Abstract: An electrooptical system is disclosed in which a PDLC film is positioned between 2 electrode layers. The PDLC film contains a liquid crystal mixture forming microdroplets in an optically isotropic, transparent polymer matrix. The liquid crystal mixture comprises one or more compounds of formula I ##STR1## wherein R, A.sup.1, A.sup.2, Z.sup.1, Z.sup.2, X.sup.1, X.sup.2, Q, Y and n are as herein defined, and one or more reactive liquid crystalline compounds. The PDLC film exhibits improved switching times, especially at low temperatures.

Abstract: Abstract of the Disclosure: Diphenylheteroalkyl derivatives of the formula I ##STR1## where A and R.sup.1 -R.sup.6 have the meanings specified in the description, and the preparation thereof are described.The substances are suitable for controlling diseases and as cosmetic agents.

Abstract: The present invention is concerned with optically active, ferroelectric, smectic, photo-cross linkable compounds of the formula ##STR1## wherein A.sup.1 and A.sup.2 may both signify residues of the formula ##STR2## and be the same or different, while A.sup.3 may signify a residue of the formula ##STR3## as well as liquid crystalline mixtures which contain such compounds and their use in the cross-linked state in optical components.

Abstract: The compounds of formula ##STR1## wherein the Z group can be located in positions ortho-, meta- or para-relative to the carboxylic group, symbol R.sup.1 stands for a saturated or unsaturated, linear or branched C.sub.1 to C.sub.4 alkyl radical anda. the dotted lines represent a cyclohexanic moiety and Z represents a ##STR2## group, R.sup.2 being a saturated or unsaturated, linear or branched C.sub.1 to C.sub.4 alkyl radical; orb. the dotted lines represent a cyclohexanic or benzenic moiety and Z represents a group of formula ##STR3## in which R.sup.2 is a saturated or unsaturated, linear or branched C.sub.1 to C.sub.4 alkyl radical, are useful as perfuming ingredients for the preparation of perfuming compositions and a variety of perfumed consumer articles. They impart to the latter odor notes of the fruity and floral type.

Abstract: A compound of the formula: ##STR1## wherein X is hydrogen or hydroxy, and Y is --R or --C(O)O--R, wherein R is a polyalkyl group having an average molecular weight of about from 450 to 5000; or a fuel soluble salt thereof. The compounds of formula I are useful as hydrocarbon fuel additives for the prevention and control of deposits, especially intake valve deposits, in internal combustion engines.

Abstract: The invention relates to compounds of the formula I ##STR1## in which A denotes hydrogen or an amino protective group, B denotes one or more amino acids, X denotes alkylene or aralkylene, Y.sup.1, Y.sup.2, Y.sup.3 and Y.sup.4 are identical or different and denote hydrogen, methyl, methoxy or nitro, V denotes hydrogen or a carboxyl protective group, W denotes --[CH.sub.2 ].sub.n -- or --O--[CH.sub.2 ].sub.n --, m denotes 0 or 1, n denotes 0 to 6, and p denotes 0 to 5, to a process for their preparation. The compounds of formula I are useful as linkage agents or anchor groups in the solid-phase synthesis of peptide aminoalkylamides and peptide hydrazides.

Abstract: Diaromatic compounds, characterized in that they correspond to the following general formula: ##STR1## in which: R.sub.1 is --CH.sub.3, --CH.sub.2 OH, --COR.sub.8 or --CH.sub.2 OCOR.sub.9, R.sub.8 is H, OH, --OR.sub.10, --N(rr') or alkyl, R.sub.10 is alkyl, alkenyl, aryl or aralkyl, r and r' being H, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, etc., r and r' together form a heterocycle, R.sub.9 is alkyl, alkenyl or a sugar residue, R.sub.2 and R.sub.3 are --OR.sub.11 or --OCOR.sub.11, R.sub.11 is H, alkyl, fluoroalkyl, aryl or aralkyl, R.sub.3 in addition being H, R.sub.4 is H, OH, alkyl, alkoxy, F, Cl or --CF.sub.3, R.sub.5 and R.sub.7 are H, OH, alkoxy, .alpha.-substituted alkyl or .alpha.,.alpha.'-disubstituted alkyl, etc., R.sub.6 is H, OH, alkyl, alkoxy, cycloalkyl, etc., R.sub.5 and R.sub.7 cannot simultaneously be OH or alkoxy and R.sub.4, R.sub.5, R.sub.6 and R.sub.7 cannot simultaneously be H, R.sub.5 and R.sub.6 or R.sub.6 and R.sub.

Abstract: Bi-aromatic esters have the formula ##STR1## wherein R.sub.1 represents H, OH, --CH.sub.3, --CH.sub.2 OH, --CH(OH)CH.sub.3, --COOR.sub.9, ##STR2## or SO.sub.2 R.sub.10 ; R.sub.9 represents H, C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 alkyl or mono or polyhydroxyalkyl; R.sub.10 represents OH, C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 alkyl or ##STR3## r' and r" represent H, C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, mono or polyhydroxyalkyl, or r' and r" taken together form a heterocycle; R.sub.2 represents H, C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 alkyl, OR.sub.9, F or --CF.sub.3 ; R.sub.3, R.sub.4 and R.sub.5 represent H, F, OH, --CH.sub.3, --OCH.sub.3, --CF.sub.3, --COOH or --CH.sub.2 OH; R.sub.6 and R.sub.8 represent H, .alpha.-substituted C.sub.3 -C.sub.15 alkyl, .alpha., .alpha.'-disubstituted C.sub.4 -C.sub.12 alkyl, C.sub.3 -C.sub.12 cycloalkyl, C.sub.5 -C.sub.12 mono or polycyclic cycloalkyl whose linking carbon is trisubstituted, --SR.sub.11, --SO.sub.2 R.sub.11 or --SOR.sub.11 ; R.sub.11 represents C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 alkyl or cycloalkyl; R.sub.6 and R.sub.

Abstract: Disclosed are novel active benzene derivatives represented by the general formula (I): ##STR1## (wherein X represents --CCO--, --OCO--, --CH.sub.2 C-- or --OCH.sub.2 --; A represents a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom or an alkyl or alkoxyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms; R represents an alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms; l and m each represents a number of 1 or 2, n represents a number of 0 or 1, but when n is 0 the sum of l and m is 3 or less; and * indicates asymmetric carbon atom), a process for producing the same, liquid-crystalline substances containing said derivatives as active ingredient, and optical switching elements utilizing the liquid crystal compositions containing said liquid-crystalline substances.

Abstract: A liquid-crystalline copolymer comprising the repeating units represented by the following general formulas ##STR1## wherein each of r and p is an integer of 2 to 5, q is an integer of 0 to 3, m is an integer of 1 to 20, and R.sup.1 is ##STR2## R.sup.2 being --COOR.sup.3, --OR.sup.3 or --OCOR.sup.3 R.sup.3, ##STR3## each of R.sup.4 and R.sup.5 being --CH.sub.3 or a halogen atom, each of a and d being an integer of 0 to 10, b being an integer of 0 or 1, with the proviso that d is not 0 when R.sup.5 is --CH.sub.3, the repeating units [I] and [II] being present in the liquid-crystalline copolymer in a substantial molar ratio [I]:[II] of 1:1, exhibits ferroelectricity even at a temperature neighboring room temperature and having a high response speed to changes of external electric fields.

Abstract: Compounds of the formula ##STR1## wherein m is 1-4; R.sub.1 -R.sub.4 independently are hydrogen, lower alkyl of 1 to 6 carbons, Cl, Br, or I; R.sub.5 is hydrogen, lower alkyl of 1 to 6 carbons, Cl, Br, I, lower alkoxy or lower thioalkoxy of 1-6 carbons; R.sub.6 is hydrogen, lower alkyl, Cl, Br, I, OR.sub.11, SR.sub.11, OCOR.sub.11, SCOR.sub.11, NH2, NHR.sub.11, N(R.sub.11).sub.2, NHCOR.sub.11 OR NR.sub.11 --COR.sub.11 ; R.sub.20 is independently hydrogen or lower alkyl; A is (CH.sub.2).sub.n where n is 0-5, lower branched chain alkyl having 3-6 carbons, cycloalkyl having 3-6 carbons, alkenyl having 2-6 carbons and 1 or 2 double bonds, alkynyl having 2-6 carbons and 1 or 2 triple bonds; B is hydrogen, COOH or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, COOR.sub.8, CONR.sub.9 R.sub.10, --CH.sub.2 OH, CH.sub.2 OR.sub.11, CH.sub.2 OCOR.sub.11, CHO, CH(OR.sub.12).sub.2, CHOR.sub.13 O, --COR.sub.7, CR.sub.7 (OR.sub.12).sub.2, or CR.sub.7 OR.sub.13 O, where R.sub.

Abstract: Disclosed are novel active benzene derivatives represented by the general formula (I): ##STR1## (wherein X represents --COO--, --OCO--, --CH.sub.2 O-- or --OCH.sub.2 --; A represents a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom or an alkyl or alkoxyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms: R represents an alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms; l and m each represents a number of 1 or 2, n represents a number of 0 or 1, but when n is 0 the sum of l and m is 3 or less; and * indicates asymmetric carbon atom), a process for producing the same, liquid-crystalline substances containing said derivatives as active ingredient, and optical switching elements utilizing the liquid crystal compositions containing said liquid-crystalline substances.

Abstract: Bi-aromatic esters have the formula ##STR1## wherein R.sub.1 represents H, OH, --CH.sub.3, --CH.sub.2 OH, --CH(OH)CH.sub.3, --COOR.sub.9, ##STR2## or SO.sub.2 R.sub.10 ; R.sub.9 represents H, C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 alkyl or mono or polyhydroxyalkyl; R.sub.10 represents OH, C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 alkyl or ##STR3## r' and r'' represent H, C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, mono or polyhydroxyalkyl, or r' and r'' taken together form a heterocycle; R.sub.2 represents H, C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 alkyl, OR.sub.9, F or --CF.sub.3 ; R.sub.3, R.sub.4 and R.sub.5 represent H, F, OH, --CH.sub.3, --OCH.sub.3, --CF.sub.3, --COOH or --CH.sub.2 OH; R.sub.6 and R.sub.8 represent H, .alpha.-substituted C.sub.3 -C.sub.15 alkyl, .alpha.,.alpha.'-disubstituted C.sub.4 -C.sub.12 alkyl, C.sub.3 -C.sub.12 cycloalkyl, C.sub.5 -C.sub.12 mono or polycyclic cycloalkyl whose linking carbon is trisubstituted, --SR.sub.11, --SO.sub.2 R.sub.11 or --SOR.sub.11 ; R.sub.11 represents C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 alkyl or cycloalkyl; R.sub.6 and R.sub.

Abstract: Disclosed are optically active aromatic carboxylic acid derivatives represented by the formula (I): ##STR1## (wherein R.sub.2 represents an alkoxyalkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms or an alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, which alkyl group may be substituted with a halogen atom; l represents a number of 1 or 2; m represents a number of 0 or 1; and * indicates asymmetric carbon atom) and a process for producing such derivatives through the following reaction steps: ##STR2## A process for the hydrolysis of ester derivatives of (I) using esterase is described.The optically active aromatic carboxylic acid derivatives represented by the above-described formula (I) are useful as a liquid crystal material and can be also utilized as an intermediate for the preparation of pharmaceuticals, agricultural chemicals and the like.

Abstract: Poly(oxyalkylene) hydroxyaromatic ethers having the formula: ##STR1## or a fuel-soluble salt thereof; where n is an integer from 5 to 100; x is an integer from 0 to 10; R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are each independently hydrogen, hydroxy, lower alkyl having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, or lower alkoxy having 1 to 6 carbon atoms; R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 are each independently hydrogen or lower alkyl having 1 to 6 carbon atoms; R.sub.5 is an acyl group of the formula: ##STR2## wherein y is 1, 2 or 3; R.sub.6 is a divalent hydrocarbyl radical, when y is 1, a trivalent hydrocarbyl radical, when y is 2, or tetravalent hydrocarbyl radical, when y is 3, said hydrocarbyl radicals having 1 to about 20 carbon atoms; and each Z is independently selected from the group consisting of: ##STR3## where each R.sub.7 is independently alkyl having 1 to 30 carbon atoms, phenyl, aralkyl having 7 to 36 carbon atoms or alkaryl having 7 to 36 carbon atoms.

Abstract: Compounds of the formula ##STR1## wherein R.sup.3 and the NR.sup.1 R.sup.2 group are in a cis-position to each other and wherein Y is OH, R.sup.4 COO, (R.sup.5).sub.2 NCOO or R.sup.6 O either in position 5 or position 7, whereby R.sup.4 is an alkyl group having 1-5 carbon atoms or a possibly substituted phenyl group, R.sup.5 is an alkyl group having 1-5 carbon atoms and R.sup.6 is an allyl or benzyl group, R.sup.1 is hydrogen or an alkyl group having 1-3 carbon atoms, R.sup.2 is an alkyl group having 1-6 carbon atoms, a phenylalkyl- or m-hydroxyphenylalkyl group with 2-4 carbon atoms in the alkyl part, or an alkenyl group with 3-6 carbon atoms other than 1-alkenyl, and R.sup.3 is an alkyl group having 1-3 carbon atoms, processes and intermediates for their preparation, pharmaceutical preparations and methods of treatment employing such compounds. The compounds are useful for therapeutic purposes, especially for treatment of disorders in the central nervous system.

Abstract: Phosphine oxide-terminated allene-ene-yne compounds are disclosed that possess DNA-cleaving, antimicobial and tumor growth-inhibiting properties. Methods of making and using those compounds are also disclosed.

Abstract: Acetylsalicylic acid esters of carnitine are distinguished relative to acetylsalicylic acid. The esters can be produced by acetylation of suitable salicylic acid esters of carnitine.

Abstract: KS-506a, KS-506x and KS-506g having an activity to inhibit cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase and KS-506m and KS-506h having an activity to inhibit histamine release are produced by culturing a microorganism belonging to the genus Mortierella.

Abstract: Prepolymer polyols containing mesogenic moieties useful as reactants for the preparation of resinous materials are disclosed. Synthesized by condensing a polyether polyol with bifunctional mesogenic diacids, or diesters, the compounds of the invention are characterized by their reasonably low melt temperature which renders them suitable as additive materials in polymeric molding compositions and as precursors for the preparation of resinous materials.The liquid crystalline properties of the prepolymers of the invention were found to depend on the type and molecular weight of the glycols and on the molar ratio between the glycols and the mesogenic reactant.

Abstract: Compounds of the formula I or II ##STR1## in which R, R.sup.0, R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are as defined in claim 1. The compounds, some of which are novel, are light stabilizers for color photographic recording materials.

Abstract: Bi-aromatic esters have the formula ##STR1## wherein R.sub.1 represents H, OH, --CH.sub.3, --CH.sub.2 OH, --CH(OH)CH.sub.3, --COOR.sub.9, ##STR2## or SO.sub.2 R.sub.10 ; R.sub.9 represents H, C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 alkyl or monoor polyhydroxyalkyl; R.sub.10 represents OH, C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 alkyl or ##STR3## r' and r" represent H, C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, mono or polyhydroxyalkyl, or r' and r" taken together form a heterocycle; R.sub.2 represents H, C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 alkyl, OR.sub.9, F or --CF.sub.3 ; R.sub.3, R.sub.4 and R.sub.5 represent H, F, OH, --CH.sub.3, --OCH.sub.3, --CF.sub.3, --COOH or --CH.sub.2 OH; R.sub.6 and R.sub.8 represent H, .alpha.-substituted C.sub.3 -C.sub.15 alkyl, .alpha.,.alpha.'-disubstituted C.sub.4 -C.sub.12 alkyl, C.sub.3 -C.sub.12 cycloalkyl, C.sub.5 -C.sub.12 mono or polycyclic cycloalkyl whose linking carbon is trisubstituted, --SR.sub.11, --SO.sub.2 R.sub.11 or --SOR.sub.11 ; R.sub.11 represents C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 alkyl or cycloalkyl; R.sub.6 and R.sub.

Abstract: A region-specific monofunctionalization of a phenolic hydroxy onto a polyphenol for the preparation of a compound of the formula ##STR1## wherein R is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl of 1 to 8 carbon atoms, alkenyl and alkynyl of 2 to 8 carbon atoms, --CN, formyl, carboxy, alkoxy carbonyl of up to 9 carbon atoms, aralkoxy carbonyl or up to 12 carbon atoms and halogen and R' is a hydroxy protective group comprising reacting a polyphenol of the formula ##STR2## wherein R has the above definition with a base to form the corresponding dianion, reacting the latter with a trialkyl borate of the formulaB(OAlk).sub.3wherein Alk is alkyl of 1 to 6 carbon atoms to form a compound of the formula ##STR3## reacting the latter with a reagent capable of introducing a hydroxy protective group and reacting the latter with a hydrolysis agent for the oxygen-boron bond to obtain the corresponding compound of Formula I.

Abstract: The compounds of the present invention have the formula ##STR1## wherein each of X and Y is oxygen or sulfur, R is hydrogen or lower alkyl, and each of R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 is phenyl, substituted phenyl, naphthyl, substituted naphthyl, aralkyl, a hydrocarbon chain, a hetero group, or a heteroalkyl group, and the compounds are useful in treating atherosclerosis.

Abstract: An amine derivative having a liquid crystal property over a wide temperature range and a process for production thereof are disclosed, the amine derivative being represented by formula (I) ##STR1## wherein A represents ##STR2## X.sub.1 and X.sub.2, which may be the same or different, each represents ##STR3## Y represents --O-- or ##STR4## R.sub.1 and R.sub.3, which may be the same or different, each represents a straight chain or branched chain alkyl group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms; R.sub.2 represents a hydrogen atom or a methyl group; m and n each represents 0 or 1; and p and q each represents 1 or 2, provided that p and q are 1 when n is 0, and p and q are not 2 at the same time when n is 1.

Abstract: A process for the manufacture of 3-hydroxy-2-alkyl-4-pyrones of formula I is provided. ##STR1## The process comprises cyclizing a compound of formula II, ##STR2## an acidic medium and hydrolyzing the ester formed thereby to produce compound I. R.sup.1 represents methyl or ethyl; R.sup.2 represents lower alkanoyl or optionally substituted benzoyl; R.sup.3 represents --OH or --NR.sup.4 R.sup.5 ; and, R.sup.4 and R.sup.5 may be alike or different and represent lower alkyl. The pyrones of formula I wherein R.sup.1 represents methyl or ethyl are known flavorants and odorants.

Abstract: Oxidized diphenylheteroalkanes of the formula I ##STR1## where R.sup.1 to R.sup.6 and A have the meanings specified in the description, and the preparation thereof are described. The substances are suitable for controlling diseases and as cosmetic agents.

Abstract: An optically active lactic acid derivative represented by the following formula (I): ##STR1## wherein R represents a linear, branched or cyclic saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms; C* represents an asymmetric carbon atom; l is 0 or 1; m is 1 or 2; A represents a group selected from the following groups (a) and (b):(a) hydroxyl group, halogen, benzyloxy group, phenoxy group, toluenesulfonic acid group, acetyloxy group, trifluoroacetyloxy group; ##STR2## (wherein R' is an alkyl group or alkoxy group having 4 to 18 carbon atoms, n is 0 or 1, ##STR3## with proviso that when A is selected from the groups in the above group (a), l is 1 and m is 1 or 2; and when A is selected from the groups in the above group (b), m=n=1 when l is 0, or m and n are 0, 1 or 2 and m+n is 1 or 2 when l is 1, and ##STR4##

Abstract: Polyphenyl-based liquid crystal compounds represented by the following general formula (1) and liquid crystal composition containing the same: ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1 represents a straight or branched C.sub.1-18 alkyl group, haloalkyl group, aralkyl group or haloaralkyl group with or without optically active carbon, R.sup.2 represents a straight or branched C.sub.1-6 alkyl group, haloalkyl group or aralkyl group with or without optically active carbon, W represents (1) --OCO-- or --COO--, in which case T represents a halogen atom or a methyl group, or (2) a single bond, --O-- or --OCOO--, in which case T represents a halogen atom, X represents --OCO--, --COO--, --C.dbd.C--, --CH.dbd.N--, --N.dbd.CH, Y represents single bond, --O--, --COO--, --OCO--, --CH.sub.2 --, --OCH.sub.2 --, --COOCH.sub.2 -- or --OCOCH.sub.2 --, Z.sub.1 and Z.sub.2 represents a hydrogen or halogen atom, a cyano group or nitro group, Z.sub.1 may be the same or different from Z.sub.

Abstract: Organic compounds having aromatic ester, thioester, or carbonate groups are prepared by reacting an organometallic reactant where the metal is germanium, tin, lead, gallium, indium, thallium, arsenic, antimony, or bismuth with a suitable second reactant. For example, the ester ##STR1## is prepared by reacting the bis-tri--n-butyl tin derivative of ethyl 4-hydroxybenzoate with 4-phenoxybenzoyl chloride.

Abstract: Ring-opened resorcyclic acid lactone derivatives of the formla ##STR1## wherein X is ethylene or ethenylene; Y and Z, which may be the same or different, are methylene, hydroxymethylene or carbonyl; R.sub.1 is hydrogen or lower alkyl of from 1 to about 6 carbon atoms; R.sub.2, R.sub.3, R.sub.4 and R.sub.5, which may be the same or different, are hydrogen, hydroxyl, halogen, nitro, amino or a radical selected from the group consisting of --R', --OR', --COOR' and --OCOR' wherein R' is lower alkyl of from 1 to about 6 carbon atoms, lower cycloalkyl of from 3 to about 8 carbon atom, alkenyl of from 2 to about 6 carbon atoms, substituted or unsubstituted aryl of from 6 to about 8 carbon atoms, or substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl wherein the alkyl portion contains from 1 to about 6 carbon atoms and the aryl portion contains from 6 to about 8 carbon atoms. These compounds are useful as growth-promotants in food-producing animals.

Abstract: The invention relates to catechol carboxylic acid derivatives of the formula ##STR1## wherein, R.sub.1 is ##STR2## acetyl, hydrogen, hydroxy or alkanoyloxy, R.sub.2 is ##STR3## hydroxy, hydrogen or alkanoyloxy, wherein R is hydrogen, lower alkyl or --(CH.sub.2).sub.n --N--(lower alkyl).sub.2,R.sub.3 is hydrogen, lower alkyl or amino,R.sub.4 is hydrogen, lower alkyl, halogen or aminoA is ##STR4## wherein, R.sub.5 is hydrogen or acyl, R.sub.6 is hydrogen, halogen, lower alkyl, aryl or cycloalkyl, and R.sub.7 and R.sub.8, independently, are hydrogen, lower alkyl or halogen, orA is ##STR5## wherein, R.sub.5 is hydrogen or acyl, R.sub.9 is hydrogen, lower alkyl, R.sub.10 is hydrogen, lower alkyl or halogen, R.sub.11 is hydrogen, lower alkyl, cycloalkyl or halogen, m is 0 or 1, n is an integer of 2-10, provided, that no more than one of R.sub.1 or R.sub.2 can be hydroxy, alkanoyloxy or ##STR6## and when R is hydrogen, salts thereof with pharmaceutically acceptable bases or when R is --(CH.sub.2).sub.

Abstract: Disclosed are optically active aromatic carboxylic acid derivatives represented by the formula (I): ##STR1## (wherein R.sub.2 represents an alkoxyalkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms or an alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, which alkyl group may be substituted with a halogen atom; represents a number of 1 or 2; m represents a number of 0 or 1; and * indicates asymmetric carbon atom) and a process for producing such derivatives through the following reaction steps: ##STR2## The optically active aromatic carboxylic acid derivatives represented by the above-described formula (I) are useful as a liquid crystal material and can be also utilized as an intermeidate for the preparation of pharmaceuticals, agricultural chemicals and the like.

Abstract: The new bisesters of unsaturated carboxylic acids corresponding to the following formula ##STR1## may be used in curable polyester resin mixtures which may in turn be used for the production of moldings. The curable mixtures obtainable from the new bisesters of unsaturated carboxylic acids show a higher glass transition temperature than normal polyester resins and, despite a higher crosslink density, show broader-mesh crosslinking.

Abstract: Compounds of Formula (I) and (II): ##STR1## are HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors.

Abstract: Disclosed are novel active benzene derivatives represented by the general formula (I): ##STR1## (wherein X represents --COO--, --OCO--, --CH.sub.2 O-- or --OCH.sub.2 --; A represents a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom or an alkyl or alkoxyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms; R represents an alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms; l and m each represents a number of 1 or 2, n represents a number of 0 or 1, but when n is 0 the sum of l and m is 3 or less; and * indicates asymmetric carbon atom), a process for producing the same, liquid-crystalline substances containing said derivatives as active ingredient, and optical switching elements utilizing the liquid crystal compositions containing said liquid-crystalline substances.

Abstract: There are provided new 2,2-difluorocyclopropylethane derivatives of general formula I ##STR1## in which A, B and R.sup.1-5 have the meanings given in the description and processes for their preparation. The compounds of the invention can be used as pesticides, especially against insects and mites.

Abstract: A liquid crystalline compound represented by formula ##STR1## wherein R denotes an alkyl or alkoxy group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms,m and n are each 0 or 1, provided m and n are not 1 at the same time. ##STR2## X and Y each denote a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom or a nitro group, provided X and Y are not hydrogen atoms at the same time, andQ* denotes an optically active group having an asymmetric carbon atom and a linear or cyclic alkyl or alkenyl group which may be substituted by a halogen atom, or the like.

Abstract: A process is described for the preparation of an optically active carboxylic acid or ester derivative thereof from a ketene and an optically active .alpha.-hydroxyester or an .alpha.-hydroxy amide.

Abstract: The novel esters of a chiral alcohol and a mesogenic carboxylic acid are characterized by the general formula (I) ##STR1## in which the symbols have the following meanings: n denotes 0 or 1,R.sup.1 denotes a straight-chain or branched (C.sub.1 -C.sub.4)alkyl which is unsubstituted or substituted by halogen, in particular fluorine,R.sup.2 denotes unsubstituted or substituted (C.sub.6 -C.sub.18)aryl, cyclo(C.sub.5 -C.sub.12)alkyl or mononuclear or binuclear heteroaryl possessing a five-membered and/or six-membered ring, andMC denotes a molecular radical of a mesogenic monocarboxylic acid MC-OH after elimination of an OH group where n=0, and denotes a molecular radical of a mesogenic dicarboxylic acid HO-MC-OH after elimination of two OH groups where n=1, with the exception of compounds in which n denotes 0, R.sup.1 denotes CH.sub.3, R.sup.

Abstract: Disclosed is a mesomorphic compound having a .beta.-hydroxycarboxyl group as the chiral source, which is represented by the formula: ##STR1## wherein m and n are integers of from 1 to 18, X.sub.1 and X.sub.2 independently represent fluorine, chlorine or hydrogen, Y represents ##STR2## or --O--, Z represents a direct bond, ##STR3## --CH hd 2O-- or --OCH.sub.2 --, and * indicates the asymmetric carbon. The mesomorphic compound is valuable as a ferroelectric liquid crystal or an additive to a ferroelectric liquid crystal or to a compound showing the SmC phase and having no chiral group.

Abstract: A compound suitable for use in a ferroelectric smectic liquid crystal composition having a structure which contains two chiral centers derived from alpha hydroxy carboxylic acid groups and having the formula: ##STR1## wherein R.sub.1 is n-alkoxy containing 1-12 carbo atoms and R.sub.2 is n-alkyl containing 1-12 carbon atoms. Methods of preparation and details of liquid crystal mixtures containing these compounds are described.

Abstract: Polyphenyl-based liquid crystal compounds represented by the following general formula (1) and liquid crystal composition containing the same: ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1 represents a straight or branched C.sub.1-18 alkyl group, haloalkyl group, aralkyl group or haloaralkyl group with or without optically active carbon, R.sup.2 represents a straight or branched C.sub.1-6 alkyl group, haloalkyl group or aralkyl group with or without optically active carbon, W represents (1) --OCO-- or --COO--, in which case T represents a halogen atom or a methyl group, or (2) a single bond, --O-- or --OCOO--, in which case T represents a halogen atom, X represents --OCO--, --COO--, --C.dbd.C--, --CH.dbd.N--, --N.dbd.CH, Y represents single bond, --O--, --COO--, --OCO--, --CH.sub.2 --, --OCH.sub.2 --, --COOCH.sub.2 -- or --OCOCH.sub.2 --, Z.sub.1 and Z.sub.2 represent a hydrogen or halogen atom, a cyano group or nitro group, Z.sub.1 may be the same or different from Z.sub.

Abstract: Substituted resorcyclic acid esters having the structural formula: ##STR1## wherein R.sub.1 and R.sub.2, which may be the same or different, are H, X, or COX, where X is an alkyl group having from 1-6 carbon atoms; and R.sub.3 is an alkyl group having from 1-12 carbon atoms are synthesized and used as housefly chemosterilants which reduce housefly fecundity.

Abstract: An optically active lactic acid derivative represented by the following formula (I): ##STR1## wherein R represents a linear, branched or cyclic saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms; C* represents an asymmetric carbon atom; l is 0 or 1; m is 1 or 2; A represents a group selected from the following groups (a) and (b):(a) hydroxyl group, halogen, benzyloxy group, phenoxy group, toluenesulfonic acid group, acetyloxy group trifluoroacetyloxy group; ##STR2## (wherein R' is an alkyl group or alkoxy group having 4 to 18 carbon atoms, n is 0 or 1, ##STR3## with proviso that when A is selected from the group in the above group (a), l is 1 and m is 1 or 2; and when A is selected from the groups in the above group (b), m=n=1 when l is 0, or m and n are 0, 1 or 2 and m+n is 1 or 2 when l is 1, and ##STR4##

Abstract: An optically active 2-fluoro-1-alkanol compound represented by the formula (Ia): ##STR1## wherein R is an alkyl group having 1-16 carbon atoms, and C* is an asymmetric carbon atom; and an optically active compound derived from the fluoroalkanol and represented by the formula (Ib): ##STR2## wherein R and C* are the same as above, m is 1 or 2, n is 0 or 1, and A is a releasable substitutent. Because of the fluorine atom directly attached to an asymmetric carbon atom, these compounds are particularly effective in increasing a spontaneous polarization, improving a electric field responsive characteristic of a liquid crystal composition, and controlling the liquid crystal state.

Abstract: Polysalicylates are prepared according to the present invention by the reaction of salicylic acid with a carboxylic acid derivative such as acetic anhydride or acetyl chloride. The reaction is carried out under conditions which yield greater than about 90% by weight linear polysalicylate product.

Abstract: The hydrated complex of magnesium acetylsalicylate and urea of formula ##STR1## possesses exceptional analgesic and antipyretic properties. It may be crystallized from a solution obtained by reacting acetylsalicylic acid with magnesium carbonate in the presence of urea.

Abstract: Alpha-arylalkanoic esters are prepared by reacting a trivalent iodine compound of the formula ##STR1## wherein Ar is an aromatic hydrogen and X and Y each represent a group which can be removed as an anion, with a carbonyl compound of the formula ##STR2## where Ar.sup.1 is an aromatic hydrocarbon, R is a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group, and R.sup.1 is a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group, in the presence of an orthocarboxylic ester having the general formula ZC(OR.sup.2).sub.3, wherein R.sup.2 is an alkyl group and Z is a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group; the reaction being carried out in the presence of sulfuric acid in an amount from about 0.2 to about 0.8 mole per mole of the carbonyl compound.

Abstract: Novel chiral smectic liquid crystalline ester compounds having a superior stability and exhibiting a high response rate when used in the form of display elements and chiral smectic mixtures containing at least one of these compounds are provided, which compounds are expressed by the formula ##STR1## wherein n is an integer of 2 to 16; l is 0, 1 or 2; m is 1 or 2 under the condition of l+m.gtoreq.2; X represents methylene group --CH.sub.2 -- or single bond when l is zero, methylene group --CH.sub.2 -- or ether linkage --O-- when l=1 or ether linkage --O-- when l=2; and Y represents R, OR, --COR, --OCOR, --OCOOR or --COOR wherein R throughout represents an alkyl group of 1 to 18 carbon atoms; and asterisk * shows an optically active carbon atom.