Abstract: The present invention provides hypophosphite (co)telomers of methacrylic anhydride having a weight average molecular weight of from 1,000 to 20,000, and having, on average, at least one phosphorus atom bound to two carbon atoms, and at least one carboxylic acid or salt group.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, there is provided an actinic ray- or radiation-sensitive resin composition containing (A) a resin containing a repeating unit represented by general formula (1) below and a repeating unit that is decomposed by an action of an acid to generate an alkali-soluble group, and (B) a compound that generates the acid when exposed to actinic rays or radiation, where L represents a bivalent connecting group, R1 represents a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group, and Z represents a cyclic acid anhydride structure.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to novel bis-maleic anhydrides and to the surprising discovery that bis-maleic anhydride cross-linking agents can be used for preservation/fixation of a cell or tissue sample. Various bis-maleic anhydride cross-linking agent scan be used in methods requiring fixation of a cell or tissue sample. These reagents and methods are especially useful in procedures that require that the fixation agent be removed in order to facilitate analysis with other reagents. The inventive reagents and methods make it easier to reliably assay for various proteins, a nucleic acid and the like using analytical methods such as like immunohistochemistry, fluorescence in situ hybridization, RT-PCR, and the like.

Abstract: A method for the purification or recovery of lactide rich streams by the combination of a suspension-based melt crystallization process with a subsequent separation of the pure lactide crystals in a wash column is disclosed.

Abstract: The invention encompasses processes for the synthesis of (S)-(+)-3-(aminomethyl)-5-methylhexanoic acid, (S)-Pregabalin, and intermediates of (S)-Pregabalin.

Abstract: The invention encompasses processes for the synthesis of (S)-(+)-3-(aminomethyl)-5-methylhexanoic acid, (S)-Pregabalin, and intermediates of (S)-Pregabalin.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for gas-phase oxidation, in which a gaseous stream comprising an aromatic hydrocarbon and molecular oxygen is passed through two or more catalyst zones. Furthermore, the present invention relates to a catalyst system for gas-phase reaction using a preliminary zone.

Abstract: Catalyst systems for preparing carboxylic acids and/or anhydrides, the catalyst system comprising a reaction zone and a layered catalyst, the reaction zone comprises a gas inlet region and a gas outlet region, the layered catalyst comprises an active composition and one or more middle layers, one or more first layers disposed on a side of the one or more middle layers toward the gas inlet region, and one or more second layers on a side of the one or more middle layers toward the gas outlet region, wherein the active composition content of one or more of the middle catalyst layers, based on total mass of the layered catalyst, is lower than the active composition content of the one or more first catalyst layers and is lower than one or more second catalyst layers; and processes for gas phase oxidation employing a layered catalyst of the present invention.

Abstract: Process for manufacturing a cyclic diester of an ?-hydroxy acid comprising the following steps: a substantially anhydrous salt of a divalent metal and of an ?-hydroxy acid is mixed with a strong acid, the pKa of which is less than that of the ?-hydroxy acid and the salt of which with the divalent metal is hygroscopic; and the mixture is left to react for a sufficient time in order to obtain the cyclic diester dispersed in the hygroscopic salt.

Abstract: The invention encompasses processes for the synthesis of (S)-(+)-3-(aminomethyl)-5-methylhexanoic acid, (S)-Pregabalin, and intermediates of (S)-Pregabalin.

Abstract: A process for the production of polylactide, the stages of which for the production and purification of lactide, starting from an aqueous solution of lactic acid or of its derivatives, includes evaporation of water with formation of oligomers, depolymerization to give lactide, condensation and then crystallization of the crude lactide product to give purified lactide, aqueous treatment of the residual fractions from the crystallization and polymerization of purified and/or prepurified lactide to give polylactide in an extruder and in the presence of catalysts. An alternative process includes carrying out the aqueous treatment before the crystallization.

Abstract: (Per)haloethers having formula: X-(Rf)L-O—CF2CF2—O—CX1X2—CFX3X4 , ??(I) process for obtaining them and hypofluorites usable in the synthesis of said (per)haloethers.

Abstract: Triazaspiro[5.5]undecane derivatives, quaternary ammonium salts thereof, N-oxides thereof, non-toxic salts thereof, or pharmaceutical compositions comprising them, as an active ingredient. So the compounds of the formula (I) regulate the effect of chemokine/chemokine receptor, they are used for prevention and treatment of various inflammatory diseases, asthma, atopic dermatitis, urticaria, allergic diseases, nephritis, nephropathy, hepatitis, arthritis or rheumatoid arthritis etc.

Abstract: (Per)haloethers having formula:

Abstract: The present invention provides lipidized conjugates comprising an amino group-containing biologically active substance and a lipophilic group capable of penetrating a biological membrane. Under neutral or mildly acidic conditions, including those found in vivo, the free amino group-containing biologically active substance is released from the conjugate by hydrolysis of an amide bond. The present invention is also directed to methods of preparing lipidizing agents and lipidized conjugates, pharmaceutical compositions comprising lipidized conjugates and methods of increasing the delivery of amino group-containing substances into a cell. Preferred amino group-containing substances include peptides, proteins and derivatives thereof.

Abstract: The present invention provides for substituted metal chelating compounds in which at least two of the chelating atoms are nitrogen which are directly attached to aromatic rings and one or more of those nitrogen atoms has attached thereto a substituent other than hydrogen, and methods for making and using these compounds.

Abstract: Melt crystallization purification of lactide; and separation and purification of lactides existing in more than one isomeric form.

Abstract: A process for producing anhydrides by passing a solution of the acid, preferably an organic polyacid, which is to undergo anhydridation over an acidified clay and a process for producing the catalysts therefor.

Abstract: A process for obtaining pharmacologically active compounds from complex mixtures of substancesFree organic acids, hydroxy acids, fatty alcohols, sugars and hydroxy-substituted steroids are obtained from complex mixtures of substances by mixing the material to be extracted with a polar solvent, drying the resulting mixture, subsequently silylating, esterifying or acylating, and extracting the resulting material with a supercritical fluid under a pressure of more than 200 bar.

Abstract: The invention relates to the use of acyl-substituted aminopyrans for the production of medicaments, in particular of medicaments for the treatment of disorders of the central nervous system.

Abstract: An apparatus and process for the recovery of airborne anhydrides such as anhydride vapor or dust wherein these airborne anhydrides are contacted with hot glycol, such as diethylene glycol, in the liquid phase to first dissolve and then react with the airborne anhydrides yielding a useable by-product, such as half-esters. In the preferred embodiment, first airborne anhydrides are introduced at the top of a venturi where the anhydrides are contacted with diethylene glycol of at least 270.degree. F. The airborne anhydrides dissolve in the glycol and then react with the glycol to form a solution of half-esters and glycol. The venturi enhances the contact between the glycol and the first airborne anhydrides, facilitating the dissolution of the anhydrides in the glycol. Second airborne anhydrides are introduced at the discharge side of the venturi such that the second airborne anhydrides dissolve in unreacted hot glycol and then react to form additional half-esters.

Abstract: The invention relates to a functionalized polybutylene polymer which contains at least one unsaturated group in its molecule, said functionalized polybutylene being prepared by reacting (A) an anhydride-functional polybutylene with (B) an allyl-functional compound having at least one hydroxyl-containing group in its molecule.

Abstract: A non-volatile compound useful as a solvent and a method of manufacturing the compound. The compound is formed from heating a combination of a lactide and a drying oil which has conjugated double bonds. The compound is particularly useful as a resin solvent for use with coatings, paints and printing inks. In addition, it can be used as a compatibilizing agent.

Abstract: An improved process for preparing mono-condensation derivatives of adipic acid with fewer steps and better purity is disclosed. In particular, this process comprises: (a) forming relatively concentrated and pure cyclic monomeric adipic anhydride by depolymerization and concentration starting from polymeric adipic anhydride; and (b) adding a condensation reactant having an active hydrogen, e.g., a primary or secondary amine, to said cyclic monomeric adipic anhydride to form the corresponding mono-condensation derivative of adipic acid.

Abstract: An improved process is provided for the production of a partial oxidation product by the vapor phase reaction of a hydrocarbon with substantially pure oxygen in the presence of a suitable catalyst. In the improved process, the partial oxidation product is removed, carbon dioxide and excess carbon monoxide, present in the reactor effluent as by-products, are also removed and the remaining gaseous effluent, comprised mainly of carbon monoxide and unreacted hydrocarbon, is recycled to the reactor. The concentration of carbon monoxide throughout the system is maintained sufficiently high to prevent the formation of a flammable mixture in the reactor or associated equipment.

Abstract: An improvement in the oxidation catalyst used for the partial oxidation of n-butane and containing vanadium and phosphorus, zinc and lithium mixed oxides which comprises adding a molybdenum compound modifier in an amount of from about 0.005 to 0.025/1 Mo/V to the catalyst during the digestion of the reduced vanadium compound by concentrated phosphoric acid. The addition of Mo produces a catalyst which is very stable more active system and longer lived than the unmodified catalyst.

Abstract: A process for producing anhydrides by passing a solution of the acid, preferably an organic polyacid, which is to undergo anhydridation over an acidified clay and a process for producing the catalysts therefor.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of alkanedioic acid derivatives comprising reacting an alkenoic acid derivative with carbon monoxide and a nucleophilic compound having a mobile hydrogen atom in the presence of a catalyst system comprising a source of a Group VIII metal, a source of a bidentate diphosphine liquid, a source of an anion and a source of a quinone promoter.

Abstract: A process, which is harmless with respect to safety, for the production of malonic acid anhydride. For this purpose, diketene is ozonized in the presence of a suitable carbonyl compound. Malonic acid anhydride is a highly reactive intermediate product for the synthesis of numerous active ingredients for, e.g., pharmaceutical agents, pesticides or dyes.

Abstract: This invention provides a process for the production of an anhydride by the vapor phase reaction of a hydrocarbon with substantially pure oxygen in the presence of a suitable catalyst. In the improved process, the anhydride product is removed, carbon monoxide, present in the reactor effluent as a by-product, is oxidized to carbon dioxide and part of the gaseous effluent, comprised mainly of carbon dioxide and unreacted hydrocarbon, is recycled to the reactor. Removal of carbon monoxide from the recycle stream reduces the hazard of a fire or explosion in the reactor or associated equipment. The use of carbon dioxide as the principal diluent increases heat removal from the reactor, thereby increasing the production capacity of the reactor.

Abstract: The present invention relates to compositions of matter corresponding to the formula: ##STR1## wherein R.sub.1 through R.sub.4, inclusive, are independently selected from a hydrogen atom, a linear or branched alkyl or alkoxy group having from 1 to about 8 carbon atoms, an alkenyl group having from 2 to about 8 carbon atoms, amino, cyano or R.sub.1 and R.sub.1, R.sub.1 and R.sub.2, R.sub.2 and R.sub.3 or R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 may together form part of a cyclohydrocarbyl ring. The subject 9,9-bis(3,4-dicarboxyphenyl)fluorene dianhydrides demonstrate utility as reactants in the preparation of polyimides used in the fabrication of membranes for separating gaseous mixtures into their respective components.

Abstract: Cyclic carbonic acid esters are produced by reaction of hydroxy compounds with phosgene in the presence of a heterocyclic compound containing at least one nitrogen atom as ring member in an aromatic ring.

Abstract: Novel acid-functional poly(alkylene carbonate) polyahls and their salts having surfactant activities are disclosed. These polyahls have, on the average, at least about 0.05 and up to about and including one hydrophilic terminus per molecule and can be produced by the reaction of a random non-ionic poly(alkylene carbonate) polyahl obtained by reacting a monofunctional alcohol, mercaptan, carboxylic acid, primary or secondary amine, alkyl substituted phenol or alkoxylates thereof with an alkylene carbonate and/or an alkylene oxide and/or carbon dioxide and/or a poly(alkylene carbonate) polyahl, and admixing a compound capable of adding an acidic end group thereto. Novel anionic poly(alkylene carbonate) polyahls are also disclosed. Surfactant compositions comprising the acid-functional polyahls of the invention and other non-ionic surfactants are also disclosed. Moreover, surfactant compositions comprising the novel acid-functional polyahls and other anionic surfactants are also disclosed.

Abstract: The invention relates to crystalline, stable radical anion salts of derivatives of 1,4,5,8-naphthalenetetracarboxylic acid of the formula ##STR1## in which p1 k, n, s, x, m, p, B, R and c have the meaning given in the description,to processes for their preparation and to their use as electrically conductive compounds.

Abstract: Achiral compounds of a 2H-pyran-2,6(3H)-dione derivative of the formula ##STR1## or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, where R is --(CH.sub.2).sub.m OH or --CH((CH.sub.2).sub.n CH.sub.2 OH).sub.2 where m is 1-5 and n is 0-4. These compounds are useful in the treatment of allergic conditions.

Abstract: Alpha, beta carbonyl compounds are prepared from an acid anhydride selected from the group consisting of glutaric anhydride and 3-alkyl glutaric anhydride, and a beta-hydroxy carbonyl compound having the following chemical formula:R.sub.2 COH--CHR--CRO or R.sub.2 COH--CHR--CNwhere each R is any substitutent group.The process comprises: (a) reacting the acid anhydride and the beta-hydroxy carbonyl compound in the presence of a catalytically effective amount of an acid catalyst to form an ester; (b) reacting the ester in the presence of a catalytically effective amount of a base catalyst to form a alpha, beta-unsaturated carbonyl compound and a carboxylic acid; and (c) separating the alpha, beta-unsaturated carbonyl compound and the carboxylic acid.

Abstract: This invention relates to methods of preventing or reducing the degradation of elastin and other proteins and thereby preventing or retarding the disease states caused by said degradation by administering compounds of the formula: ##STR1## or their pharmacologically acceptable salts.

Abstract: A method of producing alkyl 3-hydroxy-4-(4-hydroxyphenoxy)pentanoate which comprises the steps of: (a) reacting 4-benzyloxyphenol with an alkali hydroxide and 2-chloropropionic acid in the presence of a suitable solvent and at a temperature sufficient to cause formation of 2-(4-benzyloxyphenoxy)propionic acid; (b) reacting said 2-(4-benzyloxyphenoxy)propionic acid with a compound selected from phosgene, oxalyl chloride, thionyl chloride, or phosphorus trichloride, in the presence of a suitable catalyst and solvent and at a temperature sufficient to cause formation of 2-(4-benzyloxyphenoxy)propionyl chloride; (c) reacting said 2-(4-benzyloxyphenoxy)propionyl chloride with 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxan-4,6-dione and pyridine, all in the presence of a suitable solvent and at a temperature sufficient to cause formation of 5-[2-(4-benzyloxyphenoxy)propionyl]-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxan-4,6-dione; (d) reacting said 5-[2-(4-benzyloxyphenoxy)propionyl]-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxan-4,6-dione with an alkyl alcohol for a period of tim

Abstract: Reaction of maleic acid anhydride with olefin oligomers is facilitated by reacting the maleic acid anhydride in the form of a dispersion or emulsion in a carrier fluid. This minimizes by-product sludge formation.

Abstract: Analgesic and anti-inflammatory compounds are provided. These compounds possess the following general formula: ##STR1## wherein R=--COOR.sub.5, --CH.sub.2 CO.sub.2 H, ##STR2## wherein A and B=hydrogen, lower alkyl, hydroxy alkyl, lower alkyl amine, substituted lower alkyl amine, aminoalkyl, substituted aminoalkyl;R.sub.5 =lower alkyl;R.sub.1 =aryl, substituted aryl, aralkyl, alkyl, hydrogen, substituted aralkyl and heterocycle;R.sub.2 =aryl, substituted aryl, aralkyl, alkyl, substituted aralkyl, heterocycle, substituted heterocycle, biphenyl, substituted biphenyl, naphthyl, and substituted naphthyl;R.sub.3 =aryl, substituted aryl, hydrogen, aralkyl, substituted aralkyl, alkyl, heterocycle and substituted heterocycle;R.sub.2 and R.sub.3 together form a ring;R.sub.4 =hydrogen, phenyl, substituted phenyl, heterocycle; alkyl, substituted alkyl; or, R.sub.1 and R.sub.4 may form a ring;X=>C.dbd.O, --CH.sub.2 --;Y=--S--CHR.sub.4 --, --O--OHR.sub.4 --, --CHR.sub.4 --, --CR.sub.6 R.sub.7 --CHR.sub.

Abstract: In one of its embodiments this invention provides a process for recovering C.sub.4 -C.sub.6 dicarboxylic acid components contained in a waste byproduct stream derived from a reaction system in which adipic acid is produced by nitric acid oxidation of cyclohexanone/cyclohexanol.An important aspect of the process is the esterification and extraction of the C.sub.4 -C.sub.6 dicarboxylic acids in the aqueous byproduct stream with a mixture of C.sub.1 -C.sub.3 alkanol and C.sub.6 -C.sub.20 alkanol, and the subsequent recovery of di(C.sub.6 -C.sub.20 alkyl) esters of succinic acid, glutaric acid and adipic acid.In a broader aspect this invention provides a process for recovery of water miscible organic acid components contained in an aqueous solution as C.sub.6 -C.sub.20 alkyl esters of the organic acids.

Abstract: Reaction of maleic acid anhydride and polyisobutylene is improved by use, as catalyst, of a complex of polyisobutylene and a 1,3-dibromo dialkylhydantoin.

Abstract: A process for manufacturing an alkenyl dicarboxylic acid, anhydride comprises reacting at least one halogenated polyolefin with at least one unsaturated dicarboxylic acid anhydride in substantially stoichiometrical proportion, in the presence of a minor proportion of at least one organic compound containing at least one double bond bearing at least one electron attracting substituent.

Abstract: Reaction of maleic acid anhydride and polyisobutylene to form product polyisobutenyl succinic acid anhydride is effected under controlled conditions whereby tar and sludge formation is minimized.