Abstract: Provided are methods including a method for industrially producing (2S,12Z)-2-acetoxy-12-heptadecene, which is, for example, a sex pheromone of pistachio twig borer. The methods can include a production method comprising a step of reacting racemic (2RS,12Z)-2-hydroxy-12-heptadecene with vinyl benzoate in the presence of a lipase to obtain a mixture of optically active (2R,12Z)-2-benzoyloxy-12-heptadecene of Formula (R,Z-2) and optically active (2S,12Z)-2-hydroxy-12-heptadecene of Formula (S,Z-1), a step of heating the mixture to distill out the optically active (2S,12Z)-2-hydroxy-12-heptadecene (S,Z-1), and a step of acetylating the optically active (2S,12Z)-2-hydroxy-12-heptadecene (S,Z-1) to obtain optically active (2S,12Z)-2-acetoxy-12-heptadecene of Formula (S,Z-3).

Abstract: Provided are methods including a method for industrially producing (2S,12Z)-2-acetoxy-12-heptadecene, which is, for example, a sex pheromone of pistachio twig borer. The methods can include a production method comprising a step of reacting racemic (2RS,12Z)-2-hydroxy-12-heptadecene with vinyl benzoate in the presence of a lipase to obtain a mixture of optically active (2R,12Z)-2-benzoyloxy-12-heptadecene of Formula (R,Z-2) and optically active (2S,12Z)-2-hydroxy-12-heptadecene of Formula (S,Z-1), a step of heating the mixture to distill out the optically active (2S,12Z)-2-hydroxy-12-heptadecene (S,Z-1), and a step of acetylating the optically active (2S,12Z)-2-hydroxy-12-heptadecene (S,Z-1) to obtain optically active (2S,12Z)-2-acetoxy-12-heptadecene of Formula (S,Z-3).

Abstract: This invention relates to geranylgeranyl acetone (GGA) derivatives and the use of GGA, its isomers, and GGA derivatives in methods for inhibiting neural death, increasing neural activity, increasing axon growth and cell viability, and increasing the survival rate of subjects administered the GGA or GGA derivatives.

Abstract: Process for coproduction of a vinyl ester of the formula R—C(O)O—CH?CH by transvinylation reaction of a carboxylic acid of the formula R—C(O)OH with a transvinylating reagent of the formula R1—C(O)O CH?CH2, characterized in that (a) the transvinylation reaction is conducted continuously at a temperature of 90 to 160° C. and at a pressure of 0.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a continuous, catalytic process for preparing a vinyl ester of the formula R—C(O)O—CH?CH2 by reaction of a carboxylic acid of the formula R—C(O)OH with a transvinylating reagent of the formula R1—C(O)O—CH?CH2, wherein the reaction is effected at a temperature of 90 to 160° C. and at a pressure of 0.5 to 15 MPa without withdrawal of a reactant in the presence of a transition metal catalyst containing at least one transition metal from the group of ruthenium, osmium, rhodium, iridium, palladium and platinum, and then the resulting reaction mixture is separated into its constituents.

Abstract: The invention provides a new method for the preparation of the dimeric Pd(l) tri-tert.-butylphosphine bromide complex, characterized by the chemical formula [Pd(?-Br)(PtBu3)]2. The method is based on a comproportionation reaction in which a Pd(ll) compound (=PdBr2) is reacted with a Pd(0) compound (=Pd(PtBu3)2) in organic solvents to yield the [Pd(?-Br)(PtBu3)]2 compound having the Pd atoms in the formal oxidation state +1. Unreacted PdBr2 may be reused in the process. The method is straightforward and applicable for industrial scale production and provides high product yields. Further, a new process for the isomerization of allyl ethers of the general type R1—C(O)—O—CH(R2)—C(R3)?CH2 employing the compound Pd?-Br)(PtBu3)]2 as a catalyst is disclosed.

Abstract: Cls ruthenium complexes that can be used as catalysts are described. The complexes are generally square pyramidal in nature, having two anionic ligands X adjacent to each other. The complexes can be used as catalysts, for example in olefin metathesis reactions. Corresponding trans ruthenium complexes are also described, together with cationic complexes where one or both of the anionic ligands X are replaced by a non-co-ordinating anionic ligand.

Abstract: A process for the selective production of vinyl ester by the reaction of a carboxylic acid with acetylene with a homogeneous catalyst is disclosed and claimed. In one aspect, esters of neoacids are provided.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for preparing vinyl carboxylates, wherein a carboxylic acid is reacted with an alkyne compound in the presence of a catalyst which is selected from salts of perrhenic acid at a temperature of =250° C. The process gives rise to the desired vinyl esters with a high yield.

Abstract: A process for the selective production of vinyl ester by the reaction of a carboxylic acid with acetylene under heterogeneous catalytic conditions is disclosed and claimed. In a preferred embodiment of this invention, reaction of benzoic acid and acetylene in the presence of supported platinum catalyst at a temperature of from about 100 to 180° C. results in quantitative yields of vinyl benzoate.

Abstract: The invention includes compounds represented by Formula (1): wherein R represents hydrogen or methyl; A represents alkylene having from 1 to 12 carbon atoms, wherein in the alkylene, arbitrary —CH2— may be replaced by —O—, —S—, —CH?CH—, —CO—, —COO— or —OCO—; X and Y each independently represent an aromatic ring or a cyclohexane ring, wherein in the rings, arbitrary hydrogen may be replaced by alkyl having from 1 to 3 carbon atoms; Z independently represents a single bond, —O—, —S—, —COO—, —OCO—, —CON(R1)— or —N(R1)CO—, wherein R1 represents hydrogen or methyl; and m represents an integer of from 0 to 3.

Abstract: The present invention a method of improving, enhancing or modifying a fragrance formulation through the addition of an olfactory acceptable amount of the following compound: wherein R represents a straight, branched, or cyclic C1 to C5 hydrocarbon moiety containing saturated and/or unsaturated bonds, or a C3 to C5 glycolether, and wherein the methyl substituent is located in the ortho, meta, or para position on the cyclohexane ring.

Abstract: A method for producing an allyl compound having a compositional formula different from that of an allyl starting material compound, which comprises reacting the allyl starting material compound with an oxygen nucleophilic agent having a structure different from that of the allyl starting material compound in the presence of a catalyst containing at least one transition metal compound containing a transition metal selected from the group consisting of transition metals belonging to Group 8 to Group 10 of the Periodic Table and a monodentate phosphite compound having a structure of the following formula (1): P(OR1)(OR2)(OR3)??(1) wherein R1, R2 and R3 are respectively independently an alkyl group which may have a substituent, carbon chains of R1, R2 and R3 may have at least one carbon-carbon double bond or triple bond, and at least two optional groups of R1, R2 and R3 may bond to each other to form at least one cyclic structure.

Abstract: An allyl compound having a formula different from that of an allyl starting compound is prepared by a process of reacting the allyl starting compound with a nucleophilic agent in the presence of a catalyst containing at least one transition metal compound containing a transition metal selected from the group consisting of elements belonging to Group 8 to Group 10 of the Periodic Table and at least one bidentate coordinated phosphite compound selected from the group consisting of compounds having the following formulae (I) to (III): wherein A1 to A3 are respectively independently a diarylene group having a branched alkyl group at the ortho-position, R1 to R6 are respectively independently an alkyl group which may have a substituent or an aryl group which may have a substituent (including a heterocyclic compound forming an aromatic 6? electron cloud on the upper and lower sides of the ring, hereinafter the same), and Z1 to Z3 are respectively independently an optionally substituted alkylene group, an option

Abstract: A method for producing an allyl compound having a compositional formula different from that of an allyl starting material compound, which comprises reacting the allyl starting material compound with an oxygen nucleophilic agent in the presence of a catalyst containing at least one transition metal compound containing a transition metal selected from the group consisting of transition metals belonging to Group 8 to Group 10 of the Periodic Table and a multidentate phosphite compound.

Abstract: A process is described for preparing compounds of formula (I) where R is H, optionally halogen-substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, alkyl-aryl or heteroaryl, and, in alkyl and cycloalkyl, one or more CH2 groups may be replaced by —O—. The compounds of the formula (I) are valuable intermediates in the synthesis of PPAR agonists.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for producing ?-ketoenol esters of the general formula (Ia) or (Ib), wherein Ar, Ra and Rb are defined as in claim 1.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for producing &bgr; ketoenol esters of the general formula (Ia) or (Ib), wherein Ar, Ra and Rb are defined as in claim 1. The inventive method is characterized by reacting an arylhalogenide of the general formula (II) with a 1,3-diketone of the general formula (III) or the tautomers thereof in a carbon monoxide atmosphere in the presence of an alkali and a catalyst that contains at least one transition metal of group VIII of the periodic system.

Abstract: The invention provides a process that includes isomerizing at least one allylic substrate having an acyloxyl group or a hydroxyl group at the allyl position thereof, to produce a corresponding allylic isomer, wherein the isomerizing is conducted in the presence of a catalyst that includes a Group VIII-X metal compound and a phosphite compound.

Abstract: The method of oxidizing the alkyl groups of alkylbenzenes using palladium phenanthroline acetate or a palladium acetate with modified phenanthroline ligand catalyst. The palladium acetate catalyst with modified phenanthroline has the following formula: wherein R1 is selected from the group consisting of alkyl groups of from 1 to 3 carbon atoms, OH, and NO2 groups and halogen and hydrogen atoms with at least six of the R1 groups being hydrogen atoms in the ligand.

Abstract: The fixed-bed catalyst comprises palladium and selenium or tellurium or a mixture of selenium and tellurium on a silicon dioxide support and has a BET surface area of from 80 to 380 m2/g and a pore volume of from 0.6 to 0.95 cm3/g in the pore diameter range from 3 nm to 300 &mgr;m, with from 80 to 95% of the pore volume being in the pore diameter range from 10 to 100 nm. It is prepared by impregnating a silicon dioxide support with a solution of a palladium compound and a selenium compound or tellurium compound or a mixture of a selenium compound and a tellurium compound, drying it and reducing it in the presence of hydrogen. The catalyst is used, in particular, for isomerizing 3-buten-1-ol compounds.

Abstract: A .beta.,.gamma.-dihydropolyprenyl alcohol derivative having the formula: ##STR1## wherein n is an integer of 5 to 7 and R is hydrogen, a lower alkyl group or an aliphatic or aromatic acyl group, is new and useful as a prophylactic therapeutic agent for human and animal immuno-deficiency deseases and phylactic agent against human and animal infectious deseases. Another disclosed polyprenyl compound is also useful as the same agent.

Abstract: The process for preparing 1-functional allyl alcohol carboxylic esters comprises reacting a 3-functional allyl alcohol with the anhydride of the carboxylic acid at temperatures above 100.degree. C. in the presence of metal compounds of transition groups V to VII, namely at temperatures of 100-200.degree. C., preferably 130-150.degree. C. As metal compounds, it is possible to use oxidic metal compounds in the highest or at least second highest oxidation state of the transition metals, for example tungstic acid or its salts and/or tungsten(VI) oxide and/or molybdenum(V) oxide and/or molybdenum(VI) oxide and/or rhenium(VII) oxide. The 3-functional allyl alcohol and the carboxylic anhydride are advantageously used in equimolar amounts, if desired with a slight excess of anhydride, and an alkali metal salt of a weak acid, for example sodium carbonate or sodium acetate, can be added to the reaction mixture in an amount sufficient to trap free protons.

Abstract: Compounds containing two cyclic hydrocarbon moieties which are substituted to provide crosslinking functionality and which are linked to each other by secondary or tertiary oxycarbonyl containing moiety are basis for compositions which are cured to provide cured thermosets for encapsulation and underfill for electronic components that are thermally decomposable to allow repair, replacement, recovery or recycling of operative electronic components from assemblies that are inoperative.

Abstract: The catalytic asymmetric hydrogenation of enol esters with a vinyllic or acetylenic substituent proceeds with extremely high enantioselectivity using a Rhodium-chiral bisphosphine catalyst. This is at variance with the hydrogenation of enol esters bearing a saturated substituent, which are hydrogenated with only marginal enantioselectivity under the same conditions.

Abstract: X-ray opaque esters or amides of iodosubstituted benzoic acid according to formula I and polymers and dental materials produced therefrom. ##STR1## R.sup.1 =hydrogen or C.sub.1 to C.sub.3 alkyl, preferably H or CH.sub.3 ; R.sup.2 =straight-chain or branched C.sub.1 to C.sub.6 alkylene, oxyalkylene or arylene, preferably C.sub.2 to C.sub.4 alkylene and particularly preferably --CH.sub.2 --CH.sub.2 -- and --CH.sub.2 CH(--)CH.sub.2 --;X=O or NH, preferably O;R.sup.3 -R.sup.7 =at least 3 iodine substituents, preferably in R.sup.3, R.sup.4 and R.sup.6 or R.sup.3, R.sup.5 and R.sup.7 position, the other groups are hydrogen, C.sub.1 to C.sub.6 alkyl, C.sub.1 to C.sub.6 alkoxy, --Cl, --Br, --OH, --NH.sub.2, --N(C.sub.1 to C.sub.6 alkyl).sub.2 or --NH--CO--(C.sub.1 to C.sub.6 alkyl), preferably R.sup.3, R.sup.4, and R.sup.6 are=I and R.sup.5 and R.sup.7 =H, or R.sup.3, R.sup.5 and R.sup.7 =I and R.sup.4 and R.sup.6 =--NH(COCH.sub.3);n=1, 2 or 3, preferably 1 or 2.

Abstract: Novel pharmaceutically/cosmetically-active aromatic polyenic compounds have the structural formula (I): ##STR1## and are useful for the treatment of a wide variety of disease states, whether human or veterinary, for example dermatological, rheumatic, respiratory, cardiovascular, bone and ophthalmological disorders, as well as for the treatment of mammalian skin and hair conditions/disorders.

Abstract: An acetylene derivative represented by general formula (I): ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1 is saturated or unsaturated alkyl group having 3-20 carbon atoms, R.sup.2 is saturated or unsaturated alkyl group having 1-20 carbon atoms which may optionally be substituted by halogen atom or alkoxyalkyl group having 2-20 carbon atoms, A and B represent phenylene group or the like or taken as --A--B-- represent naphthalene group or the like, m and s are each 0 or 1, n is integer of 1-6, and * means asymmetric carbon atom; a process for producing said acetylene derivative, a liquid crystal composition using the same as active ingredient, and a liquid crystal element using said composition.

Abstract: In the enzymatic stereoselective ester cleavages of 2-arylpropionate, the reaction rate of the hydrolyzing enzymes can be drastically increased if the vinyl ester of the 2-arylpropionate is employed as the substrate.

Abstract: The present invention relates to fluorinated carboxylic acid esters of phosphonocarboxylic acids containing acrylate and/or methacrylate groups, their use as waterproofing or oil-repellency agents, and a method for their preparation.

Abstract: Novel acyclic terpene compounds useful as intermediates for producing sarcophytol A which have an anti-carcinogenic promotor activity and anti-tumor activity, which compounds are shown by the following general formula (I): ##STR1## [wherein R.sup.1 is a hydrogen atom, 1-alkoxyalkyl group, tetrahydrofuryl group, tetrahydropyranyl group or acyl group; R.sup.2 is a group of formula: --CHO, --CH.sub.2 OR.sup.3 or ##STR2## (wherein R.sup.3 is a hydrogen atom, 1-alkoxyalkyl group, tetrahydrofuryl group, tetrahydropyranyl group or acyl group; and R.sup.4 is C.sub.1 to C.sub.4 alkyl group) with the proviso that R.sup.1 and R.sup.3 do not represent the same substituents simultaneously; when R.sup.1 is a hydrogen atom, R.sup.3 is not acetyl group or tetrahydropyranyl group; and when R.sup.2 is a group of formula: ##STR3## R.sup.1 is not a hydrogen atom).

Abstract: Disclosed are contrast agents of the formula ##STR1## contained in aqueous compositions and methods for their use in diagnostic radiology of the gastrointestinal tract whereinwhereinZ=H, halo, C.sub.1 -C.sub.20 alkyl, cycloalkyl, lower alkoxy, cyano, where the alkyl and cycloalkyl groups can be substituted with halogen or halo-lower-alkyl groups;R=C.sub.1 -C.sub.25 alkyl, cycloalkyl, or halo-lower-alkyl, optionally substituted with halo, fluoro-lower-alkyl, aryl, lower-alkoxy, hydroxy, carboxy, lower-alkoxy carbonyl or lower-alkoxy-carbonyloxy, (CR.sub.1 R.sub.2).sub.p --(CR.sub.3 .dbd.CR.sub.4).sub.m Q, or (CR.sub.1 R.sub.2).sub.p --C.tbd.C--Q;R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 are independently lower-alkyl, optionally substituted with halo;x is 1-3y is 1-4;n is 1-5;m is 1-15;p is 1-10; andQ is H, lower-alkyl, lower-alkenyl, lower-alkynyl, lower-alkylene, aryl, or aryl-lower alkylin an aqueous, pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

Abstract: 15,16-Seco-19-nor progestins are provided which display elevated progestational activity with a minimum of ancillary hormonal activity. Processes for the preparation of the novel progestins are provided as are methods of use. A preferred method of use is in the suppression of ovulation in the human female.

Abstract: In a process for reacting a low molecular weight hydroxy compound with a carboxylic acid halide, a small amount of the acid halide is introduced into the reaction vessel and the remainder of the acid halide and the hydroxy compound are added gradually in an approximately stoichiometric ratio. The hydrogen halide formed is thus prevented from dissolving in the reaction medium. The heat of reaction to be dissipated is negligible.

Abstract: A .beta.,.gamma.-dihydropolyprenyl alcohol derivative having the formula: ##STR1## wherein n is an integer of 5 to 7 and R is hydrogen, a lower alkyl group or an aliphatic or aromatic acyl group, is new and usrful as a prophylactic therapeutic agent for human and animal immuno-deficiency deseases and phylactic agent against human and animal infectious deseases. Another disclosed polyprenyl compound is also useful as the same agent.

Abstract: The present invention provides novel acyclic terpenes of the formula: ##STR1## which are useful as intermediates for the industrially advantageous production of sarcophytol A.

Abstract: A process for the transvinylation of a vinyl derivative of a Bronsted acid with a different Bronsted acid which comprises providing a liquid phase mixture containing said vinyl derivative and said Bronsted acid in the presence of a ruthenium compound at a temperature at which transvinylation occurs and recovering as a product of transvinylation the vinyl derivative of the different Bronsted acid. The process is most favorably employed using carboxylic acids to make vinyl esters of carboxylic acids.

Abstract: Conjugated diene compounds of the general formula: ##STR1## which are industrially advantageous intermediates for preparing sarcophytol A useful as an anticarcinogenic promotor or antitumor agent are provided.

Abstract: This application relates to monomers and homopolymers of diacetylenic ethers having the formula ##STR1## wherein X is alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, alkaryl, aralkyl, aralkenyl, monoalkylamino or dialkylamino and Y is alkyl, alkenyl or ##STR2## where X' is independently selected from the group of X. The invention also relates to the method of preparing and using said alkoxy diacetylenes.

Abstract: Novel acetylenic alcohols were isolated from the known marine sponge Cribrochalina vasculum. These compounds, and derivatives thereof, are useful agents for the treatment of cancers of humans and animals. Also, these compounds and their derivatives can be used as immunosuppressive agents for humans and animals.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for the reaction of carboxylic acids with vinyl ethers using a non-polymeric pyridine hydrochloride and/or polymeric vinylpyridine hydrochloride as a catalyst.

Abstract: The invention is directed to a process for the catalytic oxidation of an isoprenoid containing at least one allylic hydrogen atom, which process comprises reacting the isoprenoid with oxygen or an oxygen-containing gas in an inert solvent in the presence of a N-hydroxydicarboxylic acid imide of the formula ##STR1## wherein A-B stands for CH.sub.2 -CH.sub.2, CH.dbd.CH, an aromatic hydrocarbon residue or a group derived from one of these groups in which one or more hydrogen atoms is/are replaced by alkyl or halogen,to produce a primary of secondary hydroperoxide.The process of the invention is suitable for the manufacture of steroids, vitamins, odorant substances, carotinoids and the like.

Abstract: This invention provides a novel catalyst composed of a complex of an organic acid or its ester and a Lewis acid, preferably boron trichloride that can add olefin monomers to increase the molecular weight of the complex from as low as 200 to in excess of a million, with the complex being active viz., living, until the complex dies, viz., is decomposed or destroyed so that polymers in the liquid or easily liquefiable range of 300 to about 20,000 can be made or those more difficult to be liquefied or unliquefiable, viz., those of over 10,000 up to 100,000 or in some cases 500,000 and then those in the range of the elastomers, or moldable or extrudable plastics range having very high molecular weights, generally in excess of 100,000 up to in excess of 500,000 and having useful end groups such as the halogens and specifically chloride, allyl, acryl or methacryl, acetate or formate to name some of the more useful ones.

Abstract: A process for the one step esterification of aldehydes and alcohols comprises the steps of combining an aldehyde with an alcohol, in the presence of oxygen and in contact with a catalyst having the general formulaPdTe.sub.a Zn.sub.d E.sub.ewhereE is one or more metals from the group consisting of group IA, IIA, IVA, VIIB or VIII metals, As or Sb; anda, d and e are from about 0 to 3 with the proviso that at least d or e.noteq.0.

Abstract: 1,1-dialkoxy- or 1,1-(.alpha.,.omega.-methylenedioxy)-non-2-yn-9-ol and their OH-protected derivatives of the general formula I ##STR1## where R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are each C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 -alkyl or together form an alkylene chain of 2 to 5 carbon atoms and X is hydrogen or a protective group which can be eliminated, their preparation and their use as intermediates.

Abstract: Novel derivatives of cyclic and acyclic terpenoid alcohols, having general formula (I) X--(CO).sub.n --O--T.sub.1, where n=O or l, T.sub.1 is a terpenoid group and X is a combination of cyclic groups, e.g. phenyl, cyclohexyl and pyrimidyl, X preferably contains up to three cyclic groups. Preferred derivatives are esters of cyclic terpenoid alcohols, e.g. menthol, borneol and isopineocampheol, e.g. formula (II) (-)-menthol. Ferroelectric smectic liquid crystal mixtures and devices containing these derivatives as chiral dopants in a tilted smectic host are also described. The properties of various other derivatives of terpenoid alcohols of formula (I) are also described, e.g. those of neomenthol, isolongifolol, fenchol, carveol, myrthenol, nopol, citronellol, perilla alcohol and dihydrocitronellol.

Abstract: Alkali metal and alkaline earth metal salts of acyloxybenzenesulfonic acids of the formula I ##STR1## where R is a saturated or unsaturated alkyl radical of 1 to 17 carbon atoms or is phenyl which is unsubstituted or monosubstituted or disubstituted by alkyl of 1 to 3 carbon atoms, halogen, methoxy or nitro, are prepared by neutralization, by a method in which a liquid acyloxybenzenesulfonic acid of the formula I and an aqueous solution of an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal hydroxide, carbonate or bicarbonate are combined in water, at from 0.degree. to 60.degree. C. and while mixing thoroughly, so that the pH is kept at from 2.5 to 7.0, and, if desired, the resulting salt is isolated from the aqueous solution in a conventional manner.

Abstract: Compounds of the formula ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1 is hydrogen or straight-chain alkyl; R.sup.2 is --CN, --R, --COR, --COOR or when R.sup.2 is positioned on an aromatic ring R.sup.2 also can be --OR, --OOCR or --F; R is alkyl; A is a group with 1 to 4 six-membered rings, these rings being linked directly with one another and with ring B in each case via a single covalent bond or being linked at one or two positions also via --COO--, --OOC-- or --CH.sub.2 CH.sub.

Abstract: 2-Alkyl-4,4-diacyloxybut-2-enals of the formula ##STR1## where R.sup.1 is alkyl and R.sup.2 is hydrogen or an aliphatic, cycloaliphatic or aromatic radical, are prepared by a process in which a 2-alkyl-1,4-diacyloxy-1,3-butadiene of the formula ##STR2## is reacted with oxygen or an oxygen donor in the presence of an acidic ion exchanger.

Abstract: Novel pharmaceutically/cosmetically-active aromatic polyenic compounds have the structural formula (I): and are useful for the treatment of a wide variety of disease states, whether human or veterinary, for example dermatological, rheumatic, respiratory, cardiovascular, bone and ophthalmological disorders, as well as for the treatment of mammalian skin and hair conditions/disorders.