Abstract: This invention provides certain carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) esters of higher acids (e.g., CMC acetate propionate, CMC propionate, CMC acetate butyrate, and CMC butyrate). These new ether derivatives of cellulose esters exhibit solubility in a wide range of organic solvents, compatibility with a variety of resins, and ease of dispersion in a water-borne formulation and are useful in coating compositions as binder resins and rheology modifiers.

Abstract: The invention discloses a starch graft poly(meth)acrylate blast media which is effective in paint removal. The media is superior to a physical blend of the components (i.e., starch and acrylic polymers) and to either a starch polymer or an acrylic polymer used singly. The hardness of the media is between 65-90 Shore D.

Abstract: This invention describes bifunctional polysaccharides conjugated to both a chelating group suitable for the selective complexation of metal cations, and a targeting peptide specific for a cellular substructure. These bifunctional polysaccharides are primarily useful for the regulation, detection and quantification of metal ion levels, such as Ca.sup.2+, Mg.sup.2+, Na.sup.+, K.sup.+, or Li.sup.+, in specific cellular structures. Localization within the cellular structure is accomplished by the targeting peptide, whereupon the large, water-soluble polysaccharide prevents diffusion of the chelating group from the targeted site. When the target cell structure is the nucleus of a fertilized egg cell, the polysaccharide-chelator conjugate remains sequestered within the nucleus until the breakdown of the nuclear envelope, whereupon the reagent becomes sequestered into both daughter nuclei. This means of tracking daughter cells is practical even through several cell divisions.

Abstract: The use of amylopectin-type starch obtained from potato that has been modified by genetic engineering to suppress the formation of amylose-type starch as a filling agent in the preservation of food-stuff, is described.

Abstract: Water-soluble polysaccharides which containa) substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, carboxyalkyl and sulfoalkyl,b) N,N-disubstituted aminoalkyl groups,are prepared by alkylation of a polysaccharide in the presence of a base with one or more alkylation reagents, selected from the group consisting of compounds transferring alkyl groups, compounds transferring hydroxyalkyl groups, compounds transferring carboxyalkyl groups and compounds transferring sulfoalkyl groups, and also with an N,N-disubstituted amino-alkylsulfuric acid ester. The modified polysaccharides are used in paper production and waste-water purification and also in cosmetics.

Abstract: A separating agent which, when used as the packing material for reverse-phase liquid chromatography, has excellent baseline stability in the mobile phase and an increased number of steps of the detected peak in the measurement is provided. The agent comprises a polysaccharide derivative supported on a silica gel having surface silanol groups treated with a silylating agent having an aralkyl group.

Abstract: Process for the preparation of low molecular weight polysaccharide ethers which can be employed in binders for improving adhesive power and film-forming properties, by oxidative degradation of relatively high molecular weight polysaccharide ethers, which comprises initially introducing a relatively high molecular weight polysaccharide ether in suspension (e.g. in a slurry), adding a perborate or a mixture of perborate and perborate activator, and carrying out the oxidative degradation at a temperature of between 25.degree. and 90.degree. C.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a new cationic starch and cationic starch paste or slurry. The starch paste or slurry has a low cation equivalent value despite its high nitrogen content and also has a low solution viscosity despite its high molecular weight. The cationic starch and cationic starch paste or slurry is formed by substitution with a one or both of quaternary ammonium salt or a tertiary amino group, characterized in that its nitrogen content (X) due to the quaternary ammonium salt and/or tertiary amino group is related to its cation equivalent value (Y) as defined below:Y<0.70097X-0.07978(in the case of natural terrestrial stem starch)Y<0.32936X-0.00495(in the case of natural subterranean stem starch having ester-type substituents)Y<0.40942X+0.

Abstract: The invention is related to highly substituted, water-insoluble, poorly water-permeable fatty acid esters of polysaccharides and compositions comprising said polysaccharides esters suitable for use in hot-melt adhesives and as coatings for the controlled release of active ingredients, especially fertilizers. A convenient method for preparing said polysacharide esters using e.g. dimethylformamide as a solvent is also disclosed.

Abstract: The present invention provides a novel polysaccharide derivative in which part or all of the hydroxyl groups or the amino groups contained in a polysaccharide are replaced by two or more kinds of substituents, and a separating agent and a separating apparatus which comprise the polysaccharide derivative. The polysaccharide derivative of the present invention is extremely useful as a functional material for optical resolution.

Abstract: A crosslinked, highly porous body derived from a water-soluble, hydrogel polymer, wherein the porous body is characterized in that it has an open-celled 3-dimensional lattice structure, a density of less than about 1.0 g/cm.sup.3 a surface area of equal to or greater than about 30 m.sup.2 /g, a compression strength of equal to or less than about 10% yield at 10 psi, and an average pore diameter of less than about 1000 Angstroms.When the hydrogel polymer used is guar gum, the resulting product is particularly useful for thermal insulation applications.

Abstract: An isolated, substantially pure, novel compound possessing HIV reverse transcriptase inhibitory activity, and method of preparing same are described.

Abstract: The present invention relates to water-resistant, thermoplastic starch materials processable into environmentally safe, thermoplastically produced products and cast sheets, which consist of starch acyl compounds, obtainable from high amylose starches and the derivatives thereof and being sparingly soluble in water, and of plasticizers which like ethyl citrate, glycerol acetate and lactic acid ester have a gelatinizing effect and preferably a dissolution property resulting in brilliant transparence and, as can be proved, are biodegradable.

Abstract: Polysaccharides (e.g., dextran) of different molecular weights were substituted at the anomeric carbon with polyalkylene oxides of different molecular weights to give novel diblock copolymers. The copolymers inhibit bacterial aggregation. The copolymers are useful as antiplaque agents, as agents to prevent bacterial aggregation in an aqueous system or in a fermentation system.

Abstract: Carbohydrate-containing polymers which can have an HLB* of from about 10 to about 20 are disclosed. The compounds comprise a hydrophilic polymer portion, a carbohydrate portion comprising from 1 to about 20 naturally occurring, identical or different, monosaccharide units, at least one bifunctional spacer coupling the carbohydrate portion to the hydrophilic polymer portion, and a potentiator moiety. The potentiator moiety can be is a crosslinking moiety located within the hydrophilic polymer or a hydrophobic, hydrophilic or ionic moiety. Processes for the preparation and use of such polymers are also disclosed.

Abstract: A radioactive diagnostic agent which comprises (1) the unit of a polyformyl compound having at least three formyl groups per molecule, (2) at least two units of an amino group-containing chelating compound bonded to the polyformyl compound with intervention of a methyleneimine linkage (--CH.dbd.N--) or a methyleneamine linkage (--CH.sub.2 NH--) formed by the condensation between the formyl group in the polyformyl compound and the amino group in the chelating compound, optionally followed by reduction, (3) at least one unit of an amino group-containing physiologically active substance bonded to the polyformyl compound with intervention of a methyleneimine linkage or a methyleneamine linkage formed by the condensation between the formyl group in the polyformyl compound and the amino group in the physiologically active substance, optionally followed by reduction, and (4) at least two radioactive metallic elements of which each is bonded to the chelating compound through a chelating bond.

Abstract: Water-resistant, thermoplastic starch materials which are processable into environmentally safe, thermoplastically produced products and cast sheets. They consist of starch acyl compounds, obtainable from high amylose starches and their derivatives (being sparingly soluble in water), and of plasticizers (like citric acid ethyl ester, glycerol acetate and lactic acid ester), which have a gelatinizing effect, and preferably, a dissolution property resulting in brilliant transparence and, as can be proved, are biodegradable.

Abstract: Cationic polysaccharide derivatives are prepared by reacting a polysaccharide with a polycationic reagent having one polysaccharide reactive group and at least two cationic groups. Suitable reagents include polycationic alkyl, aryl, alkaryl, cycloaliphatic, or heterocyclic amines, some of which are novel compositions. The polycationic polysaccharide derivatives prepared from these reagents are useful in the manufacture of paper.

Abstract: Saccharide copolymers having antibacterial activity obtained by copolymerization of an oligosaccharide or polysaccharide with a nitrogen containing vinyl derivative, quaternarization of the obtained copolymer followed by oxidation of the oligosaccharide or polysaccharide monomer unit with formation of the corresponding dialdehyde.

Abstract: The synthesis of stable, ten-membered, cyclic conjugated enediynes is described. Said compounds were successfully employed to cleave double-stranded DNA spontaneously at ambient temperatures.

Abstract: Cationic polysaccharide derivatives are prepared by reacting a polysaccharide with a polycationic reagent having one polysaccharide reactive group and at least two cationic groups. Suitable reagents include polycationic alkyl, aryl, alkaryl, cycloaliphatic, or heterocyclic amines, some of which are novel compositions. The polycationic polysaccharide derivatives prepared from these reagents are useful in the manufacture of paper.

Abstract: A cyclic peptide designated FR115224, administered parenterally in a cyclodextrin carrier, which exhibits antiallergic activity.

Abstract: Cationized derivatives of natural polysaccharides having a polyglucoside structure with 50-5000 monomer units and one or more side chains bonded to the glucoside nucleus by a nitrogen or oxygen atom or an amide group, said side chains having one or more quaternary nitrogen atoms so that each monomer unit has a cation charge density exceeding two. The new compounds are particularly active as hypocholesterolemic agents.

Abstract: An aromatic compound of the formula ##STR1## These compounds are useful in human and veterinary medicines and in cosmetic compositions.

Abstract: A polysaccharide derivative having the structure Sacch--O--Z--Ar--CH.dbd.N--Y or ##STR1## where Sacch--O-- represents a polysaccharide molecule; Z is --(CH.sub.2).sub.n -- or ##STR2## Ar is a divalent aromatic group; Y is (a) a monovalent group derived from a water-soluble substituted or unsubstituted aromatic compound containing only one free primary amine group, or (b) a monovalent group derived from a water-soluble substituted or unsubstituted aliphatic or cycloaliphatic compound containing only one primary amine group, or (c) a multivalent group derived from a water-soluble protein containing more than one primary amine group; n is one or greater; and m is zero or greater, is prepared by first modifying the polysaccharide with a reagent to introduce free aromatic aldehyde groups and then reacting with a suitable amine-containing reagent. The siloxane-containing starch derivaties are useful in glass forming size compositions.

Abstract: Solid, free-flowing and nondusting porous biopolymer, e.g., xanthan gum, granules are produced in fluidized bed and are quickly dispersed/dissolved in aqueous media for use as thickening agents for a wide variety of applications.

Abstract: Quaternary ammonium salts of polysaccharides possessing hypochlolesterolemic activity and having the following general formula: ##STR1## in which A represents the monomer unit of a natural polysaccharide, m is a whole number between 100 and 1000, n is a whole number between 0 and 4, B is O or S or NH or NR, R is a linear alkyl radical of 1-4 carbon atoms, and X.sup.(-) is an anion such as Cl.sup.-, Br.sup.-, I.sup.-, HSO.sub.4.sup.-, CH.sub.3 O--SO.sub.3.sup.-.Said salts are prepared by reacting a pretreated natural polysaccharide with a a quaternary ammonium salt functionalized at one of its ends with an epoxy group.

Abstract: A method for the dry cationization of starch is disclosed by means of reaction with alkylene epoxides in an alkaline medium in the presence of water.

Abstract: Process for the preparation of sulphur-containing hydrocarbon chains, which consists in producing a fermentative action of two types of bacteria, lactic bacteria and bacteria of the genus Desulfovibrio, in a medium of soluble carbohydrates, to which culture medium sulphur is added in the form of salts or as elemental sulphur, the fermentation process being stopped at the point at which the proportion of sulphur-containing carbohydrate reaches its maximum, by means of alkalinization of the medium and subjecting the latter to a thermal shock at between 80.degree. and 90.degree. C., the medium finally being acidified or neutralized.As a variant, sulphur is bound directly to carbohydrate molecules with a reaction time inversely proportional to the working pressures and temperatures.

Abstract: A method of producing a dyed polysaccharide which comprises linking a dye, capable of linking to amino group or imino group, to a starch derivative having a glucose derivative unit shown in a general formula [I] as a partial structure of the starch derivative. ##STR1## In the formula [I], R represents an arylene group or an alkylene group, R.sub.1, represents hydrogen atom or an alkyl group, and X and Y represent linking portions to other portions of the starch molecule, respectively.According to the method of the invention, dyed polysaccharides can readily be obtained by using a commercial reactive dye at room temperature under neutral conditions.

Abstract: An alkyl-phenylcarbamate derivative of a polysaccharide has in 80 to 100 percent of hydrogen atoms of the amino and hydroxyl groups an alkylphenyl-carbamoyl group having the formula (I): ##STR1## in which (1) at least one of R1 to R5 is a straight alkyl having 4 to 8 or a branched alkyl having 3 to 8 carbon atoms or at least two of R1 to R5 each are a straight alkyl having 1 to 3 when the polysaccharide is cellulose; (2) at least one of R1 to R5 is a straight alkyl having 1 to 8 carbon atoms or a branched alkyl having 3 to 8 carbon atoms when the polysaccharide is any one other than cellulose; and the other(s) of R1 to R5 is hydrogen. It is useful to optical separation of a racemic mixture.

Abstract: A process for simultaneously atomizing, cooking, and drying a mixture of starch and water in the exhaust gas stream from a sonic pulse jet combustion engine is described. The process consists of preparing a mixture of a granular starch with water (preferably a starch cake), feeding the mixture into the exhaust pipe of the jet combustion engine, maintaining the resulting mixture of atomized starch, water, and hot gas in the exhaust pipe for a time sufficient to gelatinize and substantially dry the atomized starch, and recovering the pregelatinized starch powder by exhausting the mixture into a collection chamber supplied with a flow of air.

Abstract: Polysaccharide aldehydes having the formula ##STR1## or Sacch--O--CH.sub.2 --Ar--CHO (II) such as starch, cellulose, and gum aldehydes, are useful as paper additives for imparting strength and as the granular or gelatinized portion of a corrugating adhesive. Those having formula I are prepared by a nonoxidative method which involves reacting the polysaccharide base, in the presence of alkali, with a derivatizing acetal reagent having the general structure ##STR2## and then hydrolyzing the acetal by adjusting the pH to less than 7, preferably 2-4. In the formula Ar is an aryl group, optionally containing an ether linkage, or an alkaryl group and A and A' are lower alkyls or together form at least a 5-membered cyclic acetal. The polysaccharide aldehydes are crosslinked by the addition of selected polyfunctional crosslinkers such as an aliphatic primary polyamine or polyketone.

Abstract: Polysaccharide aldehydes having the general structure ##STR1## such as starch, cellulose and gum aldehydes, are useful for imparting wet, dry, or temporary wet strength to paper. They are prepared by a non-oxidative method which involves reacting the polysaccharide base, in the presence of alkali, with a derivatizing acetal reagent having the general structure ##STR2## and then hydrolyzing the acetal by adjusting the pH to less than 7, preferably 2-4. R is (CH.sub.2).sub.n or a divalent aromatic group and n os 0 or greater; R.sup.1, R.sup.6, and R.sup.7 are hydrogen or an organic group; R.sup.2, R.sup.5, and R.sup.8 are (CH.sub.2).sub.m with m being 1-6; R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 are hydrogen or a lower alkyl; Y is an anion; Z is an organic group capable of reacting with the polysaccharide base to form an ether derivative and selected from the group consisting of an epoxide, ethylenically unsaturated group, halohydrin, and halogen; R.sup.

Abstract: A novel starch used in a size composition is disclosed. The novel starch is a quaternary ammonium ether and acyl ester of starch which has a DS of quaternary ammonium ether of between 0.02 to 0.2 and a DS of acyl ester of between 0.01 to 0.3. The size composition is made from the novel starch and polyvinyl alcohol in a ratio of starch: polyvinyl alcohol of between 1:9 to 10:0. The method of making the size composition and the method of applying the size composition to the yarn is disclosed.

Abstract: Polysaccharide aldehydes having the formula Sacch--O--CH.sub.2 --CH.dbd.CH--CHO, ##STR1## such as starch, cellulose, and gum aldehydes, are useful for imparting wet, dry, or temporary wet strength to paper. They are prepared by a non-oxidative method which involves reacting the polysaccharide base, in the presence of alkali, with a derivatizing acetal reagent having the general structure ##STR2## and then hydrolyzing the acetal by adjusting the pH to less than 7, preferably 2-4. In the formulas, n is 1-3; R.sup.11 and R.sup.12 are independently an alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, or alkaryl group when n is 1, R.sup.11 or R.sup.12 is one of the groups when n is 2, or R.sup.11 and R.sup.12 are not present when n is 3; R.sup.13 is an alkyl group, optionally containing an ether linkage, or an aralkyl group; R.sup.14 and R.sup.15 are individually a hydrogen or a methyl group; R.sup.16, R.sup.17, and R.sup.

Abstract: Heavy metals can be fixed to solid carriers to which an .alpha.-amino- or an .alpha.-iminohydroxamate ligand has been covalently bound. The ligand can have the structural formula ##STR1## wherein R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 represent H or an alkyl, or may be a compound of two or more hydroxamate substituents. The carrier can be formed of polysaccharides, polygalactanes, polyacrylates or silica dioxide. The adsorbent is prepared by an .alpha.-aminohydroxamate in an aqueous solution having a pH value of 4-9 being brought into contact with an aldehyde derivative of a carrier, followed by reduction with sodiumborohydride or sodiumcyanoborohydride.

Abstract: A process for preparing an amino deoxy derivative of a polysaccharide. The process comprises oxidizing the polysaccharide with dimethyl sulfoxide in combination with acetic anhydride or acetic anhydride with paraformaldehyde in a first step. The product from the first step is subjected to reductive amination.

Abstract: Polysaccharide aldehydes having the general structure ##STR1## such as starch, cellulose and gum aldehydes, are useful for imparting wet, dry, or temporary wet strength to paper. They are prepared by a non-oxidative method which involves reacting the polysaccharide base, in the presence of alkali, with a derivatizing acetal reagent having the general structure ##STR2## and then hydrolyzing the acetal by adjusting the pH to less than 7, preferably 2-4. R is (CH.sub.2).sub.n or a divalent aromatic group and n is 0 or greater; R.sup.1, R.sup.6, and R.sup.7 are hydrogen or an organic group; R.sup.2, R.sup.5, and R.sup.8 are (CH.sub.2).sub.m with m being 1-6; R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 are hydrogen or a lower alkyl; Y is an anion; Z is an organic group capable of reacting with the polysaccharide base to form an ether derivative and selected from the group consisting of an epoxide, ethylenically unsaturated group, halohydrin, and halogen; R.sup.

Abstract: A radioactive diagnostic agent which comprises (1) a unit of a polyformyl compound having at least three formyl groups per molecule, (2) at least two units of an amino group-containing chelating compound bonded to the polyformyl compound a methyleneimine linkage (--CH.dbd.N--) or a methyleneamine linkage (--.sub.2 NH--) formed by the condensation between the formyl group in the polyformyl compound and the amino group in the chelating compound, optionally followed by reduction, (3) at least one unit of an amino group-containing physiologically active substance bonded to the polyformyl compound by a methyleneimine linkage or a methyleneamine linkage formed by the condensation between the formyl group in the polyformyl compound and the amino group in the physiologically active substance, optionally followed by reduction, and (4) at least two radioactive metallic elements of which each is bonded to the chelating compound through a chelating bond.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for producing novel cationic starch comprising the step of reacting starch having cyanoethyl groups or starch having cyanoethyl groups and quaternary aminoalkyl groups with hydroxylamine or the salts thereof to amidoximate the reaction product.The resulting cationic starch of the invention exhibits significant advantages as compared with those of conventional cationic starch as a dry strengthening agent.

Abstract: The invention relates to an improved cationic starch. This starch is composed of a major portion of starch which has been modified with a water-soluble cationic polymer comprising at least 10 mole percent of the dimethyl sulfate or the methyl chloride quaternary ammonium salt of 1-acryloyl-4-methyl piperazine. The invention also contemplates using such cationic starches to modify papers and the improved papers so treated.

Abstract: An improved size composition of a modified starch and polyvinyl alcohol especially useful as a textile size is disclosed. The modified starch is a hydroxyalkyl and tertiary amino alkyl starch with a D.S. of aminoalkyl groups between 0.02 to 0.30 and a M.S. of hydroxypropyl groups between 0.02 and 0.50. The ratio of polyvinyl alcohol: modified starch in the size composition varies between 1:9 and 9:1. The method of applying the size composition to yarn and the method of making the size composition are also disclosed. High amylose starch, as compared to common or waxy, is the preferred starch.

Abstract: Affinity chromatography media are prepared by reacting mono or di-chloro triazine dyes with a solid support matrix containing free hydroxy or amino groups in the presence of an alkali metal hydroxide and an alkali metal salt. In the absence of cyanogen bromide activation, the linkage to the support is entirely via the triazine ring giving high and specific protein-binding capacity. Suitable support matrices include polymers and copolymers of agarose, dextrose, dextran and acrylamide with agarose being particularly preferred. Dye binding levels are much higher than those obtained in the presence of carbonates or bicarbonates.Mono-chlorotriazinyl dyes are bound at a pH which is preferably above 9.5. The reaction time is about 40-60 hours at room temperature, however this may be reduced if the reaction temperature is increased. Dichlorotriazinyl dyes are bound at pH 8 to 12.5 in a few hours at room temperature.

Abstract: The present invention is in the modification of starch by silanes and is performed by bringing the starch into intimate contact with the hydrolyzates of the silanes in the presence of alkali aluminates or alkali hydroxides. Preferably this is done in the aqueous solution of the silane hydrolyzate, in which case the additives can be used either in aqueous solution or in solid form. The aluminate or alkali hydroxide is present at least in such an amount that 0.4 mol of aluminate will be present for each mole of silane. The modification is possible not only with alkyl alkoxysilanes, but also with organofunctional alkoxysilanes. The starch modified with the silanes has better practical properties than corresponding unmodified starch and can be used, for example, for the hydrophobation and oleophobation of cellulosic material.

Abstract: A method for the modification of starch by silanes wherein the starch and silane are contacted in an organic solvent in the presence of a metallic acid ester of a metal of groups IVB or VB of the Periodic Table of the elements. The resulting suspension is stirred. The subsequently separated starch exhibits better working characteristics than the corresponding unmodified starch.

Abstract: A process whereby a gelatinized starch having a cationic reagent chemically bound to the starch backbone and a reduced viscosity is prepared by (1) gelatinizing starch and substantially simultaneous with gelatinization reacting said treated starch with an alkyl or alkenyl amine and a water soluble oxidant or (2) simultaneously reacting an alkyl or alkenyl amine and a water soluble oxidant with a gelatinized starch. The process is conducive to the on-site preparation of a thinned cationic starch derivative which can be utilized without additional treatment as a papermaking additive, textile size, waste water treatment, tailing flocculent, etc.

Abstract: A chromogenic substrate for the assay of polysaccharide endo-hydrolases is the reaction product of a polysaccharide susceptible to endo-hydrolase degradation, a chemical reagent for increasing the solubility of the polysaccharide so as to increase its susceptibility to enzyme degradation, and a dye substance for coloring the polysaccharide and rendering it capable of estimation by absorption spectrometry. The amount of chemical reagent should be such as to produce a degree of chemical substitution in the range 0.06 to 0.6 DS.

Abstract: Improved cell culture microcarriers, and methods for their production and use, are disclosed herein. These improved microcarriers have positive charge capacities adjusted and/or controlled within a range suitable for good cell growth. One method for producing such improved microcarriers is by treating beads formed from polymers containing pendant hydroxy groups, such as dextran beads, with an aqueous solution of an alkaline material and a chloro- or bromo-substituted tertiary amine under precisely controlled conditions to produce the desired exchange capacity. The resultant positively charged microcarriers have been used in microcarrier cultures to produce outstanding growth of anchorage-dependent cells. Such cells can be harvested, or used for the production of viruses, vaccines, hormones, interferon or other cellular growth by-products.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a chloral derivative having the general formula ##STR1## in which Y' is a polysaccharide consisting of a chain of anhydroglucose, modified anhydroglucose or uronic acid units as substituent group and in which R is selected from --H, --COCH.sub.2 OH, --[(CH.sub.2).sub.n 0].sub..chi. --H in which n is 2 to 5 and .chi. is 1 to 7; --CH.sub.2 OSO.sub.2 X' or --CH.sub.2 COOX' in which X' is NH.sub.4 or a single equivalent of a non-toxic metallic cation, --(CH.sub.2).sub.n H where n is 1 to 7, --(CH.sub.2).sub.n (OH).sub..chi. Y where Y is --H or --CH.sub.3 n is 1 to 7, .chi. is 1 to 12 and the --OH groups are attached to any or all of the carbon atoms by substitution and wherein when Y.sup.1 is a chain of unmodified anhydroglucose units, these units have the following configurations:.alpha.-D-glucopyranosyl units having a predominantly 1-4 linkage.beta.-D-glucopyranosyl units having a predominantly 1-4 linkage and/or.beta.