Abstract: A novel method capable of liberating a peptide from a complex of peptide and albumin and the associated method of recovering the peptide are provided. When a liquid sample containing a complex of peptide and albumin undergoes heat treatment, a self-aggregate of albumin formed in the liquid sample. The peptide is simultaneously liberated from the complex and recovered by removing the self-aggregate from the liquid sample.

Abstract: The present invention is related to a method of producing a peptide, characterized in contacting a reaction mixture with a base after a condensation reaction to hydrolyze while a basic condition is maintained until a ratio of a remaining unreacted active ester of an acid component is decreased to 1% or less in a liquid phase peptide synthesis method. According to the invention, a target peptide of high purity can be simply and efficiently produced by a continuous liquid phase synthesis method. Further, the present invention is related to a method of producing a peptide, characterized in using an amide-type solvent immiscible with water in a liquid phase peptide synthesis method. According to the invention, various peptides can be produced by the liquid phase synthesis method without being restricted by the amino acid sequence of the target peptide.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a method for reducing the onset or incidence of gelation/fibrillation/aggregation during the up- and down-stream processing and purification of peptides, polypeptides and proteins analogs and/or derivatives thereof, including Glucagon-Like Peptides (GLPs). More particularly, the present invention relates to methods of processing and purifying such peptides, polypeptides and proteins in the presence of tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane.

Abstract: A dibenzofulvene amine adduct is removed by contacting a reaction mixture containing the dibenzofulvene amine adduct, which is obtained by reacting, for deprotection, an amino acid compound protected with an Fmoc group with an amine compound containing a nitrogen atom which is bonded to at least one hydrogen atom, with carbon dioxide, and removing the carbonate of the dibenzofulvene amine adduct. Alternatively, a dibenzofulvene amine adduct is removed by mixing a reaction mixture during a deprotection reaction of the amino acid compound protected with an Fmoc group, or after the reaction with an amine compound containing a nitrogen atom which is bonded to at least one hydrogen atom to give a mixture containing the dibenzofulvene amine adduct, contacting the mixture with carbon dioxide, and removing the carbonate of the dibenzofulvene amine adduct.

Abstract: The invention relates to method for quantification of the absolute amount of allergen in an allergen sample comprising: a) providing a known amount of one or more allergen calibration standard peptide(s) having a sequence of amino acids which is identical with, and optionally unique for, a sequence to be found in the allergen to be quantified and optionally labelling said allergen calibration standard peptide(s), b) degrading the allergen sample to obtain a mixture of peptides, and optionally labelling said peptides with one or more labelling agent(s), wherein at least the peptides in the degraded allergen sample or the calibration standard peptides are labelled, and if both the peptides in the degraded allergen sample and the allergen calibration standard peptide(s) are labelled, the labelling agent(s) used for labelling the allergen calibration standard peptide(s) are different from the labelling agent(s) used for labelling the peptides of the degraded allergen sample, c) quantifying the absolute amount of

Abstract: Disclosed are a carrier for use for separation purpose and a method for separation of a compound which enable a chemical reaction to be performed in a liquid phase, enable a compound of interest to be separated from the liquid phase after the completion of the reaction readily, enable the separated compound to be evaluated by structural analysis or the like while the compound being bound to the carrier, and enable the compound to be separated from the carrier readily. A carrier for separation which has a reaction site capable of reacting with other compound on a benzene ring, and a long-chain group having a specified carbon atom(s) at each of the ortho-position and the para-position of the reaction site through an oxygen atom.

Abstract: The present invention provides a composition (a blood glucose increase inhibitor) that has an effect of lowering blood glucose level in a hyperglycemic patient and that is therefore used to reduce blood glucose level in the patient. The present invention further provides a composition that is used to prevent or treat diseases caused by hyperglycemia, in particular, diabetes and diabetic complications (a composition for preventing or treating diseases caused by hyperglycemia, an antidiabetic), based on the above-mentioned effect. A feature of the present invention is using a peptide consisting of the amino acid sequence of Leu-Ser-Glu-Leu as an active ingredient.

Abstract: NK-2 synthetic peptide derived from cationic core region of porcine NK-lysin has an antimicrobial and antitumor polypeptide that is considered to play a pivotal role in innate defense immunity. To evaluate the antimicrobial properties of synthetic chicken NK-lysin peptides, we investigated cytolytic activity against apicomplexan parasites like Eimeria sporozoites, Neospora tachyzoites and Cryptosporidum sporozoites. The chicken NK-2 (cNK-2) lytic peptide which corresponds to amino acid residues of porcine NK-2 peptide significantly disrupted Eimeria and Cryptosporidum sporozoites and Neospora tachyzoites. In contrast, no bactericidal activity was observed on E. coli BMH71-18. The cNK-2 lytic peptide is novel antimicrobial agent which can be used to intervene and treat economically costly infections in the animal industry.

Abstract: The present invention relates to improved processes for purifying polypeptides of interest by increasing the amount of a polypeptide of interest bound to an ion-exchange matrix relative to the amount of one or more impurities bound to the ion-exchange matrix. This effect is achieved by adding a chemical compound in the process which by also binding to the ion-exchange matrix due to a change that is opposite to the change of the ion-exchange matrix, reduces the binding of impurities more than the binding of the polypeptide of interest.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a novel hypoglycemic/anti-hyperglycemic protein named ADMc1 purified from the seeds of Momordica charantia for control of hyperglycemia. The process for the purification of novel hypoglycemic/anti-hyperglycemic protein named ADMc1 is also disclosed. The invention also relates to process for preparation and purification of the recombinant novel hypoglycemic/anti-hyperglycemic protein of Momordica charantia, named rADMc1. Both ADMc1 and rADMc1 are highly effective and need to be administered only once a day to maintain normal blood glucose levels. The procedure involves purification of a novel hypoglycemic/anti-hyperglycemic protein of M. charantia, construction of cDNA library from M. charantia seeds, screening of cDNA library using oligonucleotide probe designed on the basis of amino acid sequence of the tryptic fragment of the protein, cloning of the cDNA in a eukaryotic expression system, expression and purification of the recombinant protein.

Abstract: The invention provides novel peptide prodrugs that contain cleavage sites specifically cleaved by human kallikrein 2 (hK2). These prodrugs are useful for substantially inhibiting the non-specific toxicity of a variety of therapeutic drugs. Upon cleavage of the prodrug by hK2, the therapeutic drugs are activated and exert their toxicity. Methods for treating cell proliferative disorders are also featured in the invention.

Abstract: According to the present invention, there is provided a process for the preparation of a first compound selected from peptides, oligonucleotides and peptide nucleic acids. The process comprises synthesizing the first compound and then separating the first compound formed in step (i) from a second compound, which is a reaction by-product of the synthesis of the first compound and/or an excess of a reagent used for the synthesis of a first compound by a process of diafiltration. The membrane used for the diafiltration process is stable in organic solvents and provides a rejection for the first compound which is greater than the rejection for the second compound.

Abstract: Disclosed is a pharmaceutical composition for preventing or treating TRPV1 activity-related or inflammation-related, diseases or conditions, containing a Maillard peptide separated from well-aged traditional soy sauce as an active ingredient. The Maillard peptide in the present invention functions both as a TRPV1 agonist and a TRPV1 antagonist, and further functions as a TRPV1 activity modulator. Therefore, the Maillard peptide can be used for preventing or treating TRPV1 activity-related diseases such as pain, neurological diseases, urgent defecation, inflammatory bowel disease, respiratory diseases, urinary incontinence, overactive bladder, neurogenic / allergic / inflammatory skin diseases, skin, eye or mucosal irritation, hyperacusis, tinnitus, vestibular hypersensitivity, heart disease, etc.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for isolating and/or purifying at least one polypeptide from a polypeptide-containing sample, characterized in that the sample is contacted with a boron carbide support material at a pH which allows the binding of the polypeptide to the boron carbide support material. Such isolating can, for example, be used to remove polypeptides from a sample or else to purify and/or to concentrate polypeptides. A matrix comprising a boron carbide support material for purification of polypeptides is further disclosed according to the invention.

Abstract: Sorbent comprising a solid support material, the surface of which comprises first residues comprising a binuclear heteroaromatic structure comprising besides carbon atoms at least one of the heteroatoms N, O, S, and second residues comprising a mononuclear heteroaromatic structure comprising besides carbon atoms at least one of the heteroatoms N, O, S.

Abstract: A carrier for use for separation purpose and a method for separation of a compound enable a chemical reaction to be performed in a liquid phase, a compound of interest to be separated from the liquid phase after the completion of the reaction readily, the separated compound to be evaluated by structural analysis or the like while the compound is being bound to the carrier, and the compound to be separated from the carrier readily. A carrier for separation is also provided which has a reaction site capable of reacting with other compound(s) on a benzene ring, and a long-chain group having a specified carbon atom(s) at each of the ortho-position and the para-position of the reaction site through an oxygen atom.

Abstract: This invention concerns isotopically coded or non-isotopically coded affinity-tags for analysis of certain target molecules in complex samples, in particular for mass spectrometric analysis of proteomic samples. The affinity-tags have the following general formula X-SPACER-OPO3H2, wherein X is a functional group or moiety capable of reacting with a functional group of a protein, peptide, DNA, lipid, sugar and/or steroid. These phosphate affinity tags (‘PTAG’) are capable of high but reversible binding to metal-oxides like TiO2. Due to this property, tagged sample fractions can be isolated from non-tagged sample fraction by affinity chromatography. The binding of organophosphate to metal-oxides remains intact during multiple washings of preferably acidic solutions to remove non-specifically bound components. PTAG's are also envisaged wherein X is selected such that it is capable of binding proteins, peptides, nucleic acid molecules, lipids, carbohydrates, steroids and the like.

Abstract: The invention discloses highly purified daptomycin and to pharmaceutical compositions comprising this compound. The invention discloses a method of purifying daptomycin comprising the sequential steps of anion exchange chromatography, hydrophobic interaction chromatography and anion exchange chromatography. The invention also discloses a method of purifying daptomycin by modified buffer enhanced anion exchange chromatography. The invention also discloses an improved method for producing daptomycin by fermentation of Streptomyces roseosporus. The invention also discloses high pressure liquid chromatography methods for analysis of daptomycin purity. The invention also discloses lipopeptide micelles and methods of making the micelles. The invention also discloses methods of using lipopeptide micelles for purifying lipopeptide antibiotics, such as daptomycin. The invention also discloses using lipopeptide micelles therapeutically.

Abstract: The present invention relates to peptides of general formula (I) capable of regulating fibrillogenesis, stereoisomers thereof and mixtures thereof, which may or may not be racemic, and the cosmetically or dermopharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein Z is alanyl, allo-isoleucyl, glycyl, isoleucyl, isoseryl, isovalyl, leucyl, norleucyl, norvalyl, prolyl, seryl, threonyl, allo-threonyl or valyl; n and m may vary between 1 and 5; AA is selected from the group consisting of natural amino acids encoded in their L- or D-form and non-encoded amino acids; x and y may vary between 0 and 2; R1 is H or alkyl, aryl, aralkyl or acyl group; and R2 is amino, hydroxyl or thiol, all of them substituted or non-substituted with aliphatic or cyclic groups. A method for obtaining cosmetic or dermopharmaceutical compositions containing them and use thereof for treating the skin, preferably those skin conditions which require regulating fibrillogenesis, such as aging and/or the softening of the appearance of scars.

Abstract: The instant invention relates to novel solid materials of {[(2S,5R,8S,11S)-5-Benzyl-11-(3-guanidino-propyl)-8-isopropyl-7-methyl-3,6,9,12,15-pentaoxo-1,4,7,10,13-pentaaza-cyclopentadec-2-yl]-acetic acid}, methods for producing them, and the use of said solid materials in pharmaceuticals.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a chromatographic method of separating biological material comprising, providing chromatographic media comprising inorganic oxide particles having an average diameter of about 2 microns or less and an average pore diameter of 300 ? or more; applying a solvent comprising said biological material to said media, wherein said biological material is reversibly bonded to said media; and eluting said biological material from said media with a solvent in less than about 2 minutes for biological material having a molecular weight of less than about 100,000 Daltons.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a casein hydrolysate containing free amino acids and in vivo indigestible peptides having minimally suppressed in vivo enzymatic digestibility, and expected to express functions, such as hypotensive effect, in living organism, and to a method for preparing such a hydrolysate, and use thereof. The casein hydrolysate of the present invention contains free amino acids and peptides, such as in vivo indigestible peptides including Xaa-Pro and Xaa-Pro-Pro, obtained by hydrolyzing animal milk casein to have an average chain length of not longer than 2.1 in terms of the number of amino acid residues, and has ACE inhibitory activity or hypotensive effect.

Abstract: The present invention aims to express influenza virus RNA polymerase on a large scale, to crystallize the influenza virus RNA polymerase, and to provide a method for screening a substance capable of serving as an active ingredient in anti-influenza drugs. The present invention provides a complex comprising a polypeptide consisting of an amino acid sequence at positions 678-757 of the RNA polymerase PB1 subunit in influenza A/Puerto Rico/8/34 H1N1 (SEQ ID NO: 2) and a polypeptide consisting of an amino acid sequence at positions 1-37 of RNA polymerase PB2 subunit in influenza A/Puerto Rico/8/34 H1N1 (SEQ ID NO: 4). This complex can be crystallized in the presence of a precipitant such as potassium phosphate and PEG4000. Moreover, with the use of information on the crystal structure of this complex, it is possible to provide a method for screening a substance capable of serving as an active ingredient in anti-influenza drugs.

Abstract: A process for purifying cyclic lipopeptide compounds or salts thereof comprising the steps of: (1) charging a crude compound of Formula I onto a macroporous adsorption resin; (2) washing the macroporous adsorption resin using water, an organic solvent or a mixed solution of an organic solvent and water as a washing liquid; and (3) eluting the compound of Formula I from the macroporous adsorption resin using water, an organic solvent or a mixed solution of an organic solvent and water as an eluent. The purification method has the advantages of using a small amount of organic solvents, using no silica gel, and causing little damage to the environment; the purity of the collected compound of formula I is also improved as compared with the methods previously disclosed.

Abstract: The present invention concerns a new dimedon derivative and a method for the purification of PNA and peptide oligomers.

Abstract: The present invention relates to compositions comprising alpha 1-antitrypsin linked to extended recombinant polypeptide (XTEN), isolated nucleic acids encoding the compositions and vectors and host cells containing the same, and methods of making and using such compositions in the treatment of alpha 1-antitrypsin-related diseases, disorders, and conditions.

Abstract: The invention is directed to peptides. Specifically, the invention is directed to peptides which bind skin and do not bind hair. Alternatively, the invention is drawn to peptides which bind hair and do not bind skin.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an improved process for preparing a polypeptide or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof comprising L-tyrosine, L-alanine, L-glutamate, and L-lysine. The polypeptide or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is preferably glatiramer acetate.

Abstract: It is an object of the present invention to provide novel binding molecules for factor VIII and factor VIII-like proteins. Preferred binding molecules of the present invention exhibit not only distinct characteristics for binding of the target factor VIII polypeptides but also specific and desirable characteristics for release (elution) of the target polypeptides. Especially preferred binding molecules according to the invention are short polypeptide sequences, characterized by a stable loop structure.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to methods of detecting viable epithelial cells in a sample. The method includes isolating the sample comprising cells from a patient and culturing the cells for a time sufficient for an epithelial cell-specific marker to be released from the cells. The marker includes a substantially full-length cytokeratin. The method further includes detecting the released marker. Detection of the marker indicates the presence of disseminated epithelial cells. Methods are also directed to identifying disseminated epithelial tumor cells.

Abstract: A method of solid phase selection of peptide ligands for target proteins is presented. 15-20mers or greater are addressed in a microarray, and the target protein and optional competitor bound thereto and binding compared. A specific signal for the target protein indicates that a peptide has strong affinity for the target. Ligands can be coupled to solid supports and used for affinity purification of the target proteins as well as detection and modulation of target proteins. Specific peptide ligands for immuno-purifying norovirus.

Abstract: This invention provides emulsions and adhesives comprising proteins that can be isolated from a variety of sources including renewable plant biomass, and methods of making and using such emulsions and adhesives.

Abstract: Aspects of the present application relate to molecular weight markers of glatiramer acetate for accurate determination of the average molecular weight of glatiramer acetate.

Abstract: Protein phosphorylation is a major post-translational modification and it plays a pivotal role in numerous cellular functions. We present a composition that includes a soluble nanopolymer core functionalized with groups having an affinity for either metal ion or metal oxides which can be used for phosphopeptide enrichment. Exemplary compounds including PolyMAC-Zr, PolyMAC-Fe and PolyMAC-Ti demonstrate outstanding reproducibility, exceptional sensitivity, fast chelation time, and high phosphopeptide recovery from standard mixtures that include phosphorylated peptides. The composition can be used for phosphoproteome isolation from samples of medicinal, diagnostic or biological interest such as malignant breast cancer cells. Such compositions were used for the quantitative analysis of the changes in the tyrosine phosphoproteome in highly invasive breast cancer cells after induction of Syk kinase, a potent suppressor of tumor growth and metastasis.

Abstract: Provided is a novel method for separating water-soluble biological substances. A separating agent is composed by bonding a polysaccharide such as cellulose or amylose to the surface of a carrier by chemical bonding, and water-soluble biological substances are separated from a mixture of two or more types of water-soluble biological substances by chromatography using the separating agent.

Abstract: The present invention, referred to as Surface-Free Affinity Purification (SFAP), relates to a system and method for purifying low abundance peptides, including digested plasma proteins. SFAP combines the components and processes of Surface-Free Isolation, Specific Competitive Elution, Dual Epitope Isolation and Protective Solvents in the purification of low abundance proteins, all of which may be performed in a single column. This column is a constant volume Diafiltration Column equipped with stirring that can be driven by an HPLC. Digested plasma may be injected into the Diafiltration Column by the HPLC. Immunoglobulins, Specific Competitive Elutants, Protective Solvents are injected in a series of injections that result in the purified peptides bound to the surfaces of a very-low volume hydrophobic reversed phase trap from which they can be easily injected into mass spectrometry detection instruments.

Abstract: The present invention refers to a device, comprising a hollow body having at least one open end comprising at least one solid matrix binding, adsorbing, absorbing, chelating or retaining compounds which are not desired in a sample and preferably at least one barrier which is non-permeable for liquids and solids under ambience conditions, however, becomes liquid-permeable by applying an external force to said barrier, the use of such a device for isolating or purifying a biomolecule from a sample, a method for preparation of said device and a method for isolation or purification of any biomolecule using said device.

Abstract: A soy protein product having a protein content of at least 60 wt % (N×6.25) dry weight, preferably a soy protein isolate having a protein content of at least about 90 wt % (N×6.25) d.b., is formed by a soy protein micellar mass production route. The supernatant from the coalesced protein micellar mass may be processed to recover additional quantities of soy protein product. The soy protein product may be used for a fortification of soft drinks and sports drinks.

Abstract: Herein is reported a method for purifying a polypeptide comprising a histidine-tag comprising the steps of i) applying a solution comprising the polypeptide with a histidine-tag to a hydrophobic interaction chromatography material, and ii) recovering the polypeptide comprising a histidine-tag with a solution comprising imidazole or an imidazole-derivative and thereby purifying the polypeptide comprising a histidine-tag, wherein the solution comprising the polypeptide applied to the hydrophobic interaction chromatography material is free of imidazole or an imidazole-derivative and the polypeptide adsorbed to the hydrophobic interaction chromatography material is recovered with a solution comprising imidazole or an imidazole-derivative.

Abstract: A flexible method for making multiplexed assays for antigen-specific antibody responses is disclosed herein. The method of the present invention comprises incubation of a substrate or a set of beads coated with a dockerin or a cohesin protein with a cohesin or dockerin-antigen fusion proteins to attach the fusion protein essentially irreversibly by non-covalent interaction. The present invention enables the use of one dockerin- or cohesin-coated bead for multiple sets of cohesin- or dockerin-antigens, obviating the need to directly chemically couple new antigens to new beads.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a new streptavidin muteins. This mutein is The muteins are capable of oligomerization to form tetramers, with relatively strong subunit interactions, dissociation constant (KD) for biotin in this mutein in the range of 10?7 to 10?8M, off-rate (koff) for the bound biotin in the streptavidin-biotin complex in the range of 10?4 sec?1, stable enough to allow reuse, and producible producable with reasonable production yield via secretion in a soluble functional state without the requirement of refolding streptavidin via the tedious and expensive denaturation and renaturation processes.

Abstract: A hemostatic agent designed for use in cases of non-compressible hemorrhage. It can be applied through a mixing needle and/or a spray injection method following abdominal, chest, extremities or other intracavitary severe trauma to promote hemostasis, or it can be used for laparoscopic procedures or other surgical procedures in which compression is not possible or recommended. Its crosslinking technology generates an adhesive three-dimensional polymeric network or scaffold that carries a fibrin sealant required for hemostasis. When mixed, it produces a foam that spreads throughout a body cavity reaching the lacerated tissue to seal tissue and promote the coagulation cascade. The fibrin components are produced by a novel dialysis method which does not present thrombin to the immune system and can be maintained in solution for six weeks without significant proteolytic degradation.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for purification of a protein that is conjugated to an albumin binding moiety from a mixture comprising (i) said protein in said conjugated form and (ii) said protein in a form that is not conjugated to said albumin-binding moiety, the method comprising: (a) providing a solid support comprising a substance capable of specifically binding to the albumin binding moiety; (b) contacting said solid support of (a) with said mixture comprising protein and conjugated protein under suitable conditions for binding of the albumin binding moiety to the substance as defined in (a); and (c) eluting components bound to the solid support.

Abstract: Methods for producing and obtaining natural products from microbial amplification chambers are described. This approach utilizes the concept of green chemistry to synthesize and extract the marine and terrestrial natural products. The method describes techniques to colonize and grow the selected bacteria and to continuously harvest the pharmaceutical agent from the broth without using any commercial solvents.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for producing a graphite-based peptide purification material, which is characterized in that graphite is adjusted to a pH of <7 (acid) by incubation at least once in at least one organic or inorganic acid for at least one minute. The invention further relates to a method for peptide purification, wherein the peptide has a terminal planar aromatic protective group, using graphite in a packed form as the purification material, wherein the method is characterized in that previously acidified graphite (pH<7), which has been produced according to the method for producing a graphite-based peptide purification material, is used as the purification material.

Abstract: The present invention provides a deshydroxy vancomycin compound,a method of its preparation and a pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically effective amount of the deshydroxy vancomycin and the use of the said composition in the preparation of drugs for the treatment of susceptible bacteria infections. The method includes the following steps: (1) preparing a concentrated vancomycin solution containing the deshydroxy vancomycin by fermentations of Amycolatopsis Orientalis with Deposit No. CGMCCNO.1183; (2) separating and purifing the concentrated vancomycin solution to obtain a refined filtrate of vancomycin hydrochloride containing the deshydroxy vancomycin by column chromatography; and (3) further separating and purifing the refined filtrate to obtain the deshydroxy vancomycin by chromatography.

Abstract: A method for separating on a RP-HPLC system a polypeptide of interest from at least one unwanted component is described, wherein at least one of the elution steps is performed at or in close proximity to the pl value of the peptide of interest.

Abstract: Methods of analyzing glatiramer acetate (GA) or a polymeric precursor thereof are provided. The methods can include determining a level of one or more diethylamide-modified amino acids in a sample comprising GA or a polymeric precursor thereof, and selecting at least a portion of the sample based on the assessment of the one or more diethylamide-modified amino acids in the sample.

Abstract: The present invention provides methods for the preparation of protein hydrolysate, peptide solution and peptide from BSG. The wet BSG or BSG powder is dispersed in extract solution to prepare the crude BSG protein or the crude BSG protein solution. Preparing the crude BSG protein solution using the crude BSG protein and adjusting the pH to 6.5˜8.5, or adjusting the pH of the crude BSG protein solution to 6.5˜8.5. Then the solution is hydrolyzed with protease at 45° C. to 65° C. for 1 h to 5 h in a water bath shaker to prepare BSG protein hydrolysate. The protein hydrolysate is heated to inactivate the protease and centrifuged to obtain the peptide solution. The peptide solution is separated by gel filtration and each peak is collected and pooled together to obtain the peptide. The protein hydrolysate, peptide solution and peptide in the present invention are all prepared from BSG which is a natural product and available at low cost throughout the year.

Abstract: Process for extracting hydrophobin from a solution wherein carrageenan is added to the solution and the pH of the solution is brought below 3.5, and the ionic strength of the solution is below 0.5.