Abstract: 3,5-diamino-6-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-1,2,4-triazine and its pharmaceutically and veterinarily acceptable salts have activity in (a) preventing or reducing dependence on, and (b) preventing or reducing tolerance or reverse tolerance to, a dependence inducing agent such as an opioid, a central nervous system depressant, a psychostimulant or nicotine.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a selectively removable nicotine-containing dosage form for use in the transmucosal delivery of nicotine to a patient. More specifically, the present invention is directed to a nicotine-containing dosage-form comprising an attached holder member which may be used to manipulate the dosage form within the mouth of the patient as part of an effective smoking cessation program or in situations where smoking is undesirable or not permitted. Nicotine is released from a dosage form and absorbed through the intra-oral mucosal surfaces as the nicotine-containing matrix releases nicotine within the user's mouth. The user may selectively insert and remove the dosage form as desired to control the release of nicotine. In addition, the user may manipulate the dosage form by use of the holder means in such a manner to meet the user's psychological need or desire for ritualistic oral stimulation similar to cigarette smoking.

Abstract: An enteral nutritional product for a person having ulcerative colitis contains in combination (a) an oil blend which contains eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n3) and/or docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n3), and (b) a source of indigestible carbohydrate which is metabolized to short chain fatty acids by microorganisms present in the human colon. Preferably the nutritional product also contains one or more nutrients which act as antioxidants.

Abstract: Neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are believed to mediate nicotine addiction. In addition, stimulation of nAChRs modulates release of neurotransmitters including dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin. Thus, pharmacological manipulation of nicotinic receptors has implications for a wide variety of disorders including psychotic, mood, movement and cognitive. For most nAChRs, there are no subtype selective ligands. However, .alpha.-conotoxin MII, a small peptide from the carnivorous marine snail Conus magus, was recently isolated. This peptide has been shown to be a specific antagonist for .alpha.3.beta.2 nicotinic receptors. The peptide potently blocks part, but not all, of nicotine-stimulated dopamine release from rat brain striatal synaptosomes. In contrast it has no effect on potassium stimulated dopamine release. Other .alpha.-conotoxins specifically target distinct neuronal nAChR subtypes. .alpha.-Conotoxins thus represent new lead compounds for CNS disorders.

Abstract: The present invention features methods and articles of manufacture for treating nicotine withdrawal symptoms and promoting smoking cessation. The methods and articles feature the administration of an effective amount of a nicotine substitute and monitor the presence of nicotine in the biological sample of such subject with a nicotine detection system.

Abstract: A method of treating a subject that is undergoing methylphenidate therapy and concomitant therapy with another drug undergoes or interferes with P.sub.450 metabolism, wherein the methylphenidate is d-threo-methylphenidate.

Abstract: A method for controlling tobacco use and alleviating withdrawal symptoms due to the cessation of tobacco use comprising administering to a human desiring to control tobacco use and/or suffering from withdrawal due to tobacco use cessation an acetylcholine receptor antagonist and an acetylcholine esterase reactivator as active ingredients in a pharmaceutically acceptable solid matrix material capable of dissolution and/or disentegration in the mouth or the gastrointestinal tract.

Abstract: A therapeutic method is provided to alleviate tobacco withdrawal syndrome and/or the symptoms of nicotine withdrawal, comprising administering an amount of cotinine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof to a human in need of such treatment, which amount is effective to reduce or eliminate at least one of the symptoms of tobacco withdrawal syndrome or nicotine withdrawal.

Abstract: This invention provides a method for treating a condition resulting from the cessation or withdrawal of tobacco or nicotine, opioids, ethanol or combinations thereof comprising administering an effective amount of 4-chloro-5-(imidazoline-2-y(amino)-6-methoxy-2-methylpyrimidine.

Abstract: A method of treating and reducing a drug dependency such as a nicotine dependency is provided. The method comprises initially administering to a subject a drug, such as nicotine, or an agonist of the drug in an amount which would normally provide the desired pharmacologic effects and at least partially satiate the needs for the drug by a user. The method also comprises administering to the subject an antagonist to the drug or an agonist in an amount sufficient to at least partially block the pharmacologic effects of the drug or agonist while there is a substantial amount of the drug or agonist present in the system of the user. In one embodiment of the invention, the drug and the antagonist are administered substantially simultaneously so as to occupy a substantial portion of the receptors of the user for that drug thereby blocking or attenuating the effects of any further intake of the drug or agonist thereof.

Abstract: A method for treating conditions responsive to nicotine therapy, and particularly for smoking cessation therapy and for reducing nicotine craving, is described that utilizes transdermal nicotine delivery for obtaining base-line nicotine plasma levels coupled with transmucosal administration of nicotine to satisfy transient craving.

Abstract: A transdermal patch containing an extract of the herb Plantago major is presented. Use of the transdermal patch, of the present invention, produces a diminished desire for tobacco (i.e., nicotine) without the use of nicotine itself.

Abstract: A method of treating and reducing a drug dependency such as a nicotine dependency is provided. The method comprises initially administering to a subject a drug, such as nicotine or another agonist of the drug in an amount which would normally provide the desired pharmacologic effects and at least partially satiate the needs for the drug by a user. The method also comprises administering to the subject an antagonist to the drug or its other agonist in an amount sufficient to at least partially block the pharmacologic effects of the drug or its other agonist. In one embodiment of the invention, the drug and the antagonist are administered substantially simultaneously so as to occupy a substantial portion of the receptors of the user for that drug thereby blocking or attenuating the effects of any further intake of the drug or other agonist.

Abstract: The invention provides a method for treating a condition resulting from the cessation and withdrawal of nicotine comprising administering an effective amount of 2-methyl-4-(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)-10H-thieno?2,3-b!?1,5!-benzodiazepine.

Abstract: A composition for relieving stress, anxiety, grief, and depression includes GABA (gamma amino butyric acid), glutamine, glycine, magnesium, passion flower, primula officinalis, and vitamin B-6.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method of treating substance dependence disorders using an agonist which acts at negatively coupled cAMP-linked metabotropic glutamate receptors.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the use of galanthamine and the pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts thereof for the treatment of nicotine dependence. The active substances are released from pharmaceutical formulations, e.g., orally, transdermally, or otherwise parenterally in a continuous and controlled manner.

Abstract: A method of administering nicotine transdermally in which a nicotine patch, capable of administering nicotine for at least 16 hours at rates that are efficacious in smoking cessation therapy, is applied in the morning upon waking and removed prior to sleep. This method is effective even though nicotine is not essential during sleep and many smokers experience morning craving.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the relief or prevention of withdrawal syndrome resulting from addiction to non-opiate type drugs of abuse and/or the suppression of dependence on non-opiate type drugs of abuse by administering to a person in need thereof, an effective amount of certain diphenylbutyl-piperazine-carboxamides including 4-[4,4-bis(4-fluorophenyl)butyl]-N-ethyl-1-piperazine-carboxamide which is known as amperozide.

Abstract: Racemic or optically active pyrido[1,2-a]pyrazine derivatives of the formula ##STR1## wherein X is N or CH and Y represents one of certain pyrazolo, triazolo, tetrazolo or cyclic imido radicals are useful in the treatment of abuse of and/or addiction to such substances as narcotics, alcohol and nicotine.

Abstract: A pharmaceutical composition is provided that is useful to alleviate various symptoms of tobacco withdrawal syndrome comprising an amount of cotinine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, which amount is effective to reduce or eliminate at least one of the symptoms of tobacco withdrawal syndrome in a human.

Abstract: The subject invention encompasses a transdermally or transmucosally administrable composition for the treatment or nicotine craving or smoking withdrawal symptoms comprising nicotine and caffeine or caffeine equivalent.

Abstract: Controlled release pharmaceutical compositions administrable by oral route, containing as the active principle at least one salt of the gamma hydroxy butyric acid with a pharmaceutically acceptable cation, for the treatment of alcoholism, opium like substances addiction, heroin addiction, food and nicotine addiction, depressive and anxious states, composed by:a) a nucleus in the form of granules and tablets comprising an active principle dispersed in a particular cellulosic matrix; and optionally by:b) a filming protection of the nucleus.

Abstract: A method for treating conditions responsive to nicotine therapy, and particularly for smoking cessation therapy and for reducing nicotine craving, is described that utilizes transdermal nicotine delivery for obtaining base-line nicotine plasma levels coupled with transmucosal administration of nicotine to satisfy transient craving.

Abstract: A mixture of oil of cloves, oil of wintergreen, monosodiumglutamate, extract of evodia fruit, and extract of Sichuan Lovage Rhizome is applied to certain specific acupuncture points on the human body. As a result of such application, the desire for tobacco is reduced or eliminated and, if use of tobacco is attempted, unpleasant reactions, such as nausea, headaches, dizziness, and vomiting, are experienced.

Abstract: A method of treating a chemical dependency disorder, an abuse syndrome or a combination thereof in a mammal in need thereof, which entails administering, to a mammal in need thereof, an amount of a .beta.-carboline alkaloid, hydrolyzable derivative thereof or pharmaceutically-acceptable salt thereof effective to treat said chemical dependency disorder, abuse syndrome or a combination thereof in the mammal.

Abstract: A method of treating and reducing a drug dependency such as a nicotine dependency is provided. The method comprises initially administering to a subject a drug, such as nicotine or another agonist of the drug in an amount which would normally provide the desired pharmacologic effects and at least partially satiate the needs for the drug by a user. The method also comprises administering to the subject an antagonist to the drug or its other agonist in an amount sufficient to at least partially block the pharmacologic effects of the drug or its other agonist while there is a substantial amount of the drug or other agonist present in the system of the user. In one embodiment of the invention, the drug and the antagonist are administered substantially simultaneously so as to occupy a substantial portion of the receptors of the user for that drug thereby blocking or attenuating the effects of any further intake of the drug or other agonist.

Abstract: A method for relief or prevention of a withdrawal syndrome resulting from addiction to a drug or substance of abuse and/or for the suppression of dependence on drugs or substances of abuse which comprises administering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of a bisphenylalkylpiperazinde derivative, wherein said withdrawal syndrome comprises at least one of the symptoms selected from the group consisting of sleep disturbance, mood disturbance, and craving for the drug or substance of abuse.

Abstract: The present invention is broadly directed to treatment of an addictive disease or disorder. In particular, the invention relates to inhibiting or reversing the biochemical and neurophysiological changes that correlate with behavioral changes of addictive diseases or disorders. The method of the invention comprises administering to a subject suspected of suffering from an addictive disease or disorder an amount of brain-derived factor (BDNF) or neurotrophin-4 (NT-4), or both, effective to reverse behavioral changes that are associated with the addictive disease or disorder. In a specific Example, administration of BDNF or NT-4 inhibits or reverses increased expression of tyrosine hydroxylase and glial ibrillary acidic protein in the ventral tegmental area of the brain, and inhibits or reverses increased levels of cyclic-AMP-dependent protein kinase activity in the nucleus accumbens.

Abstract: A method for smoking cessation therapy is described that utilizing an improved nicotine lozenge to satisfy transient craving. The lozenge contains nicotine, a nonnutritive sweetener and an absorbent excipient.

Abstract: A drug delivery system useful in aiding individuals in the cessation of smoking or chewing nicotine containing products is described. The delivery system includes a physical constraint modulation system (PCMS.TM.) containing lobeline. The drug delivery system is capable of delivering lobeline to an individual in a controlled, sustained release manner and providing long-term therapeutic levels of lobeline to the individual. The delivery of lobeline in such a manner reduces or eliminates the individual's smoking or chewing habit. The PCMS may be a biodegradable polymer containing the lobeline capable of subcutaneous or intramuscular injection or implantation into the individual or may be part of a transdermal patch containing lobeline. Also described are methods of using the drug delivery systems and kits containing the drug delivery systems.

Abstract: Muramyl peptide compounds are useful in the treatment of toxicity, particularly when this condition results from alcohol, hypnotics or sedatives, anaesthetics, opioids or drug abuse generally. The muramyl peptide compound may be of either of general formulae I and II: ##STR1## Preferred compounds include prototype MDP, muroctasin, MTP-PE, murabutide, t-MDP, N-acetyl-glucosaminyl-N-acetyl-muramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine (GMDP) and N-acetyl-glucosaminyl-N-acetyl-muramyl-L-alanyl-D-glutamic acid (GMDP-A).

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a new class of piperidinyl medicinal agents which are useful for treating drug abuse.

Abstract: A drug delivery system useful in treating an individual for a drug dependence is described. One embodiment of the system is useful for aiding individuals in the cessation of smoking or chewing nicotine containing products is described. The delivery system includes a physical constraint modulation system (PCMS.TM.) containing lobeline. The drug delivery system is capable of delivering lobeline to an individual in a controlled, sustained release manner and providing long-term therapeutic levels of lobeline to the individual. The delivery of lobeline in such a manner reduces or eliminates the individual's smoking or chewing habit. The PCMS may be a biodegradable polymer containing the lobeline capable of subcutaneous or intramuscular injection or implantation into the individual or may be part of a transdermal patch containing lobeline. Also described are methods of using the drug delivery systems in treating other drug dependencies and kits containing the drug delivery systems.

Abstract: A process for preparing a transdermal drug delivery device includes preparing a polymer matrix by homogenizing about 7 weight % sodium alginate with about 3.5 weight % glycerol for about 5 minutes, mixing with about 0.5 weight % nicotine in about 89 weight % distilled water, casting the mixture over a backing material and drying overnight, and spraying with an about 5 weight % solution of calcium ions to cross-link. A control release membrane is prepared by homogenizing about 3.1 weight % of sodium alginate with about 3.6 weight % of glycerol for about 5 minutes, mixing with about 93.3 weight % of distilled water, casting the mixture over a backing material and drying overnight, and spraying with an about 5 weight % solution of calcium ions to cross-link. And, the drug delivery device is assembled by cutting a circle of the polymer matrix and a circle of the control release membrane and assembling them in sequence on a piece of backing material.

Abstract: A method for relieving craving in a nicotine-habituated patient and a composition for treating the patient is provided. The composition administered has a non-specific acetylcholine agonist and a muscarinic agonist. A particularly preferred composition for relieving craving takes the form of a tablet where the first component is a water soluble physostigmine and the second component is a water soluble scopolamine. Patients treated have reported a slight increase in alertness and a diminished craving for nicotine.

Abstract: Certain azapirone compounds and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts are useful in the treatment of substance addiction.

Abstract: .gamma.-Hydroxybutyric acid and its physiologically equivalent forms are useful in the treatment of the syndromes of abstinence, craving and dependence on drugs, drugs of abuse, psychotropics, stupefacient and/or psychoactive substances, nicotine, or nutritional disorders.

Abstract: A drug delivery system useful in aiding individuals in the cessation of smoking or chewing nicotine containing products is described. The delivery system includes a physical constraint modulation system (PCMS.TM.) containing lobeline. The drug delivery system is capable of delivering lobeline to an individual in a controlled, sustained release manner and providing long-term therapeutic levels of lobeline to the individual. The delivery of lobeline in such a manner reduces or eliminates the individual's smoking or chewing habit. The PCMS may be a biodegradable polymer containing the lobeline capable of subcutaneous or intramuscular injection or implantation into the individual or may be part of a transdermal patch containing lobeline. Also described are methods of using the drug delivery systems and kits containing the drug delivery systems.

Abstract: A method for treating conditions responsive to nicotine therapy, and particularly for smoking cessation therapy and for reducing nicotine craving, is described that utilizes transdermal nicotine delivery for obtaining base-line nicotine plasma levels coupled with transmucosal administration of nicotine to satisfy transient craving.

Abstract: A nutritional supplement, functioning as a food for special dietary use, enhances diets and assists persons recovering from addiction to health damaging substances. Since cellular damage and deficiencies occur and continue to exist even after the person has stopped abusing the substances, use of the nutritional supplement, which contains a variety of minerals, vitamins, herbs, amino acids, and other substances and nutrients, should be continuous. The nutritional supplement consists of a mixture of nutrients which cooperate synergistically in enhancing cellular metabolic pathways and assists in normalization of cellular functions and optimization of cellular health.

Abstract: A composition is provided for use in the suppression of a smoking habit, containing a tobacco plant extract which includes between 0.1% and 8.0% of nicotine and at least one additional tobacco derivative in a water based solvent.

Abstract: A method of treating and reducing a drug dependency such as a nicotine dependency is provided. The method comprises initially administering to a subject a drug, such as nicotine or another agonist of the drug in an amount which would normally provide the desired pharmacologic effects and at least partially satiate the needs for the drug by a user. The method also comprises administering to the subject an antagonist to the drug or its other agonist in an amount sufficient to at least partially block the pharmacologic effects of the drug or its other agonist while there is a substantial amount of the drug or other agonist present in the system of the user. In one embodiment of the invention, the drug and the antagonist are administered substantially simultaneously so as to occupy a substantial portion of the receptors of the user for that drug thereby blocking or attenuating the effects of any further intake of the drug or other agonist.

Abstract: A nutritional supplement, functioning as a food for special dietary use, enhances diets and assists persons recovering from addiction to health damaging substance(s). Since cellular damage and deficiencies occur and continue to exist even after the person has stopped abusing the substance(s), use of the nutritional supplement, which contains at least one enzyme activating substance and at least one enzyme cofactor, should be continuous. The nutritional supplement consists of a mixture of nutrients which cooperate synergistically in enhancing cellular metabolic pathways and assists in normalization of cellular functions and optimization of cellular health.

Abstract: A preparation for the once-daily, percutaneous administration of nicotine comprises nicotine uniformly distributed in a solid, semi-solid or mucilaginous medium which can be placed in intimate contact with the skin, the solid, semi-solid or mucilaginous medium is formed by adding a given amount of nicotine to a solution of a solidifying or gel-forming agent or mixture thereof in a suitable solvent or mixture of solvents and mixing or heating the mixture thereby obtained so as to form the solid, semi-solid or mucilaginous medium. The preparation can be used in a method of treating withdrawal symptoms associated with smoking cessation and for combating the psychological dependence that occurs through frequent smoking.

Abstract: The present invention provides (S)-norfluoxetine and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof capable of inhibiting the uptake of serotonin.

Abstract: The present invention provides (R)-norfluoxetine and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof capable of selectively occupying 5HT.sub.1c receptors.

Abstract: An excipient for a pharmaceutical compound which melts at body temperature but will not spontaneously deform at higher temperatures encountered in shipment and storage comprises:______________________________________ Low MW Polyethylene glycol 75-90% (M.P. about 37.degree. C.) Medium to high MW polyethylene glycol 0-4% Long chain saturated carboxylic acid 0-4% Polyethylene oxide 0-4% (MW 100,000-5,000,000) Colloidal silica 10-20%. ______________________________________The excipient is particularly advantageous for the preparation of dosage forms for buccal administration of pharmaceutical compounds.

Abstract: A method for activating potassium channels and for treating hypertension, addiction, asthma, incontinence, and other conditions treatable by potassium channel activators, such as spasms and convulsions, comprising administering a compound having the formula: ##STR1## wherein R is a saturated or unsaturated group having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms which is optionally substituted by lower alkyl, lower alkenyl or lower alkoxy groups; andwherein R' is hydrogen, lower alkyl, lower alkenyl, or aralkyl.

Abstract: This invention provides 6-substituted-4-(amino or substituted amino)tetrahydrobenz[c,d]indole serotonin agonists useful in treating a variety of conditions associated with serotonin function.