Abstract: The integrated processes herein provide improved carbon efficiency for processes based on coal or biomass gasification or steam methane reforming. Provided are also ethylene oxide carbonylation products such as beta-propiolactone and succinic anhydride having a bio-based content between 0% and 100%, and methods for producing and analyzing the same.

Abstract: The present invention relates to methods of forming delta-lactone compounds by reaction of a diene with carbon dioxide in the presence of Pd and a phosphine ligand.

Abstract: The invention provides efficient cyclization processes of hydroxyalkenoic acids and products produced therefrom. The following reactions are claimed: Formula (I), (II), (V) and (VI).

Abstract: Provided is a purifying method for dabigatran etexilate free base, comprising subjecting a dabigatran etexilate free base crude product to water slurrying to obtain a crude product B; then conducting recrystallization on the crude product B with acetone and water to obtain a crude product C; and subsequently, purifying the crude product C with a mixed solvent of tetrahydrofuran and ethyl acetate, filtering and drying to obtain a dabigatran etexilate free base finished product. The purifying method of the present invention can effectively remove various impurities and is suitable for workshop production. Salts and water-soluble organic impurities are removed by purified water slurrying, impurities with a high polarity are removed by purifying with an acetone-water solution, and impurities with a low polarity are removed by purifying with a mixed solvent of tetrahydrofuran and ethyl acetate.

Abstract: Disclosed herein, inter alia, are prodrug compositions and methods of using the same for treatment and detection of disease. Specifically, disclosed herein is a compound of formula (I) having spiro-fused 1,2,4-trioxolane and piperidine rings, namely, 1,2,4-trioxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane. Also disclosed is a pharmaceutical composition containing the compound and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

Abstract: This disclosure describes biosynthesized compounds including anhydromevalonolactone and ?-methyl-?-valerolactone. This disclosure further describes biosynthetic methods for making these compounds. In some embodiments, the biosynthetic methods can include a combination of biosynthesis and chemical steps to produce ?-methyl-?-valerolactone. Finally, this disclosure described recombinant cells useful for the biosynthesis of these compounds.

Abstract: Methods for recovering monomers from polymers, such as polyurethanes (including thermoset polyurethanes) include heating the polymer to depolymerize the polymer and release the monomer. The monomer may be directly recovered. The polymer may include a poly(?-methyl-?-valerolactone) (PMVL) block and the monomer recovered may be ?-methyl-?-valerolactone (MVL).

Abstract: Methods for recovering monomers from polymers, such as polyurethanes (including thermoset polyurethanes) include heating the polymer to depolymerize the polymer and release the monomer. The monomer may be directly recovered. The polymer may include a poly(?-methyl-?-valerolactone) (PMVL) block and the monomer recovered may be ?-methyl-?-valerolactone (MVL).

Abstract: Provided is a polymer obtained by homopolymerizing a lactone monomer. The polymer contains a structural unit having a lactone ring containing three or more carbon atoms, wherein at least one of the carbon atoms, except for C of —C(?O)O—, of the lactone ring forms a part of a main chain; and wherein at least one of the carbon atoms, except for C of —C(?O)O—, which forms the lactone ring and is other than the carbon atom(s) forming a part of the main chain is bridged with an atom of the main chain.

Abstract: The object of this application is to non-enzymatically improve flavor of a butter oil and fat composition. The present invention can enrich lactones in the oil and fat composition by the following steps of keeping temperature of the oil and fat composition containing between 300 ppm and 1200 ppm of moisture content at the temperature where a solid fat exists in the oil and fat composition, and non-enzymatically producing ?-lactone or ?-lactone from triglyceride containing 4- or 5-hydroxy fatty acid in the oil and fat composition, or adding to the oil and fat composition an additive agent (such as, sucrose) which has an ability to form hydrogen bonds with water molecules, keeping temperature of the oil and fat composition at the temperature between 40 and 60° C., and non-enzymatically producing ?-lactone or ?-lactone from triglyceride containing 4- or 5-hydroxy fatty acid in the oil and fat composition.

Abstract: A resist composition containing a base component (A) which exhibits changed solubility in a developing solution under the action of acid, and an acid generator component (B) which generates acid upon exposure, wherein the acid generator component (B) includes an acid generator (B1) having a group represented by general formula (b1-1) shown below in the cation moiety.

Abstract: The present invention provides processes for the production of chiral compounds in a stereoisomeric excess. The present processes involve reacting a hydrometallated alkene compound with a compound comprising a conjugated-bond system under conditions such that the compounds undergo an asymmetric 1,4- or 1,6-conjugate addition reaction, generating a chiral compound in a stereoisomeric excess. The reaction is performed in the presence of a metal catalyst, which catalyst preferably comprises a non-racemic chiral ligand.

Abstract: A method for converting trans-cis nepetalactone to cis-trans nepetalactone using molecular sieves. The molecular sieves may, for example, have a pH in water of at least about 9, and/or may be activated prior to use by heating.

Abstract: Described is a method to make liquid chemicals. The method includes deconstructing cellulose to yield a product mixture comprising levulinic acid and formic acid, converting the levulinic acid to ?-valerolactone, and converting the ?-valerolactone to pentanoic acid. Alternatively, the ?-valerolactone can be converted to a mixture of n-butenes. The pentanoic acid can be decarboxylated yield 1-butene or ketonized to yield 5-nonanone. The 5-nonanone can be hydrodeoxygenated to yield nonane, or 5-nonanone can be reduced to yield 5-nonanol. The 5-nonanol can be dehydrated to yield nonene, which can be dimerized to yield a mixture of C9 and C18 olefins, which can be hydrogenated to yield a mixture of alkanes.

Abstract: Novel Fostriecin (or FST) derivatives represented by formula (I), the pharmaceutical compositions and preparation methods thereof. The pharmaceutical uses of these compounds, especially the use for the preparation of pharmaceutical compositions for treating tumor, inhibiting cell over growth, or lowering myocardial infarction and the injury to cells.

Abstract: A method of using organic compounds and providing slow release flavoring in or for food products wherein flavor precursors are added to flavor compositions and/or food products and release flavor compounds upon consumption of the food products, and novel flavor precursor compounds. The flavor precursors can be prepared from mono- and/or diglycerides and lactone flavor compounds.

Abstract: The invention provides a process for the preparation of valerolactone, said process comprising reacting levulinic acid with hydrogen by using a solid Ru catalyst, characterized in that the process is carried out in the presence of at least 0.08% (w/w) water relative to the amount of levulinic acid. Said process may be faster and more selective. This process advantageously allows the production of valerolactone from renewable sources. The valerolactone may be used in the preparation of methylpentenoate, adipic acid dimethylester, adipic acid, hexamethylenediamine, and polyamide 6,6 (all claimed).

Abstract: The present invention relates to a polyketide molecule of the following formula (I): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, where R1 is a hydrogen atom or a (C1-C7) alkyl group, as well as the method of preparation and use thereof, in particular as an anticancer agent.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for manufacturing an ester from a ketone or an aldehyde, which is a reactive substrate, by a Baeyer-Villiger oxidation reaction using hydrogen peroxide, and in this method, as a catalyst, M(BAr4)n, which is a metal borate, is used (M represents an alkali metal or an alkaline earth metal; Ar represents an aryl; and n is the same number as the valence of M). For example, when cyclohexanone was used as the reactive substrate, and Sr[B(3,5-CF3C6H3)4]2 was used as the catalyst, ?-caprolactone was obtained at an isolated yield of 82%.

Abstract: The process relates to a process for preparing delta-valerolactone (VLO) in the gas phase by catalytic dehydrogenation over at least two different catalysts.

Abstract: The present invention provides for a non-naturally occurring polyketide synthase (PKS) capable of synthesizing a carboxylic acid or a lactone, and a composition such that a carboxylic acid or lactone is included. The carboxylic acid or lactone, or derivative thereof, is useful as a biofuel. The present invention also provides for a recombinant nucleic acid or vector that encodes such a PKS, and host cells which also have such a recombinant nucleic acid or vector. The present invention also provides for a method of producing such carboxylic acids or lactones using such a PKS.

Abstract: The invention provides a process for the preparation of valerolactone, said process comprising reacting levulinic acid with hydrogen by using a solid Ru catalyst, characterised in that the process is carried out in the presence of at least 0.08% (w/w) water relative to the amount of levulinic acid. Said process may be faster and more selective. This process advantageously allows the production of valerolactone from renewable sources. The valerolactone may be used in the preparation of methylpentenoate, adipic acid dimethylester, adipic acid, hexamethylenediamine, and polyamide 6,6 (all claimed).

Abstract: The patent application relates to a method of producing a monomer component from a genetically modified polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) biomass, wherein the biomass is heated in the presence of a catalyst to release a monomer component from the PHA.

Abstract: A polymeric matrix for delivery of an HMG CoA reductase inhibitor such as a statin to tissue such as cardiac tissue in need thereof for the treatment or prevention of a disease or defect such as atrial fibrillation has been developed. In the preferred embodiment, a statin is delivered by means of a patch sutured to cardiac tissue at the time of cardiothoracic surgery. In the most preferred embodiment, the patch is a biodegradable material providing controlled or sustained release over a prolonged period of time, such as a week. Suitable materials include extracellular matrix, or other biodegradable hydrogels or polymeric materials providing sustained or controlled release of statin at the site of application.

Abstract: The process relates to a process for preparing delta-valerolactone (VLO) in the gas phase by catalytic dehydrogenation over at least two different catalysts.

Abstract: Compositions containing 5,6,7-trihydroxyheptanoic acid and analogs and their use for treating posterior segment ocular diseases and diseases characterized by cellular hyperproliferation or angiogenesis, are disclosed.

Abstract: The present invention provides for a non-naturally occurring polyketide synthase (PKS) capable of synthesizing a carboxylic acid or a lactone, and a composition such that a carboxylic acid or lactone is included. The carboxylic acid or lactone, or derivative thereof, is useful as a biofuel. The present invention also provides for a recombinant nucleic acid or vector that encodes such a PKS, and host cells which also have such a recombinant nucleic acid or vector. The present invention also provides for a method of producing such carboxylic acids or lactones using such a PKS.

Abstract: A nematic liquid crystal compound represented by any one of formulas (a-1) to (a-6): in formulas (a-1) to (a-6), Ra and Rb are each independently hydrogen or alkyl having 1 to 10 carbons, provided that in the alkyl, —CH2- may be replaced by —O—, —(CH2)2- may be replaced by —CH?CH—, and hydrogen may be replaced by a halogen; ring A1 and ring A2 are each independently trans-1,4-cyclohexylene or 1,4-phenylene, provided that in these rings hydrogen may be replaced by a halogen, and in the case where the ring is trans-1,4-cyclohexylene, —CH2- may be replaced by —O—, and —CH2CH— may be replaced by —CH?C—; and Z1 and Z2 are each independently a single bond, —COO—, —OCO—, —OCH2-, —CH2O— or —CH2CH2-, provided that in formula (a-3), in the case where ring A2 is trans-1,4-cyclohexylene, Z2 is a single bond, —COO—, —OCO—, —OCH2- or —CH2O—, in the case where Ra is —C3H7, Rb is —OC2H5, and Z2 is a single bond, ring A2 is trans-1,4-cyclohexylene, 1,3-dioxane-2,5-diyl, 2-fluoro- 1,4-phenylene, 3-fluoro-1,4-phenylene, 2-f

Abstract: The present invention provides a process for preparing lactones from optionally substituted, saturated aliphatic diols having from five to 20 carbon atoms between the two ring-closing hydroxyl groups by catalytic dehydrogenation and cyclization in the liquid phase over at least one catalyst.

Abstract: Compositions and methods for controlling molluscs, members of the Gastropoda and Bivalvia classes which includes but is not limited to lactones, lactams, carbamates, amides, and/or carboxylic acid containing compounds as active ingredients and/or compounds derived from Pseudomonas and/or Erwinia. Also provided are methods and compositions for increasing the efficacy of chemical and biological control for invasive molluscs in open waters, power plants, and drinking water treatment facilities under coldwater conditions.

Abstract: A positive photosensitive composition ensuring wide exposure latitude and reduced line edge roughness not only in normal exposure (dry exposure) but also in immersion exposure, a pattern forming method using the positive photosensitive composition, and a novel resin contained in the positive photosensitive composition are provided, which are a positive photosensitive composition comprising (A) a resin having a specific lactone structure in the side chain and being capable of increasing the solubility in an alkali developer by the action of an acid and (B) a compound capable of generating an acid upon irradiation with an actinic ray or radiation, a pattern forming method using the positive photosensitive composition, and a novel resin contained in the positive photosensitive composition.

Abstract: A process for resolution of racemic BEL into its individual enantiomeric constituents by chiral HPLC. A method for determining the role of specific isoforms of iPLA2 in biologic processes.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the field of catalytic hydrogenation and, more particularly, to the use of Ru complexes with bidentate ligands, having one amino or imino coordinating group and one phosphino coordinating group, in hydrogenation processes for the reduction of esters or lactones into the corresponding alcohol or diol respectively.

Abstract: Disclosed are compounds having the ability to inhibit cytochrome P450 2A6, 2A13, and/or 2B6 and tobacco products comprising them. Also disclosed are pharmaceutical compositions comprising them.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to salts and compositions of isophosphoramide mustard and isophosphoramide mustard analogs. In one embodiment the salts can be represented by the formula wherein A+ represents an ammonium species selected from the protonated (conjugate acid) or quaternary forms of aliphatic amines and aromatic amines, including basic amino acids, heterocyclic amines, substituted and unsubstituted pyridines, guanidines and amidines; and X and Y independently represent leaving groups. Also disclosed herein are methods for making such compounds and formulating pharmaceutical compositions thereof. Methods for administering the disclosed compounds to subjects, particularly to treat hyperproliferative disorders, also are disclosed.

Abstract: The invention relates to the preparation of 2-(6-substituted-1,3-dioxane-4-yl)acetic acid derivatives of formula 1, where X stands for a leaving group, and R1, R2, and R3 each independently stand for an alkyl group with 1-3 carbon atoms from 4-hydroxy-6-X-substituted-methyl-tetrahydropyran-2-one compounds, where X is as defined above, with the aid of an acetalization agent, in the presence of an acid catalyst. The invention also relates to the novel compounds of formula 1 as well as salts and acids to be prepared from these, with the OR3 group in formula 1 being replaced by an OY group, where X, R1 and R2 have the meanings defined above and where Y stands for an alkaline (earth) metal or a substituted or unsubstituted ammonium group or stands for hydrogen, and to the novel compounds of formula 2. The products concerned are, after conversion into the t-butyl ester of 2-(6-hydroxymethyl-1,3-dioxane-4-yl)acetic acid, important as intermediary products in the preparation of statins.

Abstract: A method of determining a level of biologically active PON enzyme is provided. The method comprising determining lactonase activity of the PON enzyme, the lactonase activity being indicative of the level of biologically active PON enzyme. Also provided are novel compounds which may be used for measuring a lactonase activity of an enzyme.

Abstract: Pesticidal compounds of general formula (I) Wherein ?represents a double bond; A— represents ?C(R5)—C(?O)—, wherein R represents hydrogen or halogen, R1 and R2 represent, independently, hydrogen, halogen, alkoxy, substituted alkoxy or an ester group; or R1 and R2, together with the carbon atoms to which they are attached, represent an oxirane ring; or R1 and R2, taken together, represent an alkylidenedioxy or substituted alkylidenedioxy group; and R3 represents —CH2R6, wherein R6 represents an ester group, oxiranyl, or a group of formula wherein R7 represents hydrogen or alkyl, R8 represents phenylsulfanyl, phenylselenyl, phenylsulfoxy or phenylselenoxy, and R9 represents hydrogen, ethoxycarbonyl or carbamoyl and R4 represents, independently, hydrogen, alkoxy or substituted alkoxy; and methods of making the compounds of formula (I) and methods for controlling pests wherein the pest dies as a result of contact with a compound of formula (I).

Abstract: A nematic liquid crystal compound represented by any one of formulas (a-1) to (a-6): in formulas (a-1) to (a-6), Ra and Rb are each independently hydrogen or alkyl having 1 to 10 carbons, provided that in the alkyl, —CH2- may be replaced by —O—, —(CH2)2- may be replaced by —CH?CH—, and hydrogen may be replaced by a halogen; ring A1 and ring A2 are each independently trans-1,4-cyclohexylene or 1,4-phenylene, provided that in these rings hydrogen may be replaced by a halogen, and in the case where the ring is trans-1,4-cyclohexylene, —CH2- may be replaced by —O—, and —CH2CH— may be replaced by —CH?C—; and Z1 and Z2 are each independently a single bond, —COO—, —OCO—, —OCH2-, —CH2O— or —CH2CH2-, provided that in formula (a-3), in the case where ring A2 is trans-1,4-cyclohexylene, Z2 is a single bond, —COO—, —OCO—, —OCH2- or —CH2O—, in the case where Ra is —C3H7, Rb is —OC2H5, and Z2 is a single bond, ring A2 is trans-1,4-cyclohexylene, 1,3-dioxane-2,5-diyl, 2-fluoro-1,4-phenylene, 3-fluoro-1,4-phenylene, 2-fl

Abstract: The present invention provides inexpensive, safe and reliable methods for improving the morphology, tone, texture and/or appearance of the skin and/or hair of a mammal, preferably without using one or more surfactants (or other chemicals) that can strip away, or otherwise remove, one or more protective lipids from the skin and/or hair. These methods comprise topically applying to the skin and/or hair at least three applications on a regular basis of a composition in an effective amount including: (a) a Meadowlactone in an amount that is effective for enhancing the morphology, tone, texture and/or appearance of the skin and/or hair, and having the chemical structure set forth herein; and (b) a cosmetically acceptable base in an amount that is effective for acting as a carrier vehicle for the Meadowlactone.

Abstract: A method of using organic compounds and providing slow release flavoring in or for food products wherein flavor precursors are added to flavor compositions and/or food products and release flavor compounds upon consumption of the food products, and novel flavor precursor compounds. The flavor precursors can be prepared from mono- and/or diglycerides and lactone flavor compounds.

Abstract: To provide a resist polymer comprising, as a structural unit, an acid-decomposable unit having a structure represented by formula (1) or (2) which exhibits a small line edge roughness and produces little defects in DUV excimer laser lithography or the like.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for the oxidation, in an inert solvent, of a non-aromatic or non-enonic ethylenic bond or of a non-conjugated cyclic ketones into the corresponding epoxides, respectively lactone, using H2O2 as oxidant, a content in water of the reaction medium below 15% w/w and, as sole catalyst, an alkaline or alkaline earth salt or complex.

Abstract: A valerolactone compound represented by the formula (I): wherein each of R1 and R2 is independently a hydrogen atom, a methyl group or an ethyl group wherein when R1 is a hydrogen atom, R2 is not a hydrogen atom; and wherein when R2 is a hydrogen atom, R1 is not a hydrogen atom, R3 is a hydrogen atom or a methyl group, and R4 is a propyl group, a 1-propenyl group or a phenyl group; a valerolactone compound represented by the formula (II): a process for preparing the same; and a perfume composition comprising the above-mentioned valerolactone compound.

Abstract: The invention relates to compounds of the formula 1 and to pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates, prodrugs and metabolites thereof, wherein W, Z, R1 and R2, are as defined herein. The invention also relates to methods of treating Hepatitis C virus in mammals by administering the compounds of formula 1, and to pharmaceutical compositions for treating such disorders, which contain the compounds of formula 1. The invention also relates to methods of preparing the compounds of formula 1.

Abstract: A process for preparation of 4-hydroxy-pyran-2-one derivative of formula (I), wherein R is, and wherein R1 and R2 are methyl and R3 is hydrogen or methyl, comprising the steps of, heating a compound of formula (II), wherein R is as defined before, and R4 is hydrogen, NH4+ or an alkali metal, in a solvent mixture consisting of an aromatic hydrocarbon and a ketone in an inert atmosphere at a temperature of between 60° C. to 92° C. in the absence or presence of orthophosphoric acid or its alkali dihydrogen salts or alkali hydrogen salts of a dibasic acid, followed by optional neutralization of the reaction mixture with an organic base and obtaining compound of formula (I) in high purity and substantially free of impurities through a step of isolation and crystallization. The process leads to formation of derivatives of formula I in high purity with dimmer impurity (III) less than 0.1% and anhydro impurity (IV) below 0.15%.

Abstract: The disclosed invention relates to novel norborne-type monomers containing pendent lactone or sultone groups. The invention also relates to norborne-type polymers and copolymers containing pendent lactone or sultone groups. These polymers and copolymers are useful in making photoimagable materials. The photoimagable materials are particularly suitable for use in photoresist compositions useful in 193 and 157 nm photolithography.

Abstract: Alpha-methylenelactone is produced from butyrolactone and valerolactone by the addition of formaldehyde in a supercritical fluid.

Abstract: Methods of performing cycloadditions are described that include (a) combining a first reactant and a second reactant in a hydrogen bonding solvent to form a reaction mixture; and (b) reacting the first reactant and the second reactant to form a cycloadduct. Methods of performing asymmetric catalytic reactions are also described that include (a) combining a first reactant, a second reactant, and a catalytic amount of a chiral hydrogen-bond donor in a solvent to form a reaction mixture; and (b) reacting the first reactant and the second reactant to form an enantiomeric excess of a reaction product. Reaction mixtures corresponding to these methods are also described.

Abstract: Synthetic discodermolide analogs having utility as antiproliferative agents, having a structure represented by formula A where RA through RE and XA are as defined herein.