditioner also includes a grate structure for filtering producer gas prior to its exit from the conditioner.

Abstract: In the filtering of high temperature (e.g. greater than 400.degree. C.) and high pressure (e.g. greater than 5 bar) gas--such as produced by pressurized fluidized bed combustion or gasification of coal--there is often a buildup of particles on the supporting elements for the filters, and on surrounding structures. This buildup of particles can damage the filter elements, or greatly reduce their effectiveness. This problem is avoided by periodically automatically cleaning the supporting and/or surrounding surfaces of the filters, as by directing high pressure gas streams at the supporting and/or surrounding surfaces. The filters may also be backflushed with compressed gas, as is conventional, at the same time as, or at different times than, when the supporting and/or surrounding structures are cleaned. Conduits with nozzles may be mounted directly on the supporting and/or surrounding surfaces and connected by a pipe with an automatically controlled valve to a source of high pressure fluid.

Abstract: The hot raw gas, which contains slag droplets is conducted downwardly in an entrance chamber of a slag separator through a first bed of packings into a flow-deflecting space, in which the raw gas is upwardly deflected and then flows upwardly in an exit chamber through a second bed of packings to a gas outlet. The effective velocity of flow of the raw gas in the first bed is 1.5 to 10 times its effective velocity of flow in the second bed. Liquid slag is drained from the flow-deflecting space.

Abstract: The gasification apparatus for gasification of finely divided combustible material under pressure includes a gasification reactor which produces a crude gas, a quenching pipe and a convection-heated boiler with a boiler housing, all mounted inside a pressurized vessel. A gas flow guiding device is provided above the quenching pipe for conducting a mixed gas flow containing the crude gas and a quenching gas from the quenching pipe into the convection-heated boiler which surrounds the quenching pipe concentrically. A gas outlet device is provided for the gas flow from the convection-heated boiler and from the pressurized vessel. The gasification reactor is supported at its bottom end in the pressurized vessel at anchoring points. The convection-heated surface elements of the convection-heated boiler are supported by the quenching pipe and the boiler housing but in a stress-free manner.

Abstract: The process and apparatus for transforming combustible pollutants and waste materials into non-polluting, clean and useful energy, by completely removing the pollutants from raw materials while avoiding the formation of potential pollutants, involve the use of oxygen or a gas mixture containing oxygen, such as air, and steam.

Abstract: An apparatus for the production of hot pressurized coal gas for use, for example, in power generation is provided. The apparatus includes a step of subjecting coal fuel to staged slagging combustion, to generate raw gas and liquid slag. The liquid slag is separated from the raw gas, and the raw gas is then subjected to a mixing and separation procedure, wherein it is treated and cleaned, for exampe of sulfur dioxide content. The raw gases may then be further treated and utilized to advantage in power generation. A preferred arrangement for conducting the process is also described.

Abstract: A gasifier system for obtaining relatively clean combustible gaseous products from solid fuel materials, such as processed sewage sludge, comprises a gasifier reactor which communicates a raw, combustible gas to a cyclone separator, a gas scrubbing device and a gas cooling and drying device. Gas which exits the system is relatively clean and may be used in a prime mover for the production of energy.The gasifier reactor of the present invention is a down-draft fixed bed gasifier. The gasifier is constructed of several interconnected modular units. Moreover, the gasifier is constructed so as to efficiently gasify fuel materials while maintaining excellent horizontal temperature control.

Abstract: A method and system for removing hydrogen sulfide from a hot gas. In a moving bed absorber, sulfur compounds in the hot gas moving in a direction which is countercurrent to the direction of movement of the movable bed of metal oxide, react with metal oxide to form metal sulfide. The metal sulfide is regenerated to re-usable metal oxide in a moving bed regenerator. The regeneration is carried out with an oxygen-containing gas in which regenerator off-gas serves as a diluent to control oxygen concentration. In the regenerator, spent metal sulfide moves progressively through a single regeneration vessel having first, second and third regeneration stages. In the first and second regeneration stages, first and second oxygen and sulfur dioxide-containing gases move, respectively, in a direction which is cocurrent with the direction of movement of a movable bed of spent metal sulfide.

Abstract: The cooling of a stream of hot product gas exiting from an outlet opening of a gasification reactor is made by way of two separate partial streams of cooling fluid such as a cooling gas, vapor or liquid. The first partial stream of the cooling fluid is fed from the outside substantially in a radial direction against an outer layer of the product gas stream. The second partial stream of cooling liquid is fed axially in a counter direction to the product gas stream to impinge against a central portion thereof. In this manner the path of mixing of the product gas with the cooling fluid is substantially shortened.

Abstract: The arrangement for cooling a hot product gas containing adhesive or fusible particles which lose their adhesiveness during cooling, has a reactor for producing the hot product gas, a cooling duct connected with the reactor for the hot product gas, a nozzle ring subdivided into a plurality of chambers mounted adjacent to and communicating with the cooling duct, each of the chambers being structured to introduce a different ring-shaped jet of cooling fluid into the hot product gas in the cooling duct. The different ring-shaped jets are producible with mass and penetration depths according to the mass of a product gas stream flowing in a cooling zone of the cooling duct with injection speeds selected to obtain a predetermined penetration depth. Using different penetration depths for the different ring-shaped jets allows avoidance of baked deposits on the walls of the reactor and cooling duct.

Abstract: The hot-gas cooling plant has a gas outlet line releasably connected between the radiant cooler and the convection cooler. The gas outlet line is curved to extend from an upper region of the radiant cooler to the top end of the convection cooler. Flange connections are used to connect the gas outlet line to the pressure vessels of the coolers. Cooling tubes are also provided within the gas outlet line for cooling the flow of gas therethrough.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for removing fine particulates from gases, such as fly ash, from syngas, at high temperatures and pressure using a two-stage cyclonic separator-stripper.

Abstract: The invention relates to the cocurrent gasification of coal and to a gas generator. The gas generator (11) comprises a vertical sealed vessel, the lower third of which is divided into several identical vertical compartments (12). Coal is loaded at the top (17). The major part of the hot reactive gas under pressure is introduced at the top (18), and the remaining part at lower levels (21, 22). Gas evacuation (24) is stopped from one compartment (12) in turn, gas produced is blown in order to unclog the filters (25, 26) and to loosen the ash, the ash is extracted at the bottom (23) and cold reactive gas is blown countercurrently in order to complete the combustion and to cool the ash. This gas generator enables coal from any source to be used and does not require purification downstream.

Abstract: The installation comprises mainly a reactor (1) for the gasification of powdered coal on a bath (2) of liquid iron, a cooling flue (9) constituting a boiler connecting the outlet of the reactor (1) to a vapor superheater (11) fed with vapor (26) issuing from the boiler, a dust-removing cyclone (13) connected to the outlet of the superheater (11), a thermal exchanger (14) connected to the outlet of the cyclone (13) in which a drying fluid (31, 32)is heated by thermal exchange with the combustible gas, a conditioning tower (16) connected to the outlet of the thermal exchanger, the conditioning tower being connected to a dry electrofilter (17) which feeds a storage gasometer (20) through a three-way valve (21). The heated drying fluid (32) and the vapor (28,30) issuing from the superheater (11) are employed in the installation for preparing and conveying the fuel and the comburent fed to the reactor.

Abstract: The gas cooler has a downcomer bounded by radiant cooling walls and a waterbath at the end of the downcomer. The depth of the waterbath is several times its horizontal extent and the waterbath is flowed through downwardly by water. The bath is connected by way of a pump, heat exchanger and a feed line to a water circuit. Means are provided to control the water temperature at its entry into the waterbath so that the entry temperature is maintained at a value somewhere between the dew point of the synthesis gas and the evaporation point of water at the working pressure of the synthesis gas.The result is substantial obviation of evaporation of water from the waterbath and the associated heat losses.

Abstract: In order to ensure a comparatively high purification of gas, a gas producer is provided with a gas treatment stage consisting of a water tank having a gas inlet pipe terminating in a vertical section opening upwards under a bell housing floating on the water by means of a floating system provided with annular ribs. The flotation system further includes a projecting flange just above the water surface. Once the gas has passed from beneath the bell housing to an upper part of the tank it is drawn off by a blower and discharged, e.g. to a gas engine. A valve controlled recirculation line is provided between the blower and the upper part of the tank.

Abstract: A slag trap structure is for use where synthesis gas is generated having small particulate slag entrained therewith. It has a high pressure shell with a body of water at the bottom for quenching and removing the slag. There is a coaxial inner wall to direct the flow of synthesis gas and slag down from an inlet at the top toward the body of water. And there is an outlet spaced substantially above the level of the water to cause reversal of the gas and slag flow. Also, there is means for recirculating some clean gas in conjunction with the inner wall to direct a swirling flow that confines the downward flow centrally in the vessel.

Abstract: A substantially vertical apparatus for cooling process gases originating from a gasification process, along with simultaneous separation of solid matter contained in the process gases. The apparatus is a cylindrical container including several cylindrical container parts. A gas inlet is provided in the lower region of the container shell or mantle and substantially tangential thereto. The gas inlet opens into a cyclone. Cooling surfaces are provided above the cyclone, with those directly above the cyclone being embodied as platen heat transfer surfaces, and those further above being embodied as cylindrical heat transfer surfaces. The cylindrical heat transfer surfaces are suspended in the container via support elements in the manner of an immersion heater. The support elements, in conjunction with a tube and a regulating device arranged at the process gas outlet, regulate the volume or quantity of the process gases flowing or circulating around the upper cylindrical heat transfer surface.

Abstract: A method of treating process gases coming from a gasification reactor before entry of such process gases into a system of waste heat utilization. The process gases are cooled off to a temperature of at least 800.degree. C. before entry thereof into the waste heat system. Thereafter, the gases are extensively freed of solid matter in a cyclone separator system located ahead of the convective cooling system, and thereafter the gases are cooled off further to a temperature of at least 250.degree. C. in a convective cooling system.

Abstract: A vapor generating system in which a furnace section is provided that is formed by four upright walls. A plurality of openings are formed in one of the walls, and a plurality of gasifiers extend adjacent said one wall and surround the openings so that the respective interiors of the gasifiers communicate with the openings. A bed of adsorbent material is supported in each gasifier for adsorbing the sulfur generated as a result of the gasification of fuel introduced into the gasifier, and air is passed through the bed of adsorbent material to fluidize said material so that, upon combustion of said fuel, a substantially sulfur-free product gas is produced which passes from the gasifier, through the openings and into the furnace section.

Abstract: A system of apparatus is especially adapted to react gaseous contaminates of natural gas streams with a slurry of reactant particles and incorporates a contactor tower with a bottom gas inlet having a screen at its dynamic liquid level to confine downwardly a fill of packer-spacer material. Gas entering through the bottom inlet of the tower is divided by the packer-spacer material in tortuous flow paths maintained by the confining screen.In advance of the contactor tower, after an inlet scrubber, is a heater which elevates the temperature of the gas before it enters the contactor tower. This avoids formation of clogging hydrates and liquefication of the gas. Using an outlet scrubber assures against entrance of droplets of any liquid into the pipeline.

Abstract: Dust-laden hot product gas under pressure is admitted into a vessel suspended in a water bath. It escapes through openings in the top of the vessel and the rising bubbles are intercepted by upright tubes through which they cause a flow of water to effect a turnover of the bath. This causes the gas to become cooled, dust to be scrubbed from it and the gas also to become saturated with water vapor.

Abstract: A vapor generating system in which a furnace section is provided that is formed by four upright walls, the lower portion of two opposed walls being slanted inwardly to form a hopper portion. A plurality of openings are formed in each of the opposed walls immediately above its slanted portion. Two gasifiers extend adjacent said opposed wall portions, respectively, and surround the respective slanted wall portions and openings, so that the respective interiors of the gasifiers communicate with the openings. A bed of adsorbent material is supported in each gasifier for adsorbing the sulfur generated as a result of the gasification of fuel introduced into the gasifier and air is passed through the bed of adsorbent material to fluidize said material so that, upon combustion of said fuel, a substantially sulfur-free product gas is produced which passes from the gasifier, through the openings and into the furnace section.

Abstract: An integral generator/gasifier system in which a vapor generator is provided that includes an upright furnace section and a plurality of nozzles, each having one end registering with the interior of the furnace section. A gasifier extends adjacent to the furnace section and supports a bed of adsorbent material for the sulfur generated as a result of the gasification of fuel introduced to the gasifier. Air is passed through the bed of adsorbent material to fluidize said material so that, upon gasification of the fuel, a substantially sulfur-free product gas is produced. The other ends of the nozzles communicate with the gasifier so that the product gas passes from the gasifier through the nozzles and into the furnace section for combustion.

Abstract: A hot raw gas stream, as produced by the partial oxidation of a solid carbonaceous fuel such as coal, is partially cooled and cleaned to remove entrained solid matter and slag. A novel gas--gas quench cooling and solids separation apparatus is employed. The apparatus comprises a closed cylindrical insulated vertical pressure vessel containing a lower quench chamber in communication with an upper solids separation chamber. The hot raw gas stream is cooled in the lower chamber to a temperature below the initial deformation temperature of the entrained slag by impingement and direct heat exchange with an oppositely directed coaxial stream of cooled, cleaned, and compressed recycle quench gas. The stream of cooled gas leaving the turbulent lower chamber passes up through a choke-ring into the comparatively calmer upper chamber counter-currently with solid slag droplets which separate out by gravity.

Abstract: Particulates are both filtered from a product stream and recycled to an associated reactor by a filtration means disposable in a product stream outlet port of the reactor.

Abstract: A method and apparatus of producing industrially usable gas is disclosed wherein hot detarred gas produced in conventional manner is passed through a plate type precipitator adapted to remove from the gas at least some of the remaining contaminants, mainly the solid and fluids of relatively low volatility.