Abstract: 1,3-Dioxane compounds of the formula IR.sup.1 --(A.sup.1 --Z.sup.1).sub.m --W--(Z.sup.2 --A.sup.2).sub.n --R.sup.2(I)in whichW is ##STR1## and R.sup.1, R.sup.2, A.sup.1, A.sup.2, Z.sup.1, Z.sup.2, m, n, ##STR2## n.sub.1, n.sup.2, n.sub.3, n.sub.4, n.sub.5, n.sub.6, Z.sup.3 and Z.sup.4 are as defined herein,are suitable as components of liquid-crystalline media.

Abstract: This invention relates to a reactor 1 for the continuous production of linear or cyclic acetals, in particular trioxane, dioxolane, tetroxane, dimethoxymethane, diethoxymethane, diethoxyethane and dibutoxyethane. This reactor has internal adjacently arranged evaporator elements 2, which allow for flow-through of a heat transport medium, and which are at least two meters high so as to generate a thermosiphon flow. The clear cross section between the evaporator elements is 20 to 80% of the overall cross section. Using the reactor, circulation ratios of up to 250 can be achieved. Thus, the reliability and availability of a production plant is increased while the susceptibility to breakdown decreases.

Abstract: A method for preparing 1,3-dioxane compounds of the formula (I): ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1 and R.sup.2, independently of one another, represent hydrogen or a hydrocarbon radical; and X.sup.1 and X.sup.2, independently of one another, represent an electronegative groups, which method entails reacting a bis(hydroxymethyl) compound of the formula (II): ##STR2## in which X.sup.1 and X.sup.2 each, independently of one another, are as defined above, with an orthocarboxylic acid ester of the formula R.sup.4 --C(OR.sup.5).sub.3 (III), in which R.sup.4 represents hydrogen or a hydrocarbon radical and R.sup.5 represents a hydrocarbon radical, and with an aldehyde or ketone of the formula R.sup.1 --CO--R.sup.2 (IV), in which R and R each, independently of one another, are as defined above.

Abstract: Halovinyl ethers of the general formula I ##STR1## in which R, A.sup.1, A.sup.2, A.sup.3, Z.sup.1, Z.sup.2, X.sup.1, X.sup.2, l, m and n are as defined herein are suitable as components of liquid-crystalline media.

Abstract: Ferroelectric liquid crystal mixtures containing compounds of the formula (I): ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1 is, for example, a straight-chain or branched alkyl radical having 1 to 22 carbon atoms, in which one --CH.sub.2 -- group may be replaced by --O-- or --CO--O--.

Abstract: Compounds of the general formula ##STR1## have a pronounced tendency to form liquid crystalline S (smectic) phases. Thus, optically inactive compounds of the formula I also have a tilted smectic phase, in particular an S.sub.C phase, in addition to a nematic phase. In contrast, many optically active compounds of the formula I additionally have, inter alia, a tilted smectic chiral phase, in particular a chiral S.sub.C phase, in addition to a cholesteric phase. The stated compounds are therefore particularly suitable as components and as dopants, respectively, for the preparation of a very wide range of liquid crystalline mixtures. The class of compounds comprising compounds of the general formula I offers a broad range of novel components and mixtures for optimization and modification of liquid crystalline mixtures.

Abstract: Photocross-linkable naphthyl derivatives include compounds of the formula: ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 each independently signify a cross-linkable group;S.sup.1 and S.sup.2 signify --(CY.sub.2).sub.m -, --O(CY.sub.2).sub.m -, --(CY.sub.2).sub.m O--, --(CY.sub.2).sub.m COO--, --(CY.sub.2).sub.m OOC--, --(Si?(CH.sub.3).sub.2 !O).sub.m -, --OCH.sub.2 (Si?(CH.sub.3).sub.2 !O).sub.m Si?(CH.sub.3).sub.2 !CH.sub.2 O-- or --NHCH.sub.2 (Si?(CH.sub.3).sub.2 !O).sub.m Si?(CH.sub.3).sub.2 !CH.sub.2 NH--;Y signifies hydrogen, fluorine or methyl;a signifies 0 or 1;b signifies 1 or 2, with the proviso that a+b=2;m signifies a whole number of 1 to 16;A.sup.1 and A.sup.2 each independently signify 1,4-phenylene, which is optionally mono- or multiply-substituted with halogen, cyano, methyl, methoxy and/or acetyl, pyridine-2,5-diyl, pyrimidine-2,5-diyl, trans-1,4-cyclohexylene or trans-1,3-dioxane-2,5-diyl; andZ.sup.1 and Z.sup.2 each independently signify a single bond, --CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 --, --OCH.sub.2 --, --CH.

Abstract: The present invention is concerned with photo cross-linkable liquid crystalline compounds of the general formula ##STR1## wherein A.sup.1 and A.sup.2 each represent a cross-linkable, mesogenic residue,liquid crystalline mixtures which contain such compounds and their use in the cross-linked state as optical components.

Abstract: A compound of the formula ##STR1## wherein R is C.sub.1 -C.sub.7 alkyl or C.sub.2 -C.sub.12 alkenyl; rings A and B each independently are 1,4-phenylene,trans-1,4-cyclohexylene or trans-1,3-dioxane-2,5-diyl;Z.sup.1 is a single bond or --CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 --; andZ.sup.2 is a single bond, --CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 --, --OCH.sub.2 --,--C.tbd.C--, --COO-- or --OOC--; andm, n are 0 or 1, with the proviso that m+n.ltoreq.1;as well as liquid crystalline mixtures which contain such compounds and the use of such compounds and, respectively, mixtures for electro-optical display devices.

Abstract: The present invention is concerned with photo cross-linkable liquid crystalline compounds in the formula ##STR1## wherein for example: A,B,C,D,E,F independently is pyridine-2,5-diyl, pyrimidine-2,5-diyl, trans-1,4-cyclohexylene, trans-1,3-dioxane-2,5-diylZ.sup.1, Z.sup.2, Z.sup.7 independently is --(CH.sub.2).sub.s O--, --COO--, --(CH.sub.2).sub.s COO--Z.sup.3, Z.sup.4, Z.sup.8 independently is a single bond, --CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 --, --CH.sub.2 O--Z.sup.5, Z.sup.6 independently is --(CH.sub.2).sub.s --m, n, q and r independently is 0, 1 or 2;s is a whole number of 1 to 16;R.sup.1, R.sup.2 independently is CH.sub.2 .dbd.CH--COO--, CH.sub.2 .dbd.C(CH.sub.3)--COO--R.sup.3 is H, CH, COOC.sub.n H.sub.2n+1, CnH.sub.2n+1 ; n=1 . . . 10X.sup.1, X.sup.2 and X.sup.3 independently is hydrogen, halogen, cyano or lower alkyl.The invention is also related to liquid crystalline mixtures and their use for electro-optical purpose.

Abstract: Compounds of the formula (I) having side chains with multiple methyl branchesR.sup.1 (-A.sup.1 -M.sup.1).sub.a (-A.sup.2 -M.sup.2).sub.b (-A.sup.3 -M.sup.3).sub.c (-A.sup.4)-G(--C.sub.* H(CH.sub.3)--CH.sub.2).sub.n --R.sup.2 (I)where* is a chiral carbon atom;A.sup.1, A.sup.2, A.sup.3, A.sup.4 are, for example, 1,4-phenylene, pyrimidine-2,5-diyl or 1,3,4-thiadiazole-2,5-diyl;M.sup.1, M.sup.2, M.sup.3, M.sup.4 are, for example, --CO--O-- or --O--CO--;G is, for example, --CO--O--CH.sub.2, --O--CH.sub.2 -- or --O--;R.sup.2 is, for example, methyl or ethyl;a, b and c are 0 or 1 and a+b+c is 1, 2 or 3; andn is preferably 3 or 4,are suitable as components, in particular dopes, for liquid-crystalline mixtures and methods of using these compounds in liquid-crystal mixtures.

Abstract: Chiral benzene derivatives of formula I ##STR1## in which R.sup.1*, R.sup.2*, X.sup.1, X.sup.2, A.sup.1, A.sup.2, Z.sup.1, Z.sup.2, L.sup.1, L.sup.2, L.sup.3, m, n and k are as defined in claim 1, and their use as chiral dopes in liquid-crystalline media, particularly for electrooptical displays, and to electrooptical displays containing such media.

Abstract: Objects of this invention are cyclopentyl compounds of the general formula ##STR1## wherein k signifies a whole number of 4 to 18;n signifies 0 or 1;Y.sup.1, Y.sup.2 signify a single bond, --O--, --COO-- or --OOC--;rings A, B, C each independently signify optionally mono- or difluorinated 1,4-phenylene, pyrimidine-2,5-diyl, pyridine-2,5-diyl, pyrazine-2,5-diyl, naphthalene-2,6-diyl, quinoline-2,6-diyl, thiophene-2,5-diyl, thiazole-2,5-diyl or 1,3,4-thiadiazole-2,5-diyl and ring C also signifies trans-1,4-cyclohexylene or trans-1,3-dioxane-2,5-diyl;Z.sup.1 signifies a single bond, --COO--,--OOC-- or --C.tbd.C--;Z.sup.2 signifies --COO--, --OOC--, --OCH.sub.2 --, --CH.sub.2 O-- or --(CH.sub.2).sub.

Abstract: A process for preparing polycyclic aromatic compounds, which comprises reactinga) an aromatic boron compound withb) an aromatic halogen compound or an aromatic perfluoroalkylsulfonate in the presence ofc) a base,d) a nickel or palladium catalyst,e) a phosphorus-containing ligand andf) a polyhydric alcohol, a sulfoxide or sulfone.The process gives high yields, in particular also in the coupling of chloroaromatics.

Abstract: A process for the biotechnological preparation of alcohols, aldehydes and carboxylic acids by oxidation of compounds of the formula R.sup.1 --C(CH.sub.3).dbd.CR.sup.2 R.sup.3, where R.sup.1, R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 have the meanings indicated in the description, with the aid of microorganisms is described.

Abstract: Dienes of the formula I ##STR1## in which n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5,r is 1, 2 or 3,s is 1 or 2, ##STR2## is trans-1,4-cyclohexylene or trans-1,3-dioxane-2,5-diyl, ##STR3## is trans-1,4-cyclohexylene, trans-1,3-dioxane-2,5-diyl, unfluorinated or mono- or polyfluorinated 1,4-phenylene, in which one or two CH groups may also be replaced by N, or the central part ##STR4## Z is a single bond, a bridging member selected from the group consisting of --CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 --, --CH.dbd.CH--, --C.tbd.C--, --CO--O--, --CH.sub.2 O--, --OCH.sub.2 -- and --O--CO--, or any desired combination of two such bridging members, where two O atoms are not linked directly to one another, andR is --CN, --NCS, halogen or an alkyl, alkenyl, alkoxy or alkenyloxy group, in each case having up to 12 carbon atoms and in each case unsubstituted or monosubstituted or polysubstituted by fluorine and/or chlorine.

Abstract: Liquid crystalline alkenyl cyclohexane compounds of formula (I) having a nematic phase over a broad temperature range, a higher elastic constant ratio K.sub.33 /K.sub.11 and a lower viscosity, liquid crystal compositions comprising the above compounds and liquid crystal display elements using the liquid crystal compositions. ##STR1## wherein R.sub.1 is an alkyl group of 1-15 carbons, an alkenyl group of 2-15 carbons or an alkyl or alkenyl group in which at least one of non-adjacent methylene groups (--CH.sub.2 --) is replaced by --O--, --S--, --C.tbd.C-- or --COO--; R.sub.2 is a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group of 1-10 carbons; m is 0-5; when m is 2 or more, any one methylene group in --(CH.sub.2).sub.m -- may be replaced by --O--; and the rings A.sub.1, A.sub.2 and A.sub.3 are independently a 1,4-cyclohexylene, a cyclohexene-1,4-diyl or a 6-membered ring group, one or two --CH.sub.2 -- groups in said rings optionally replaced by --O-- or --S--.

Abstract: Compounds of the formula: ##STR1## in which R.sup.1, R.sup.2 represent H or methyl and R.sup.3, R.sup.4 represent H, C.sub.1-4 alkyl or C.sub.2-4 alkenyl; R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 together can also be butylidene are interesting camphor derivatives. They exhibit valuable odor characteristics.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of acetals by reacting one or more ethylenically unsaturated compounds with carbon monoxide, hydrogen and a liquid or dissolved organic nucleophilic compound containing at least two vicinal hydroxy groups in the presence of a catalyst system comprising:a) a source of plantinum;b) a source of anions; andc) a bidentate ligand of the formulaR.sup.1 R.sup.2 M.sup.1 RM.sup.2 R.sup.3 R.sup.4 (I)wherein M.sup.1 and M.sup.2 independently represent a phosphorus, arsenic or antimony atom, R represents a bivalent organic bridging group containing from 1 to 4 atoms in the bridge, R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 together represent a bivalent substituted or non-substituted cyclic group whereby the two free valencies are linked to M.sup.1 and R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 independently represent a substituted or non-substituted hydrocarbyl group, or together represent a bivalent substituted or non-substituted cyclic group whereby the two free valencies are linked to M.sup.2.

Abstract: Dioxane derivatives for use as components in liquid crystal devices (LCDs) of general formula (A), wherein X is CH or B; R.sup.1, R.sup.2 are each A.sup.1, OA.sup.1, OCOA.sup.2, or COOA.sup.2 ; A.sup.1 is a straight or branched chain alkyl group containing from 1 to 20 carbon atoms and may be substituted with one or more F or CN. A.sup.2 is a straight or branched chain alkyl group containing from 1 to 20 carbon atoms and may be substituted with one or more F or CN and if straight may be unsubstituted. Y.sup.1, Y.sup.2, Y.sup.3 may each be (CH.sub.2).sub.p, (CH.sub.2).sub.p COO or OCO(CH.sub.2).sub.p ; p is from 0 to 10, n is 0 or 1, m is 0 or 1, either or both of Z.sub.1 and Z.sub.2 are F and, when not F, are H; Y.sup.4 is a covalent bond or, when n is 0, may be (a) LCDs, containing the devices exhibit very fast switching speed, bi-stable characteristics, enhanced greyscale and storage capabilities and a wide viewing angle.

Abstract: Vinylene compounds of the formula I ##STR1## in which R, A.sup.1, Z.sup.1, X, L.sup.1, L.sup.2 and m have the meaning given in claim 1 are suitable as components of liquid-crystalline media.

Abstract: Compounds of the following formula are useful as liquid crystals: ##STR1## wherein R is a C.sub.1 -C.sub.12 alkyl or a C.sub.2 -C.sub.12 alkenyl;A is a single bond or trans-1,4-cydohexylene;Z.sup.1 and Z.sup.2 are independently a single bond or --CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 --, except Z.sup.1 and Z.sup.2 cannot simultaneously be --CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 --;ring B is trans-1,4-cyclohexylene or 1,4-phenylene; andn is 0 or 1,Liquid crystalline mixtures which contain such compounds are especially useful in electro-optical indicating devices.

Abstract: 1,2,2,2-Tetrafluoroethyl ethers of the formula IR--(A.sup.1 --Z.sup.1).sub.m --A.sup.2 --Z.sup.2 A.sup.3 --O--CHF--CF.sub.3(I)are suitable as components of liquid-crystalline media whereinR is H, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl or alkenyl radical having 1 to 15 carbon atoms,A.sup.1 and A.sup.2 are each, independently of one another, a(a) trans-1,4-cyclohexylene radicals and derivatives thereof in which, in addition, one or more non-adjacent CH.sub.2 groups is optionally replaced by --O-- and/or --S--,(b) 1,4-phenylene radicals and derivatives thereof in which, in addition, one or two CH groups is optionally replaced by N, or(c) radical from the group consisting of 1,4-cyclohexenylene, 1,4-bicyclo(2,2,2)octylene, piperidine-1,4-diyl, naphthalene-2,6-diyl, decahydronaphthalene-2,6-diyl and 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene-2,6-diyl,wherein radicals (a) and (b) are optionally substituted by one or two fluorine atoms,Z.sup.1 and Z.sup.2 are each, independently of one another, --CO--O--, --O--CO--, --CH.sub.

Abstract: Compounds of the general formula: ##STR1## wherein R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, R.sub.4 and R.sub.5 are herein described, A is a straight or branched (C.sub.2 -C.sub.12)alkyl or a phenyl moiety and B is a moiety of the formula: ##STR2## The compounds are effective in potentiating the activity of chemotherapeutic anti-cancer agents by increasing the sensitivity of multi-drug resistant cells to such chemotherapeutic agents.

Abstract: A 1,1,2-trifluoro-2-(trans-4-substituted cyclohexyl)ethylene of the formula (1):R--(A).sub.m --Cy--CF=CF.sub.2 (1)wherein R is a C.sub.1-10 alkyl group, a halogen atom or a cyano group, provided that in the case of the alkyl group, an oxygen atom may be interposed in a carbon-carbon bond of the alkyl group or in a carbon-carbon bond between this alkyl group and A, some of carbon-carbon bonds in the alkyl group may be triple bonds or double bonds, one --CH.sub.2 -- group in the alkyl group may be substituted by a carbonyl group, and some or all of hydrogen atoms in the alkyl group may be substituted by fluorine atoms;Cy is an unsubstituted trans-1,4-cyclohexylene group;A is a trans-1,4-cyclohexylene group, a 1,4-phenylene group or a 1,4-cyclohexenylene group, wherein each of such cyclic groups is unsubstituted or substituted by one or more halogen atoms or cyano groups, one or more =CH-- groups constituting rings of such cyclic groups may be substituted by nitrogen atoms, and one or more --CH.sub.

Abstract: Compounds having the formula ##STR1## methods for using such compounds to inhibit protein kinase C in animals, including man are useful as inhibitors of protein kinase C. Also disclosed are pharmaceutical compositions including such compounds and compounds having the formula.

Abstract: The compounds of formulaa. ##STR1## wherein symbol X represents a --CHO group or a group of formula ##STR2## in which symbols R', taken separately, represent each a C.sub.1 to C.sub.4, linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated alkyl radical, or taken together represent a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.2 to C.sub.4 alkylene radical; symbol R.sup.2 represents a hydrogen atom or a methyl radical; and R.sup.1 and R.sup.3 are different and represent each a hydrogen atom or a methyl radical;or of formulab. ##STR3## wherein the tert-butyl radical is located in position 5 or 6 of the aromatic ring and, either Y represents hydrogen and X and R.sup.2 have the meaning indicated above, or X and R.sup.2 represent each a hydrogen atom and Y represents a --CH.sub.2 CHO group or a group of formula ##STR4## in which R' is defined as in a.; or of formulac. ##STR5## wherein X and R.sup.

Abstract: Chlorinated aromatic compounds are dechlorinated in a simple and inexpensive manner by heating them to 300.degree. to 450.degree. C. in a salt melt in the presence of water and/or water vapor and carbon.

Abstract: The invention relates to liquid crystal compounds having a terminal structure in accordance with formula 1, 2, 3 or 4:--A.sup.3 --OCF.sub.3 1--A.sup.2 --Q--CHF.sub.2 2--3,5-difluoro-1,4-phenylene-X.sup.1 3--3-fluoro-1,4-phenylene-X.sup.2 4wherein A.sup.2, A.sup.3, X.sup.1 and X.sup.2 and are defined herein. The invention further relates liquid crystal phases containing the above components as well as electrooptical displays containing same.

Abstract: A process of lubricating or releasing comprising disposing a lubricant release composition between frictional contacting parts or between parts to be released from each other, respectively, wherein the composition includes 5-alkyl-1,3-dioxane-5-methanol and esters and/or ethers thereof, the alkyl in the aforementioned compounds being methyl or ethyl.

Abstract: Optically active compounds of the formula ##STR1## wherein n stands for the number 0 or 1; Z.sup.1 is a single covalent bond or --CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 --; Z.sup.2 is a single covalent bond, --CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 --, --CH.sub.2 O--, --OCH.sub.2 --, --COO-- or --OOC--; rings A.sup.1 and A.sup.2 each independently represent trans-1,4-cyclohexylene or optionally halogen-, cyano- and/or methyl-substituted 1,4-phenylene in which optionally 1 CH group or 2 CH groups is/are replaced by nitrogen; R.sup.2 is a group R.sup.4 or a group of the formula ##STR2## R.sup.4 is cyano, halogen, --OCY.sup.1 F.sub.2, --CY.sup.1 F.sub.2 or an alkyl group in which optionally one >CH--CH< is replaced by >C.dbd.C< and/or optionally one methylene group or two non-adjacent methylene groups is/are replaced by --O--, --COO-- and/or --OOC-- and/or optionally one methylene group is replaced by --CHY.sup.2 --; Y.sup.1 is hydrogen or fluorine; Y.sup.2 is halogen, cyano or methyl; R.sup.1 and R.sup.

Abstract: Novel 1,3-dioxane derivatives of the formula I ##STR1## in which Q is CHalogen.sub.1 H.sub.3-1, CnH.sub.2n+1 --O-- or C.sub.2 H.sub.2n+1 --CH.dbd.CH--, whereHalogen is F or Cl,l is 1, 2 or 3 andn is 0 to 5,r is 0 to 5,X=X'=0 and Y=Y'=CH.sub.2 orX=X'=CH.sub.2 and Y=Y'=O,Z.sup.1 and Z.sup.2 are each, independently of one another, --C.sub.2 H.sub.4 -- or a single bond,A.sup.1 is trans-1,4-cyclohexylene, 1,4-phenylene, 3-fluoro-1,4-phenylene or 3,5-difluoro-1,4-phenylene,m is 0, 1 or 2,X is F, Cl, --CF.sub.3, ---CN, --OCF.sub.3 or --OCHF.sub.2 andY and Z are each, independently of one another, H or F, can be used as components of liquid-crystalline media.

Abstract: An antiferroelectric liquid crystal substance represented by the following general formula (1) ##STR1## wherein R represents a straight-chain alkyl group of 6-10 carbon atoms; X represents ##STR2## when X is ##STR3## Y is any of CH.sub.3, CF.sub.3 and C.sub.2 H.sub.5, L is 0 or an integer of 5 to 8, m is 0 or 1, and n is an integer of 1 to 10; when X is ##STR4## Y is any of CH.sub.3, CF.sub.3 and C.sub.2 H.sub.5, and (1) when Y is CH.sub.3, L is 0 or an integer of 5 to 8, m is 0 or 1, and n is an integer of 1 to 10, (2) when Y is CF.sub.3, L is an integer of 5 to 8, m is 1, and n is an integer of 1 to 10 and (3) when Y is C.sub.2 H.sub.5, L is 0, m is 0, and n is an integer of 4-10.

Abstract: Compounds of the formula ##STR1## wherein rings A, B and C, Z.sup.1, Z.sup.2, Z.sup.3, R.sup.1, R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 are defined in the specification, their manufacture, liquid crystalline mixtures which contain such compounds and the use of these compounds for electro-optical purposes.

Abstract: A cyclic hydrocarbon derivative represented by formula (I): ##STR1## wherein each of Y.sup.1 and Y.sup.2 is independently F, Cl, CN, OCN, SCN, OCF.sub.3, OCF.sub.2 H, OCF.sub.2 CF.sub.3, CF.sub.3, R, --OR, --COOR or --OCOR, wherein R is alkyl, alkenyl or alkoxyalkyl, provided that at least one of Y.sup.1 and Y.sup.2 is R, --OR, --COOR or --OCOR; each of Z, Z.sup.1, Z.sup.2, Z.sup.3 and Z.sup.4 is independently a single bond, --CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 --, --CH.dbd.CH--, --C.tbd.C--, --COO--, --OCO--, --CH.sub.2 O--, OCH.sub.2 --, --(CH.sub.2).sub.4 --, --(CH.sub.2).sub.3 --O-- or --O--(CH.sub.2).sub.3 --; ring A is group of formula (II): ##STR2## wherein each of X.sup.1, X.sup.2, X.sup.3, X.sup.4, X.sup.5, X.sup.6, X.sup.7, X.sup.8, X.sup.9, and X.sup.

Abstract: Fluorine-containing, chiral liquid crystal compounds comprise (a) an aliphatic fluorocarbon terminal portion containing at least two catenary ether oxygen atoms; (b) a chiral, aliphatic hydrocarbon terminal portion; and (c) a central core connecting the terminal portions. The compounds have smectic mesophases or latent smectic mesophases and are useful, for example, in liquid crystal display devices.

Abstract: A mesomorphic compound of the formula (I) according to claim 1 characterized by having at least one cyclic group selected from .beta. class including, e.g., thiazole-2,5-diyl, benzoxazole-2,5-diyl, indan-2,5-diyl, and quinoxaline-2,6-diyl and also having a linkage of Y.sup.1 (CH.sub.2).sub.m Y.sup.2, where Y.sup.1 and Y.sup.2 are --CH.sub.2 --, --O--, --COO-- or --OCO-- and m is 1-16, is suitable as a component for a liquid crystal composition providing improved response characteristics. A liquid crystal device is constituted by disposing the liquid crystal composition between a pair of substrates. The liquid crystal device is used as a display panel constituting a liquid crystal apparatus providing good display characteristics.

Abstract: Fluoromethyl ketones of the formula I ##STR1## are suitable as components of liquid-crystalline media wherein R is H, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl or alkenyl radical having 1 to 15 carbon atoms,A.sup.1 and A.sup.2 are each, independently of one another, a(a) trans-1,4-cyclohexylene radicals and derivatives thereof in which, in addition, one or more non-adjacent CH.sub.2 groups is optionally replaced by --O-- and/or --S--,(b) 1,4-phenylene radicals and derivatives thereof in which, in addition, one or two CH groups is optionally replaced by N, or(c) radical from the group consisting of 1,4-cyclohexenylene, 1,4-bicyclo(2,2,2)octylene, piperidine-1,4-diyl, naphthalene-2,6-diyl, decahydronaphthalene-2,6-diyl and 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene-2,6-diyl,wherein radicals (a) and (b) are optionally substituted by one or two fluorine atoms,Z.sup.1 and Z.sup.2 are each, independently of one another, --CO--O--, --O--CO--, --CH.sub.2 O--, --OCH.sub.2 --, --CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 --, --CH.dbd.CH--, --C.tbd.

Abstract: Compounds of the formula ##STR1## wherein X.sup.1 denotes fluorine or chlorine and X.sup.2 denotes hydrogen, fluorine or chlorine; R.sup.1 is 3E-alkenyl, 4-alkenyl, 2E-alkenyloxy or 3-alkenyloxy; n stands for the number 0 or 1; one of the groups Y.sup.1 and Y.sup.2 is a single covalent bond, --COO--, --OOC--, --CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 --, --CH.sub.2 O-- or --OCH.sub.2 -- and the other of the groups Y.sup.1 and Y.sup.2 is a single covalent bond; and rings A.sup.1 and A.sup.2 each individually are substituted or unsubstituted trans-1,4-cyclohexylene, in which optionally 2 non-adjacent CH.sub.2 groups are replaced by oxygen, or substituted or unsubstituted 1,4-phenylene, in which optionally 1 CH group or 2 CH groups is/are replaced by nitrogen; with the proviso that X.sup.2 denotes fluorine or chlorine and/or Y.sup.1 or Y.sup.2 denotes --CH.sub.2 O-- or --OCH.sub.2 -- when simultaneously X.sup.1 is fluorine and R.sup.1 is 3E-alkenyl,and their use for liquid crystalline mixtures and electro-optical purposes.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for preparing ketene acetals by dehydrohalogenation of 2-haloaldehyde acetals. If the 2-haloaldehyde acetal is open chain, the dehydrohalogenation is carried out in the presence of an alkali metal hydroxide or alkaline earth metal hydroxide and a phase transfer catalyst and/or a secondary or tertiary alcohol or a secondary or tertiary diol. If the 2-haloaldehyde acetals is cyclic, the dehydrohalogenation is carried out in the presence of an alkali metal hydroxide or alkaline earth metal hydroxide and a phase transfer catalyst and with or without a secondary or tertiary alcohol or a secondary or tertiary diol, or carried out in the presence of an alkali metal hydroxide or alkaline earth metal hydroxide and a secondary or tertiary diol. The ketene acetals which can be prepared by the process of the invention serve as intermediates in organic synthesis and are suitable as monomers or comonomers in free radical polymerization for the production of biodegradable plastics.

Abstract: Process of treatment of mammals, including humans to treat diseases or conditions of the type which are normally treated with retinoid-like compounds is disclosed, with pharmaceutical compositions containing an active compound which is a selective agonist of the RXR retinoid receptor sites in preference to the RAR retinoid receptor sites. A compound is defined to be a selective agonist of the RXR receptor site if the compound is at least approximately ten times more effective as an agonist in the RXR receptor sites than in the RAR receptor sites.

Abstract: Compounds of the general formula ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1 represents vinyl or straight-chain alkenyl with 3 to 7 carbon atoms,the manufacture of such compounds, liquid crystalline mixtures which contain such compounds as well as the use of such compounds for electro-optical purposes.

Abstract: The present invention provides compounds of the general formula: ##STR1## wherein R is an alkyl group with 1 to 12 carbon atoms or a group of the formula ##STR2## Ring A.sup.1 is 1,4-phenylene, which is unsubstituted or substituted with fluorine, pyridine-2,5-diyl or pyrimidine-2,5-diyl;Ring A.sup.2 is trans-1,4-cyclohexylene or trans-1,3-dioxane-2,5-diyl;R.sup.1 is an alkyl, alkenyl or alkoxyalkyl group with 1 to 12 and, respectively, 2 to 12 carbon atoms;X.sup.1 is fluorine, chlorine, bromine, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy or difluoromethoxy; andX.sup.2, X.sup.3 each independently are hydrogen or fluorine.The invention is also concerned with liquid crystal mixtures which contain these compounds and with the use of these compounds and mixtures for electro-optical purposes.

Abstract: Dermatological and/or cosmetological compositions containing at least one retinoid of general formula (I), ##STR1## and the use of such compounds for preparing dermatological and/or cosmetological compositions.

Abstract: Fluorine-containing, chiral and achiral liquid crystal compounds comprise (a) an aliphatic fluorocarbon terminal portion comprising a perfluorinated or partially-fluorinated alkylene group and a terminal hydrocarbon alkyl group, the groups optionally containing at least one catenary ether oxygen atom; (b) an aliphatic hydrocarbon terminal portion; and (c) a central core connecting the terminal portions. The compounds have smectic mesophases or latent smectic mesophases and are useful, for example, in liquid crystal display devices.

Abstract: A compound of the general formulaM--(CH.sub.2).sub.n --(O).sub.m --[--D--B--].sub.q --Y, (I)in which M represents a silicon radical having 2 to 5 silicon atoms which are linked together by bridging elements A, and the remaining valencies of the silicon atoms are saturated with radicals R; A is a bridging element selected from the group consisting of C.sub.1 - to C.sub.8 -alkylene radicals and oxygen with the proviso that at least one radical A per M radical is a C.sub.1 - to C.sub.8 -alkylene radical; R represents optionally fluorine or chlorine atom- or cyano group-substituted straight-chain C.sub.1 - to C.sub.10 -alkyl or C.sub.2 - to C.sub.10 -alkenyl radicals, branched chain C.sub.3 - to C.sub.10 -alkyl or C.sub.3 - to C.sub.10 -alkenyl radicals, optionally C.sub.1 - to C.sub.4 -alkyl- , C.sub.1 - to C.sub.4 -alkoxy radicals, fluorine, chlorine, bromine atom, cyano, trifluoromethyl or nitro radical substituted C.sub.6 - to C.sub.12 -cycloalkyl, C.sub.6 - to C.sub.12 -cycloalkenyl, C.sub.6 - to C.sub.

Abstract: Compounds having the Formula: ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1 denotes an alkenyl group;A.sup.1 and A.sup.2 each independently represent 1,4-phenylene, which is unsubstituted or substituted with halogen and in which, when it is unsubstituted, optionally 1 or 2 CH group(s) is/are replaced by nitrogen, or trans-1,4-cyclohexylene or trans-1,3-dioxane-2,5-diyl;Z.sup.1 and Z.sup.2 each independently signify a single covalent bond, --CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 --, --COO--, --OOC--, --OCH.sub.2 --, --CH.sub.2 O--, --C.dbd.C--, --(CH.sub.2).sub.4 --, --O(CH.sub.2).sub.3 --, --(CH.sub.2).sub.3 O-- or the trans form of --OCH.sub.2 CH.dbd.CH--, --CH.dbd.CHCH.sub.2 O--, --(CH.sub.2).sub.2 CH.dbd.CH-- or --CH.dbd.CH(CH.sub.2).sub.2 --;n is either 0, 1 or 2; andR.sup.2 is halogen, cyano or alkyl with 1 to 12 carbon atoms, which is optionally substituted with fluorine and in which optionally 1 --CH.sub.2 -- group or 2 non-adjacent --CH.sub.2 -- groups is/are replaced by oxygen, --COO--, --OOC--, --CO-- and/or a --CH.sub.2 --CH.sub.

Abstract: Compounds of the general formula ##STR1## wherein ring A represents 1,4-phenylene, pyridine-2,5-diyl, pyrimidine-2,5-diyl, trans-1,4-cyclohexylene or trans-1,3-dioxane-2,5-diyl;Z signifies a single covalent bond, --CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 --, --OCH.sub.2 --, --CH.sub.2 O--, --(CH.sub.2).sub.4 --, --O(CH.sub.2).sub.3 --, --(CH.sub.2).sub.3 O-- or, where ring A represents a saturated ring, also the trans form of --CH.dbd.CH(CH.sub.2).sub.2 -- or --CH.dbd.CHCH.sub.2 O--;X signifies fluorine, chlorine, cyano, --CF.sub.3, --OCF.sub.3 or --OCHF.sub.2 ;Y.sup.1, Y.sup.2 each independently signify fluorine or hydrogen; andR signifies alkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl or alkenyloxy with 1 or, respectively, 2 to 12 carbon atoms in which one CH.sub.2 group or two non-adjacent CH.sub.

Abstract: A novel, conjugated enyne compound expressed by the following formula (I), which has superior characteristics as an L.C. material and is stable under a usually used environment, and a L.C. composition containing the same are provided: ##STR1## wherein A is 1,4-phenylene or 1,4-cyclohexylene; B, C and D are 1,4-phenylene, 1,4-cyclohexylene, 1,3-dioxane-2,5-diyl, pyridine-2,5-diyl or 1,3-pyrimidine-2,5-diyl; L and M are covalent bond, 1,2-ethylene, oxycarbonyl, carbonyloxy, 1,2-ethenylene, 1,2-ethynylene, oxymethylene or methyleneoxy; n, m and l are 0 or 1; X and Z are H or F; R is fluoroalkyl, alkyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl or alkenyl; Y is alkyl, alkoxy, cyano, halogen, cyanate, alkyl or alkoxy having at least one H replaced by halogen; when n is 0, L is covalent bond; when m or n is 0, M is covalent bond; and m, n and l are not simultaneously 0,the compound having a broad L.C. range, a low viscosity and a suitable .DELTA.n, and being applied to various uses, and reducing the viscosity of L.C.

Abstract: 2-Fluoroperfluoroalkylcyclohexene derivatives of the formula I ##STR1## where R is an alkyl or alkenyl radical having up to 18 carbon atoms which is unsubstituted or substituted by CN or by at least one halogen and in which one or more non-adjacent CH.sub.2 groups may be replaced by a radical selected from the group consisting of --O--, --S--, --CO--, --O--CO--, --CO--O-- and --C.ident.C--,A.sup.1 and A.sup.2 are each, independently of one another,a) a 1,4-phenylene radical, in which one or two CH groups may be replaced by N,b) a 1,4-cyclohexylene radical, in which one or two non-adjacent CH.sub.2 groups may be replaced by --O-- or --S--,c) a 1,4-cyclohexenylene, piperidine-1,4-diyl, 1,4-bicyclo[2.2.2]octylene or naphthalene-2,6-diyl radical,where the radicals a) and b) may be monosubstituted or polysubstituted by halogen atoms, cyano groups and/or methyl groups,Z.sup.1 and Z.sup.2 are each, independently of one another, --CO--O--, --O--CO--, --CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 --, --C.ident.C--, --CH.dbd.CH--, --OCH.sub.