Abstract: Methods and systems for electrochemical conversion of carbon dioxide to carboxylic acids, glycols, and carboxylates are disclosed. A method may include, but is not limited to, steps (A) to (D). Step (A) may introduce water to a first compartment of an electrochemical cell. The first compartment may include an anode. Step (B) may introduce carbon dioxide to a second compartment of the electrochemical cell. The second compartment may include a solution of an electrolyte and a cathode. Step (C) may apply an electrical potential between the anode and the cathode in the electrochemical cell sufficient to reduce the carbon dioxide to a carboxylic acid intermediate. Step (D) may contact the carboxylic acid intermediate with hydrogen to produce a reaction product.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for preparing formic acid by reacting carbon dioxide (1) with hydrogen (2) in a hydrogenation reactor (I) in the presence of a catalyst comprising an element of group 8, 9 or 10 of the Periodic Table, a tertiary amine comprising at least 12 carbon atoms per molecule and a polar solvent comprising one or more monoalcohols selected from among methanol, ethanol, propanols and butanols, to form formic acid/amine adducts as intermediates which are subsequently thermally dissociated, where a tertiary amine having a boiling point which is at least 5° C. higher than that of formic acid is used and a reaction mixture comprising the polar solvent, the formic acid/amine adducts, the tertiary amine and the catalyst is formed in the reaction in the hydrogenation reactor (I) and is discharged from the reactor as output (3).

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for producing potassium formate. Formaldehyde, potassium hydroxide and isobutyraldehyde are reacted in water, at a molar ratio of 1.0:1.0:1.0 to 3.0:2.0:1.0 and at a temperature of 0-1000 C, preferably 30-700 C. The obtained reaction solution is neutralised to pH 4-6 and evaporated in a first step, whereby two phases are obtained, one organic phase and one aqueous phase, the latter comprising the main part of the potassium formate. The organic phase is subsequently separated from the aqueous phase, where after a final evaporation of the aqueous phase takes place at a pressure of 0.0-1.0 bar and a temperature of 160-2500 C, to obtain a melt of potassium formate. Water is added followed by filtration resulting in a solution having a content of >99% by weight of potassium formate, calculated on a water free basis.

Abstract: Processes for producing formic acid from a carbohydrate-containing material include hydrolyzing a carbohydrate-containing material (e.g., cellulose) in the presence of a mineral acid to form an intermediate hydrolysate comprising one or more sugars, and hydrolyzing the intermediate hydrolysate to form a hydrolysate product including formic acid.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for preparing a magnesium formate-based porous metal-organic framework, which comprises the steps (a) addition of magnesium or magnesium oxide to formic acid; (b) stirring of the reaction mixture at at least 75° C.; (c) isolation of the solid from the resulting suspension by filtration.

Abstract: The present invention relates to carbonylation of methanol, methyl acetate, dimethyl ether or mixtures thereof to produce glacial acetic acid, and more specifically to the manufacture of glacial acetic acid by the reaction of methanol, methyl acetate, dimethyl ether or mixtures thereof with carbon monoxide wherein the product glacial acetic acid contains low impurities.

Abstract: Herein provided are a lignin-decomposition catalyst and an aromatic hydrocarbon-decomposition catalyst, which contain a porphyrin. Alcohols and organic acids can be isolated or separated from lignin by adding a solution containing an alkaline compound to lignin, optionally acting a lignin-decomposition catalyst on the resulting lignin-alkaline compound-containing solution and optionally irradiating, with light rays, the solution; or by optionally acting a lignin-decomposition catalyst on lignin and then irradiating it with light rays. The decomposition products generated during the isolation of the foregoing alcohols and organic acids are recovered and hydrogen ions are released from lignin.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the use of a porous metal organic framework comprising at least a first organic compound and, if appropriate, a second organic compound, in which at least the first organic compound is at least partially coordinated in a bidentate fashion to at least one metal ion, where the at least one metal ion is Mg(II) and the first organic compound is derived from formic acid and the second organic compound is derived from acetic acid, for storing or isolating methane. Furthermore, the invention relates to a porous metal organic framework based on magnesium formate and acetate and also its preparation.

Abstract: The present invention provides a chemically functionalized submicron graphitic fibril having a diameter or thickness less than 1 ?m, wherein the fibril is free of continuous thermal carbon overcoat, free of continuous hollow core, and free of catalyst. The fibril is obtained by splitting a micron-scaled carbon fiber or graphite fiber along the fiber axis direction. These functionalized graphitic fibrils exhibit exceptionally high electrical conductivity, high thermal conductivity, high elastic modulus, high strength and good interfacial bonding with a matrix resin in a composite. The present invention also provides several products that contain submicron graphitic fibrils: (a) paper, thin-film, mat, and web products; (b) rubber or tire products; (c) energy conversion or storage devices, such as fuel cells, lithium-ion batteries, and supercapacitors; (d) adhesives, inks, coatings, paints, lubricants, and grease products; (e) heavy metal ion scavenger; (f) absorbent (e.g.

Abstract: A method is provided for the parallel identification of one or more metabolite species within a biological sample. The method comprises analyzing the sample to produce a spectrum containing individual spectral peaks representative of the one or more metabolite species contained within the sample; subjecting each of the individual spectral peaks to a statistical pattern recognition analysis to identify the one or more metabolite species contained within the sample; and identifying the one or more metabolite species contained within the sample by analyzing the individual spectral peaks of the spectra.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a porous metal organic framework comprising at least one first organic compound and ions of at least one metal, with the skeleton of the framework being formed at least partly by the at least one first organic compound coordinating at least partly in a bidentate fashion to at least two ions of the at least one metal, where the at least one metal is lithium and the at least one first compound is derived from formic acid or acetic acid. The invention additionally relates to a process for preparing it and also its use for gas storage or separation.

Abstract: A method for adsorbing volatile organic compounds (VOCs) derived from organic matter comprises adsorbing the VOCs onto palladium doped ZSM-5, optionally at ambient temperature. The organic matter can be perishable organic goods such as food, including fruit and/or vegetables, horticultural produce, including plants and/or cut flowers, or refuse. The palladium doped ZSM-5 has a Si:Al ratio of less than or equal to 100:1 and preferably has a palladium content of from 0.1 wt % to 10.0 wt % based on the total weight of the doped ZSM-5.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for producing a solid sodium diformate preparation having a formic acid content of at least 35% by weight based on the total weight of sodium diformate preparation, in which, at elevated temperature, an aqueous solution (E) is produced which comprises sodium formate and formic acid in a molar ratio of HCOOH:HCOONa of greater than 1.5:1 and which has a molar ratio of HCOOH:H2O of at least 1.

Abstract: Process for preparing formic acid by hydrogenation of carbon dioxide in the presence of a catalyst comprising an element of group 8, 9 or 10 of the Periodic Table, a tertiary amine and a polar solvent at a pressure of from 0.2 to 30 MPa abs and a temperature of from 20 to 200° C. to form two liquid phases, separation of the two liquid phases, wherein the liquid phase (B) enriched with the tertiary amine is recirculated to the hydrogenation reactor and the formic acid/amine adduct from the liquid phase (A) enriched with the formic acid/amine adduct and the polar solvent is thermally dissociated into free formic acid and free tertiary amine in a distillation unit and the tertiary amine liberated in the dissociation and the polar solvent are recirculated to the hydrogenation reactor.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for preparing formic acid, in which catalytic hydrogenation of carbon dioxide with hydrogen over a catalyst which comprises a metal of groups 8 to 10 of the Periodic Table in the presence of a primary, secondary and/or tertiary amine generates the corresponding ammonium formate and the ammonium formate is split by heating into formic acid and the amine, which comprises selecting the primary, secondary or tertiary amine from the amines of the formula I or mixtures thereof where R1 to R3 are the same or different and are each hydrogen, linear or branched alkyl radicals having from 1 to 18 carbon atoms, cycloaliphatic radicals having from 5 to 7 carbon atoms, aryl radicals and/or arylalkyl radicals, and at least one of the R1 to R3 radicals bears a hydroxyl group, and performing the hydrogenation in a solvent which has a boiling point of 105° C.

Abstract: The calculation of the above balance shows that the division of stream (5) into the streams (5a) and (5b) used here leads to the fact that in the neutralization stage no excess sodium formate is produced, so that any ejection can be omitted. Furthermore, the water content of the stream (14) comprising sodium formate recirculated to the first crystallization stage in this case can be set to a very low value.

Abstract: A process is proposed for preparing acid formates in which a liquid stream I comprising formic acid and a liquid stream II comprising a metal formate are prepared, the liquid streams I and II are fed to a rectification column in such a manner that a higher or identical feed point to the rectification column is chosen for the liquid stream II than for the liquid stream I, the liquid streams I and II are mixed in the rectification column, with water being removed overhead from the rectification column and a bottoms stream comprising the acid formate is taken off from the rectification column, which comprises the bottoms stream being produced as melt comprising less than 0.5% by weight of water.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for producing a solid sodium diformate preparation having a formic acid content of at least 35% by weight based on the total weight of sodium diformate preparation, in which, at elevated temperature, an aqueous solution (E) is produced which comprises sodium formate and formic acid in a molar ratio of HCOOH:HCOONa of greater than 1.5:1 and which has a molar ratio of HCOOH:H2O of at least 1.

Abstract: The present invention generally relates to the partial chemical neutralization of organic acids to make compositions used in animal nutrition. More particularly, the present invention relates to the use of a cooled reactor to prepare aqueous compositions of partially neutralized organic acids by a continuous or semi-continuous method of reacting an alkali with an organic acid dispersed or dissolved in an aqueous system. The alkali source is present in an amount less than the stiochometric amount required for complete neutralization of the organic acid.

Abstract: Carbon dioxide and water are mixed with an organometallic complex represented by general formula (1) below where R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, and R6 independently represent a hydrogen atom or a lower alkyl group, M represents an element that can be coordinated to the benzene ring, X1 and X2 represent nitrogen-containing ligands, X3 represents a hydrogen atom, a carboxylic acid residue, or H2O, X1 and X2 may be bonded to each other, Y represents an anion species, K represents a valency of a cation species, L represents a valency of an anion species, K and L independently represent 1 or 2, and K, m, L, and n are related to one another by K×m=L×n. This makes it possible to directly reduce carbon dioxide in water.

Abstract: A method for adsorbing volatile organic compounds (VOCs) derived from organic matter comprises adsorbing the VOCs onto palladium doped ZSM-5, optionally at ambient temperature. The organic matter can be perishable organic goods such as food, including fruit and/or vegetables, horticultural produce, including plants and/or cut flowers, or refuse. The palladium doped ZSM-5 has a Si:Al ratio of less than or equal to 100:1 and preferably has a palladium content of from 0.1 wt % to 10.0 wt % based on the total weight of the doped ZSM-5.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for preparing formic acid by thermally decomposing ammonium formates of tertiary amines A, wherein the tertiary amine A on which the ammonium formate is based has a boiling point at atmospheric pressure in the range from 105 to 175° C.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for producing and using a solid sodium diformate having a high formic acid content, to the use thereof in animal foods in the form of an acidifier, preservatives, ensilage auxiliary agents, fertilizers, and a growth and productivity-stimulating agent and the inventive animal food additives containing sodium diformate.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for preparing formic acid by thermally decomposing ammonium formates of tertiary amines A, wherein the tertiary amine A on which the ammonium formate is based has a boiling point at atmospheric pressure in the range from 105 to 175° C.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for producing formic acid formates, whereby (a) formic acid methyl ester is partially hydrolysed with water; (b) formic acid methyl ester and methanol are separated by distillation from the reaction mixture obtained in step (a), forming a current containing formic acid and water; (c) the current obtained in step (b), containing the formic acid methyl ester and optionally methanol, is converted into a current containing formate and water, by (i) reaction with a basic compound having a pKa value of the corresponding acid of the corresponding dissociation step of =3, measured at 25° C. in an aqueous solution, in presence of water, and (ii) separation by distillation of the methanol; and (d) the current obtained in step (b), containing formic acid and water, and the current obtained in step (c), containing formate and water, are combined to form a mixture containing the formic acid formate and water.

Abstract: A process for preparing acid formates which comprises (a) partially hydrolyzing methyl formates with water; (b) separating off by distillation methyl formate and methanol from the reaction mixture obtained in process stage (a), forming a stream comprising formic acid and water; and (c) combining the stream comprising formic acid and water from the process stage (b) and the corresponding formate, forming a mixture comprising the acid formate and water, an apparatus for their preparation and their use.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for jointly producing (i) formic acid (III); (ii) a carboxylic acid comprising at least two carbon atoms (II) and/or the derivatives thereof; and (iii) a carboxylic acid anhydride (VII). According to said method, (a) a formic acid ester (I) is transesterfied to formic acid (III) and the corresponding carboxylic acid ester (IV) by means of a carboxylic acid comprising at least two carbon atoms (II); (b) at least one portion of the carboxylic acid ester (IV) formed in step (a) is carbonylated in order to obtain the carboxylic acid anhydride (V); and (c) at least one portion of the carboxylic acid anhydride (V) formed in step (b) is further dehydrated by means of a carboxylic acid (VI) so as to form a carboxylic acid anhydride (VII) and the carboxylic acid (II).

Abstract: The invention relates to an apparatus and a process for the preparation of anhydrous or substantially anhydrous formic acid. This apparatus is constructed partly or entirely of substantially zirconium-free materials. The extractant employed is a liquid of the general formula I where the radicals R1 and R2 are alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl or aralkyl groups, or R1 and R2 jointly, together with the N atom, form a heterocyclic 5- or 6-membered ring, and only one of the radicals is an aryl group, and where R3 is hydrogen or a C1–C4-alkyl group. The apparatus has a synthesis reactor (6), a hydrolysis reactor (1), three distillation devices (2,4,5) and an extraction device (3).

Abstract: A novel salt of O-desmethylvenlafaxine, O-desmethylvenlafaxine formate, is provided. Pharmaceutical compositions, dosage forms and methods of use are also provided.

Abstract: Alkali metal carboxylate salt brines, such as cesium formate brine, are used in oil and gas drilling procedures. Contamination with chloride ions can be controlled by treatment with a silver salt solution, and removing silver chloride formed. High density brines can be obtained, suitable for re-use.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a free-flowing potassium formate product, containing 0.1–1 weight % water, and comprises 0.5–5 weight % of a water soluble anticaking agent selected among carbonates, chlorides and hydroxides of alkali metals, and having water affinity corresponding to less than equilibrium water relative humidity (Rh) of 16% at 22° C. The potassium formate is preferably crystalline potassium formate containing 1–2.5 weight % potassium carbonate and/or potassium hydroxide. The product may contain 1–2.5 weight % sucrose and/or manose as anticaking agents.

Abstract: A novel salt of O-desmethylvenlafaxine, O-desmethylvenlafaxine formate, is provided. Pharmaceutical compositions, dosage forms and methods of use are also provided.

Abstract: A process for the solid-phase synthesis of salts of organic acids in a granular, free-flowing, and dust-free form particularly suited for use as animal feed additives. A mixture of liquid organic acids, including butyric acid, is applied to an inert, absorbent carrier. A solid base is then added during stirring. The acid is slowly released from the carrier preventing the fast reactions that lead to the formation of clumps. The exothermic reaction releases heat which assists in reducing the moisture content of the product. The addition of butyric acid results in a product which has an improved effect on animal growth over the animal feed additive without the addition of butyric acid.

Abstract: Formic acid and a carboxylic acid having at least two carbon atoms and/or derivatives thereof are prepared jointly by a process in which (a) a formic ester (I) is transesterified with a carboxylic acid having at least two carbon atoms (II) to form formic acid (III) and the corresponding carboxylic ester (IV); and (b) at least part of the carboxylic ester (IV) formed in step (a) is carbonylated to give the corresponding carboxylic anhydride (V).

Abstract: A process for the solid-phase synthesis of salts of organic acids in a granular, free-flowing, and dust-free form particularly suited for use as animal feed additives. A liquid organic acid is applied to an inert, absorbent carrier. A solid base is then added during stirring. The acid is slowly released from the carrier preventing the fast reactions that lead to the formation of clumps. The exothermic reaction releases heat which assists in reducing the moisture content of the product.

Abstract: This invention relates to the use of a supplemental promoter in conjunction with a noble-metal-containing catalyst comprising a carbon support in catalyzing liquid phase oxidation reactions. In a particularly preferred embodiment, a supplemental promoter (most preferably bismuth or tellurium) is used in conjunction with a noble-metal-containing catalyst comprising a carbon support in a liquid phase oxidation process wherein N-(phosphonomethyl) iminodiacetic acid (i.e., “PMIDA”) or a salt thereof is oxidized to form N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine (i.e., “glyphosate”) or a salt thereof. The benefits of such a process include oxidation of the formaldehyde and formic acid by-products, and, consequently, decreased final concentrations of those by-products as well as other undesirable by-products, most notably N-methyl-N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine (i.e., “NMG”).

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for recovering and producing chemicals in a pulp production process where organic chemicals, such as formic acid and acetic acid, are used as cooking chemicals. The process of the invention is based on regeneration of cooking acids and formation of additional cooking acids and furfural by evaporating the cooking liquor and then separating acetic acid, formic acid, furfural and water. The separation is preferably carried out by distillation using the furfural formed in the process as a distilling aid in the distillation.

Abstract: A process is described for preparing acid formates in which methyl formate is reacted with water and a basic compound having a pKa of the conjugate acid of the corresponding dissociation state of ?3 measured at 25° C. in aqueous solution, the methanol formed is separated off and, optionally, the desired acid content is set by adding formic acid.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for obtaining anhydrous or substantially anhydrous formic acid, in which firstly aqueous formic acid is prepared by hydrolysis of methyl formate and is freed from water in the subsequent work-up. The process has the special feature that steam, which is employed for the hydrolysis of methyl formate and for heating a distillation column serving for work-up, is also used as stripping steam for waste-water stripping. The stripped waste water is produced during work-up.

Abstract: This invention relates to a process for the continuous production of potassium formate by the reaction of formaldehyde present in the reactor outlet gas in formaldehyde production plants with an aqueous solution of potassium hydroxide, wherein the formaldehyde is in gaseous monomeric form, the formaldehyde being fed to the reaction column at a temperature of 100° C. and above. By this invention, a straightforward method of potassium formate production and removal of excess reactant(s) are realized very efficiently. Pure potassium formate solution at any strength is produced. The strength of the product solution depends on where it will be used. Potassium Formate solution is used mainly as deicer, drilling mud, and/or in the production of flaked or granular Potassium Formate by appropriate methods. The flaked and granular Potassium Formate in turn is used in the fields mentioned above and also as an additive to animal feed.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for obtaining anhydrous or substantially anhydrous formic acid, in which firstly aqueous formic acid is produced by hydrolysis of methyl formate, with the methanol content in the methyl formate having been reduced in advance. The process according to the invention has the special feature that—before the hydrolysis of the methyl formate—the methanol content of the methanol-containing methyl formate is reduced in a distillation column, this distillation column simultaneously being employed for other separation functions during work-up of the formic acid.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for obtaining anhydrous or substantially anhydrous formic acid in which, during the work-up, a compound of the general formula I where the radicals R1 and R2 are alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl or aralkyl groups, or R1 and R2 jointly, together with the N atom, form a heterocyclic 5- or 6-membered ring, and only one of the radicals is an aryl group, and where R3 is hydrogen or a C1-C4-alkyl group, is employed simultaneously as extractant for formic acid and as antifoam for a distillation process.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to an analytical method for measuring the concentration of an N-(phosphonomethyl)iminodiacetic acid (“NPMIDA”) substrate, an N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine product, formaldehyde, formic acid, N-methyl-N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine (“NMG”), N-methyl-aminomethylphosphonic acid (MAMPA) or aminomethylphosphonic acid (“AMPA”)) in an aqueous mixture thereof, using infrared spectroscopy. The present invention is also directed to a process for oxidizing an N-(phosphonomethyl)iminodiacetic acid substrate to form a N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine product, and as part of the process, measuring the concentration of at least one reactant, product or byproduct of the oxidation reaction using the analytical method of the present invention and controlling the oxidation process in response to the measurement taken.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for separating and purifying an aqueous mixture that mainly consists of acetic acid, formic acid and high-boiling substances by extraction with a solvent in a cyclic process. The inventive method is characterized in that the flow of raffinate is fed to a solvent stripping column (11) with the major part of the water in order to remove the water from the cycle. The flow of extract is fed to a solvent recovery distillation column (8). In a first step, a mixture (A) that consists of water and solvent, is separated by overhead distillation. A mixture (B) that consists of acetic acid, formic acid and high-boiling substances is separated via a sump. Once the formic acid is removed in a column (29), mixture (B) is separated in an acetic acid distillation column to give pure acetic acid and high-boiling substances.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the preparation of formic acid, comprising the following steps: a) hydrolysis of methyl formate to give a mixture of water, formic acid, methanol and excess methyl formate; b) removal of the methanol and excess methyl formate from the mixture of water, formic acid, methanol and excess methyl formate by distillation to give aqueous formic acid; c) extraction of the aqueous formic acid with at least one formic acid ester to give a mixture of said at least one formic acid ester and formic acid; d) separation of said at least one formic acid ester and formic acid by distillation. The process according to the invention enables gentle preparation of formic acid. Only very slight decomposition of formic acid occurs, and the formic acid exhibits only a slight corrosion action under the reaction conditions according to the invention.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for recovering and producing chemicals in a pulp production process where organic chemicals, such as formic acid and acetic acid, are used as cooking chemicals. The process of the invention is based on regeneration of cooking acids and formation of additional cooking acids and furfural by evaporating the cooking liquor and then separating acetic acid, formic acid, furfural and water. The separation is preferably carried out by distillation using the furfural formed in the process as a distilling aid in the distillation.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the preparation of anhydrous or substantially anhydrous formic acid. The process has the special feature that a liquid of the general formula I where the radicals R1 and R2 are alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl or aralkyl groups, or R1 and R2 jointly, together with the N atom, form a heterocyclic 5- or 6-membered ring, and only one of the radicals is an aryl group, and where R3 is hydrogen or a C1-C4-alkyl group, employed as extractant is also employed as washing liquid for the offgases produced in the process.

Abstract: A method for the separation and purification of an aqueous mixture of main components, namely acetic acid and formic acid and non-volatiles by extraction, uses a solvent in a circulatory system. A raffinate stream is mixed with the larger proportion of water from a solvent stripper column (11) for the removal of water. The extraction stream is introduced into a solvent distillation column (8), from which in a first step involving the use of a mixture (A) containing a larger proportion of the solvent is separated out via a header and a mixture (B) of formic acid, water and solvent is separated out via a side offtake and a mixture (C) of acetic acid and non-volatiles is also separated out. A mixture (B) is introduced into a formic acid distillation column (4) for further processing, and a mixture (C) is introduced into an acetic acid distillation column (5), and purified acetic acid is subsequently isolated in the acetic acid distillation column (5) from the header.

Abstract: A method of making a cesium salt is described and involves reacting a cesium sulfate containing solution with lime to form 1) a solution containing at least cesium hydroxide and 2) a residue comprising calcium sulfate. The method further involves removing the residue from the solution and converting the cesium hydroxide that is present in the solution to at least one type of cesium salt. The present invention further relates to uses of the cesium salt as well as methods of making cesium hydroxide using lime. Also, methods of making alkali metal salts and alkali metal hydroxides are also described.

Abstract: A process is described for preparing metal formate/formic acid mixtures comprising the following steps: