Abstract: Described herein are compounds of Formula (XX) and Formula (XXIV), shown below, and processes of making same. ##STR1## wherein p is 0 ##STR2## wherein p is 1, and Y is chlorine or bromine.

Abstract: Hydroxyaromatic compounds such as phenol are converted to diaryl carbonates by reaction with oxygen and carbon monoxide in the presence of a catalyst package and an added diluent free from active hydrogen. The preferred catalyst packages comprise a Group VIIIB metal or salt thereof, an inorganic cocatalyst, and organic cocatalysts and a bromide or chloride source. The amount of added diluent is an effective amount to improve selectivity to diaryl carbonate. Preferred diluents are diphenyl carbonate and N-methylpyrrolidone.

Abstract: Adducts of hydroxyaromatic compounds such as phenol and diaryl carbonates such as diphenyl carbonate are washed with a washing composition comprising a major proportion, typically about 90%, of the hydroxyaromatic compound and a minor proportion, typically about 10%, of the diaryl carbonate.

Abstract: Radiation-curable (meth)acrylates obtainable by reacting compounds of the formula ##STR1## in which R is C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 -alkyl, aryl or R.sup.1 and R.sup.1 is ##STR2## in which R.sup.2 to R.sup.6 independently of one another are H, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 -alkyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 -alkoxy, OH, phenyl, SH, SCH.sub.3, SC.sub.2 H.sub.5, F, Cl, Br, CN, COOH, COO--(C.sub.1 -C.sub.17 -alkyl), COO--(C.sub.5 -C.sub.10 -aryl), CF.sub.3, N(alkyl).sub.2, N(alkyl)(aryl), N(aryl).sub.2, N.sup..sym. (alkyl).sub.3 A.sup..crclbar., N.sup..sym. H(alkyl).sub.2 A.sup..crclbar., A.sup..crclbar. is the anion of an acid, and alkyl or aryl, unless indicated otherwise, is C.sub.1 -C.sub.10 -alkyl or C.sub.5 -C.sub.10 -aryl, respectively, and at least one but not more than 3 of R.sup.2 to R.sup.6 are ##STR3## with hydroxy(meth)acrylates containing at least 1 free hydroxyl group and at least 2 (meth)acrylic groups in the molecule.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of producing an aromatic carbonate by reacting an aromatic hydroxy compound, carbon monoxide, and oxygen, wherein the reaction is carried out in the presence of a catalyst comprising:(A) at least one selected from palladium and palladium compounds;(B) at least one lead compound;(C) at least one cobalt compound; and,(D) at least one halide.According to this method an aromatic carbonate which produces only a small amount of impurities and has excellent selectivity can be produced.

Abstract: The present invention relates to metabolically labile esters, and to contrast media for X-ray and magnetic resonance imaging comprising these esters. The esters have formula (I): ##STR1## in which R.sup.3 is asteroid residue. The esters contain at least one iodine atom and/or heavy metal atom. The compound are metabolizable to products which are soluble in body fluids and are physiologically acceptable.

Abstract: A process for producing an aromatic carbonate which comprises: reacting a dialkyl carbonate represented by general formula (1) with an aromatic carboxylic acid aryl ester represented by general formula (2) in the presence of a catalyst to produce an aromatic carbonate represented by one or both of general formulae (3) and (4):R--OCOO--R (1)Ar'--COO--Ar (2)Ar--OCOO--R (3)Ar--OCOO--Ar (4)wherein R represents an alkyl group having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and Ar and Ar' each represents an unsubstituted phenyl group or a phenyl group substituted by a substituent selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkoxy, aryl, aryloxy and a halogen atom.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for the continuous production of diaryl carbonates by reaction of aromatic hydroxy compounds with phosgene in the presence of heterogeneous catalysts.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a continuous process for the preparation of phenyl methyl carbonate. The process is carried out in a first distillation column consisting of a lower reactive section and an upper rectification section and a second rectification column. The reactive section of the first column has a practically constant thermal profile at the optimum temperature for the reaction, and that with the use of the second column a circulation of dimethyl carbonate is created between the top and bottom of the first column which allows an advantageous excess of dimethylcarbonate to be fed to the bottom of the first column.

Abstract: Carbonates with aromatic ester groups may be produced by reacting aromatic monohydroxy compounds with phosgene or with chlorocarbonates of aromatic monohydroxy compounds, wherein a temperature in the range from 50.degree. to 450.degree. C. and a pressure in the range from 0.05 to 20 bar are used in the presence of hard materials with metal-like properties (ceramic precursors) as heterogeneous catalysts.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photoconductor having an electroconductive support and a photoconductive layer formed thereon containing as a photoconductive material at least one carbonate compound of formula (I): ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 each is hydrogen, an alkyl group which may have a substituent, an aryl group which may have a substituent, or a condensed polycyclic group; Y is a bivalent arylene group which may have a substituent, ##STR2## in which Ar.sup.1 and Ar.sup.2 each is an arylene group which may have a substituent, R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 each Is hydrogen, an alkyl group which may have a substituent or an aryl group which may have a substituent, and 1 is an integer of 1 or 2; and R.sup.1 and R.sup.2, or R.sup.1 and Y may independently form a ring; X is an alkyl group which may have a substituent or an aryl group which may have a substituent; m is an integer of 0 or 1; and n is an integer of 0 to 6.

Abstract: A catalyst for producing an aryl ester of a carbonic or carboxylic acid is disclosed, which includes a microporous material containing a metal element belonging to group IV. This catalyst can be used as a heterogeneous catalyst to produce the aryl ester in high yield with industrial advantages. In order to produce the aryl ester using the catalyst, a carbonate or an aliphatic carboxylate is transesterified with an aromatic hydroxy compound, or an aryl carboxylate is transesterified with a carbonate, or an alkyl aryl carbonate is disproportionated by transesterification.

Abstract: Described herein is a process for the preparation of (1S,2R)-1,2-epoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene having the Formula (I): ##STR1## which comprises the steps of (a) hydrogenating the compound of Formula (II) to form cis-(1R, 2S)-1,2-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene having the Formula (V): ##STR2## (b) reacting the dihydroxy compound of Formula (V) with a sulphonyl halide of formula R.sup.1 SO.sub.2 Z wherein R.sup.1 is methyl, ethyl, trifluoromethyl, phenyl or p-tolyl, and Z is fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine to give a bis-sulphonyl ester of formula (X): ##STR3## and (c) treating the bis-sulphonyl ester (X) with an alkali metal carbonate or alkali metal hydroxide to give the compound of Formula (I).

Abstract: A process for the preparation of mono-alkylcarbonate of bisphenols of the formula ##STR1## wherein R.sub.1 represents ispropylidene, hexa-fluoroisopropylidene, cyclohexane, sulphone, ketone, ether, phthaline, phthalimide and R.sub.2 represents an alkyl group with 1-8 carbon atoms the alkyl group being ethyl, propyl, butyl, hexyl, isopropyl, iso-butyl, tert-butyl, cyclohexyl which comprises reacting bisphenols of the formula ##STR2## where R.sub.1 represents ispropylidene, hexa-fluoroisopropylidene, cyclohexane, sulphone, ketone, ether, phthaline, phthalimide with dialkylcarbonates in presence of a catalyst selected from organometallic compounds of tin and titanium under inert atmosphere at a temperature in the range of 80.degree.-150.degree.C.

Abstract: A process for preparing carbonate compounds having the following formula: ##STR1## wherein R and R' are, the same or different, C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 alkyl group, a C.sub.3 -C.sub.6 cycloalkyl group, an optionally substituted C.sub.6 -C.sub.14 aryl group, an alkylaryl group, or an arylalkyl group is proposed; the process comprises reacting urea or derivatives thereof with appropriate alcohols or phenols and preparing the carbonate compounds via a multiple-step synthesis process.

Abstract: Water-insoluble iodinated esters of the formula (I) ##STR1## useful in X-ray and ultrasound imaging, are disclosed.

Abstract: The oligomers of the present invention are polyureas, polycarbonates, polyesters or polyamides having a number average molecular weight of <10,000. These oligomers are water-soluble, have a rigid backbone with a predictable anion spacing, and are pharmaceutically-acceptable. The oligomers are useful for the treatment and/or diagnosis of HSV and HCMV.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of producing an aromatic carbonate by reacting an aromatic hydroxy compound, carbon monoxide and oxygen using as a catalyst a specified catalyst system containing palladium and cerium compounds. Specifically, the present invention relates to a method of producing an aromatic carbonate by reacting an aromatic hydroxy compound, carbon monoxide and oxygen in the presence of a catalyst containing the following compounds:(A) at least one selected from palladium and palladium compounds;(B) at least one of trivalent or tetravalent cerium compounds;(C) at least one selected from quaternary ammonium salts and quaternary phosphonium salts;(D) at least one selected from quinones and reduction products thereof, i.e., aromatic diols; or(A) and (B) components of the above; and(E) at least one inorganic halide selected from alkali metal halides and alkali earth metal halides.

Abstract: Carboxylate (1) of the formula R.sup.1 COOR.sup.2 (where each of R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 independently represents an alkyl group, an alicyclic hydrocarbon group or an aryl alkyl group), an aromatic hydroxy compound of the formula R.sup.3 OH (where R.sup.3 represents an aromatic group with or without a substituent), and a catalyst are supplied to a batch reactor 1, and a transesterification between the carboxylate (1) and the aromatic hydroxy compound is performed to produce carboxylate (3) of the formula R.sup.1 COOR.sup.3 (where R.sup.1 and R.sup.3 are as defined above). After distilling off the by-produced alcohol and unreacted compounds using a distillation column 2, carbonate ester (4) of the formula R.sup.4 O--COOR.sup.5 (where each of R.sup.4 and R.sup.5 independently represents an alkyl group, an alicyclic hydrocarbon group or an aryl alkyl group) is supplied to the batch reactor 1.

Abstract: Organic carbonates which contain at least one aromatic ester group can be obtained continuously from carbonates, which contain at least one aliphatic ester group, and a phenolic compound in the presence of a transesterification catalyst known per se in that the reaction is carried out in a bubble column reactor or in a cascade of at least two bubble column reactors in such a way that the phenolic compound is metered into the first bubble column and the carbonate containing at least one aliphatic ester group is metered into each individual bubble column, but preferably only into the last bubble column. The carbonate containing at least one aromatic ester group is taken off in the liquid state from the last bubble column. Volatile reaction products, for example eliminated alcohol or a dialkyl carbonate are taken off at the upper end of each individual bubble column, preferably at the upper end of the first bubble column.

Abstract: The invention describes the synthesis and use of photoactivated (or caged) fluorescent dyes. Upon illumination at less than about 400 nm the caged dyes release highly fluorescent, water soluble hydroxypyrenesulfonic acid dyes according to the following equation: ##STR1## X, Y, and Z are independently sulfonic acid, a sulfonic acid salt, a hydroxyl group, or hydrogen, with at least one of X, Y, and Z being a sulfonic acid or sulfonic acid salt. LINK is either an ether linkage or a carbonate linkage. BLOCK is a caging group whose photolysis results in liberation of a free hydroxypyrenesulfonic acid dye.The caged fluorescent dyes are useful for application in aqueous solutions, including fluids of biological origin. The caged dyes of the present invention are especially useful for flow tagging velocimetry.

Abstract: Benzyl derivatives of the formula I ##STR1## where A is CH.sub.2, CHCl, CH-alkyl, CH-alkoxy, CH-alkylthio or N-alkoxy,B is OH, alkylthio, alkoxy or alkylamino,U, V, W are hydrogen, halogen, alkyl or alkoxy,D is ##STR2## where R' is hydrogen or alkyl andR is hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, haloalkyl, halocycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, alkylthioalkyl, arylthioalkyl, aryloxyalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, hetaryl, hetaryl-alkyl, hetaryloxyalkyl or heterocyclyl, and fungicides containing these compounds.

Abstract: Diaryl carbonates can be prepared by reacting aromatic hydroxy compounds with CO and O.sub.2 at elevated temperature over a noble metal catalyst in the presence of a base, a quaternary salt, a cocatalyst and a dessicant. According to the invention, the noble metal catalyst is activated with CO in the presence of the quaternary salt and optionally in the presence of the cocatalyst. In a particular process variant, the base used is a preformed alkali metal phenoxide.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of producing an aromatic carbonate by reacting an aromatic hydroxy compound, carbon monoxide and oxygen using a catalyst system for suppressing the production of aryl aromatic o-hydroxycarboxylate as a by-product. The catalyst system consists of the following compounds:(A) at least one selected from palladium and palladium compounds;(B) at least one selected from lead compounds; and(C) at least one halide selected from quaternary ammonium halides and quaternary phosphonium halides; and if required,(D) at least one selected from copper and copper compounds.The method of the present invention can increase the yield of an aromatic carbonate per palladium (the turnover number of palladium).

Abstract: This invention relates to a process for the production of carbonic acid esters from carbonyl compounds and organic hydroxy compounds, such as alcohols and phenols, in the presence of oxidizing metal ions.

Abstract: Carbonates with aromatic ester groups may be prepared by reacting aromatic monohydroxy compounds with phosgene or with chloroformates of aromatic monohydroxy compounds, wherein the process is performed at a temperature in the range 50.degree.-350.degree. C. in the presence of aluminosilicates as heterogeneous catalysts.

Abstract: Carbonates with aromatic ester groups may be prepared by reacting aromatic monohydroxy compounds with phosgene or with chloroformates of aromatic monohydroxy compounds, wherein reaction takes place at a temperature in the range 50.degree. to 350.degree. C. in the presence of aluminum oxides as heterogeneous catalysts.

Abstract: Organic carbonates containing at least one aromatic ester group can be obtained in a continuous manner from carbonates containing at least one aliphatic ester group and a phenolic compound in the presence of a transesterification catalyst known per se by carrying out the reaction in at least two stirred containers connected one behind the other in such a way that, in each case, the phenolic compound is metered in liquid form into the first stirred container and the carbonate containing at least one aliphatic ester group is metered in liquid form into one or more of the stirred containers. The carbonate containing at least one aromatic ester group is removed in liquid form from the last stirred container. Volatile reaction products, for example alcohol which has been cleaved out or a dialkyl carbonate are removed in gaseous form from one or more stirred containers.

Abstract: A process of preparing diaryl carbonates, such as diphenyl carbonate, and aryl haloformates, such as phenyl chloroformate. The process involves contacting phenol or a substituted phenol with a carbonyl halide, such as phosgene, in the presence of a phosphorus-containing catalyst. The catalyst is selected from alkyl phosphates, aryl phosphites, aryl phosphates, organic phosphinites and phosphinates, organic pyrophosphates, inorganic phosphorous and phosphoric acids, and phosphorus oxides.

Abstract: Water insoluble iodinated esters of formula (I), in which R.sup.1 is a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.1-20 aliphatic, C.sub.7-20 araliphatic or C.sub.6-20 aryl group or a C.sub.1-20 heterocyclic group having one or more hereto atoms selected from O, S and N; R.sup.2 is hydrogen or a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.1-6 aliphatic, C.sub.6-10 aryl or C.sub.7-20 araliphatic group; and R.sup.3 is a group as defined above for R.sup.1, which may be the same as or different from R.sup.1, or R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 together represent a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.1-4 alkylene group, the molecule containing at least one iodine atom and being metabolisable to products which are soluble in body fluids and are physiologically acceptable. The esters are useful in X-ray and ultrasound imaging, especially liver and spleen imaging.

Abstract: A catalyst for synthesizing a carbonic diester includes at least one copper compound selected from among copper oxides, copper hydroxides, a salt of copper with a weak acid consisting of the elements other than halogen such as copper borates, and complexes or complex salts consisting of the elements other than halogen and formed with copper or a copper compound a and ligand. The catalyst has a high activity, a high reaction selectivity and excellent stability with a minimal risk of corroding equipment. The catalyst can include, as a co-catalyst component, a platinum-group metal such as palladium or a halogen-free platinum-group metal compound such as palladium acetate. The catalyst component may be supported on a carrier, for example, an activated carbon. A carbonic diester is advantageously produced by allowing an alcohol to react with carbon monoxide and oxygen in the presence of the catalyst.

Abstract: Improved yields of aromatic organic carbonates made by the palladium catalyzed direct carbonylation of aromatic organic hydroxy compounds can be achieved if the total gas pressure and partial pressure of carbon monoxide and oxygen are substantially maintained during the reaction.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for preparing organic monomeric or polymeric compounds carrying tert-butyloxycarbonyl groups, wherein a monomeric or polymeric organic compound, which possesses at least one heteroatom with an acidic proton, such as an aliphatic or aromatic alcohol, an amide, imide or lactam, is reacted with di-tert-butyl dicarbonate in an inert solvent in the presence of about 0.01 to about 10 mol percent, relative to the compound to be converted, of a catalyst at a temperature from about 0.degree. to about 80.degree. C. The reaction solution can be used for further processing, or the reaction product can be isolated by evaporation of the solvent or by precipitation in water and drying. The compounds are preferably used in light-sensitive coatings.

Abstract: A process for continuously producing aromatic carbonates comprising continuously feeding a dialkyl carbonate, an aromatic hydroxy compound, and a catalyst to a reactor equipped with a distillation tower, continuously distilling off a by-produced aliphatic alcohol from the distillation tower so as to keep the aliphatic alcohol concentration in the reactor at 2% by weight or less, and continuously withdrawing produced alkylaryl carbonate and/or diaryl carbonate and the catalyst from the reactor; and a process for continuously producing a diaryl carbonate comprising continuously feeding an alkylaryl carbonate and a catalyst to a reactor equipped with a distillation tower, continuously distilling off a by-produced dialkyl carbonate from the distillation tower so as to keep the dialkylcarbonate concentration in the reactor at 2% by weight or less, and continuously withdrawing the produced diaryl carbonate and the catalyst from the reactor are disclosed.

Abstract: A process for producing an aromatic carbonate which comprises:reacting(a) an aromatic hydroxy compound with(b) carbon monoxide in the presence of(c) an oxidation agent,(d) a catalyst comprising a palladium compound or impregnated palladium catalyst,(e) a co-catalyst comprising a manganese compound, a cobalt compound or a copper compound, and(f) at least one nitrile compoundat a temperature of 20.degree. to 300.degree. C.

Abstract: Water insoluble iodinated esters of formula (I), in which R.sup.1 is a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.1-20 aliphatic, C.sub.7-20 araliphatic or C.sub.6-20 aryl group or a C.sub.1-20 heterocyclic group having one or more hetero atoms selected from O, S and N; R.sup.2 is hydrogen or a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.1-6 aliphatic, C.sub.6-10 aryl or C.sub.7-20 araliphatic group; and R.sup.3 is a group as defined above for R.sup.1, which may be the same as or different from R.sup.1, or R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 together represent a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.1-4 alkylene group, the molecule containing at least one iodine atom and being metabolisable to products which are soluble in body fluids and are physiologically acceptable. The esters are useful in X-ray and ultrasound imaging, especially liver and spleen imaging.

Abstract: The title compounds are prepared from organic carbonates having at least one aliphatic ester group and phenolic compounds by transesterification in the presence of a transesterification catalyst known per se at 60.degree.-320.degree. C. in a column-type reactor with multiple recycling of the reaction products into this reactor with intermediate storage of the product streams.

Abstract: Carbonic diesters containing at least one aromatic ester group can be prepared from carbonic diesters containing at least one aliphatic ester group by transesterification using a phenol, titanium dioxide having a surface area of at least 20 m.sup.2 /g as determined by the BET method being used as catalyst.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of an aromatic carbonate or polycarbonate from a phenol or bisphenol, methanol, carbon monoxide and oxygen comprising the steps of 1) reacting phenol or bisphenol with acetic anhydride to form (bis)phenyl acetate; 2) reacting dimethyl carbonate with (bis)phenyl acetate from step 1 to produce a phenyl carbonate or polycarbonate and methyl acetate; and 3) reacting the methyl acetate with carbon monoxide to produce acetic anhydride for use in step 1. In a desirable embodiment the dimethyl carbonate may also be prepared by reaction of methanol, carbon monoxide and oxygen.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a novel catalyst having a stable catalytic activity for catalyzing the reaction of an alcohol with carbon monoxide and oxygen to produce carbonic acid esters (i.e., carbonate), and also the present invention relates to a method of producing carbonic acid esters using this catalyst. The catalyst of the present invention comprises a copper halide and at least one hydroxide compound selected from a group consisting of alkali metal hydroxides and alkali earth metal hydroxides carried on a porous carrier, and also provide a process of regenerating a catalytic activity of the catalyst.

Abstract: Diaryl carbonates are prepared from dialkyl carbonates and phenolic compounds by transesterification in the presence of a transesterification catalyst at 60.degree.-320.degree. C. in an apparatus composed of two columns in a continuous procedure. In the first column, the starting materials form essentially the associated alkyl aryl carbonate, from which, in the second column, the diaryl carbonate is produced by further transesterification and disproportionation.

Abstract: 4-Acetoxystyrene is reacted with a base in a solvent to form a salt of 4-hydroxystyrene via saponification. Alternatively, 4-hydroxystyrene is reacted with a base to form a salt of 4-hydroxystyrene. In the latter case, the 4-hydroxystyrene is prepared by the transesterification of 4-acetoxystyrene. Subsequently or simultaneously, the salt of 4-hydroxystyrene is reacted, preferably in situ, with di-tertiary-butyl-dicarbonate to form 4-tertiarybutoxycarbonyloxystyrene.

Abstract: The invention relates to compounds containing carbonate groups and carbonyl groups and having the general formula ##STR1## in which R stands for a C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 -alkyl radical, an aryl radical, or a radical R.sup.1, whereR.sup.1 has the following formula ##STR2## in which R.sup.2 to R.sup.6 stand for H, alkyl, OH, O-alkyl, SH, S-alkyl, halogen, N(alkyl).sub.2, or N(alkyl)(aryl) and at least one but not more than three of the radicals R.sup.2 to R.sup.6 stand for a radical of the formula ##STR3## in which A, B and C stand for alkylene, cycloalkylene, oxaalkylene, polyoxaalkylene or arylene, k and l both stand for an integer from 1 to 80, and the end group Z stands for alkyl, aryl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyloxy, or aryl.These compounds are suitable for use as emulsifiers for dispersions.

Abstract: A process is described for preparing aromatic carbonates by transesterification of aliphatic carbonates with phenolic compounds in the presence of titanium compounds known per se, in which, before work-up, the transesterification mixture is cooled to a temperature below 120.degree. C., during which the mixture must remain liquid, the titanium-containing precipitate which is deposited is separated off, and the aromatic carbonate is then obtained by methods which are conventional per se.

Abstract: A process for efficiently producing an organic carbonate which comprises reacting an organic hydroxy compound and carbon monoxide in the absence of oxygen and in the presence of a catalyst comprising (a) palladium or a palladium compound, (b) a quinone or an aromatic diol formed by reduction of the quinone or a mixture thereof, and (c) a halogenated onium compound is disclosed.

Abstract: This invention relates to compounds having the following formula ##STR1## or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof which are useful in the inhibition of platelet aggregation, to pharmaceutical compositions including the compounds and to a method of inhibiting platelet aggregation in mammals by administering such compounds and compositions.

Abstract: A process for the continuous splitting of polycarbonates into dihydroxy compounds and carbonic acid esters is disclosed. Accordingly there are reacted in a distillation column a polycarbonate resin and a monohydroxy compound in the presence of a transesterification catalyst. The polycarbonate, in molten form or as a solute, is continuously fed into the upper part of the column and the monohydroxy compound in vapor phase is continuously fed into the lower part of the column. The resulting carbonic acid ester and dihydroxy compounds are continuously being removed from the column. The process is eminently suitable for the recycling of polycarbonate waste.

Abstract: The present invention provides a process for preparing urethanes and carbonates from an amine or an alcohol, carbon dioxide and a hydrocarbyl halide. The amine or alcohol is reacted with carbon dioxide in a suitable solvent system and in the presence of an amidine or guanidine base, to form the ammonium carbamate or carbonate salt which is then reacted in a polar aprotic solvent with a hydrocarbyl halide. Polymer products can also be prepared utilizing this process or utilizing the resulting urethanes and carbonates under standard polymerization conditions.

Abstract: Polymerizable carbonate compounds of the formula: ##STR1## wherein A is an aromatic polycycle, R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are independently hydrogen atom or alkyl, and n is 1, 2 or 3, are disclosed. They are useful as a component of nonemanating, self-curing and heat resistant resin compositions.

Abstract: 4-Acetoxystyrene is reacted with a base in a solvent to form a salt of 4-hydroxystyrene via saponification. Alternatively, 4-hydroxystyrene is reacted with a base to form a salt of 4-hydroxystyrene. In the latter case, the 4-hydroxystyrene is prepared by the transesterification of 4-acetoxystyrene. Subsequently or simultaneously, the salt of 4-hydroxystyrene is reacted, preferably in situ. with di-tertiary-butyl-dicarbonate to form 4-tertiary-butoxycarbonyloxystyrene.