Abstract: A process for the production of normal-butanol, iso-butanol and 2-alkyl alkanol is disclosed.

Abstract: Disclosed is an improved exothermic hydroformylation process having at least two reaction stages. Cooling is provided by externally cooling a stream of reaction mixture from one of the stages, dividing the cooled stream into at least two cooled reaction mixture streams; transferring one cooled reaction mixture stream back into the same reaction stage from which it was removed to cool the reaction mixture in that reaction stage; and transferring at least one cooled reaction mixture stream(s) into and through heat exchange means that cool a different reaction stage, and returning it to the same reaction stage from which it was removed.

Abstract: The invention provides small molecule mimics of the Smac peptide that are dimers or dimer-like compounds having two binding domains connected by a linker. These compounds are useful to promote apoptosis. The invention includes pharmaceutical compositions comprising such compounds and methods to use them to treat conditions including cancer and autoimmune disorders.

Abstract: Increasing the propylene content of the propylene feed delivered to a continuous hydroformylation process from the 95 mole % maximum level that is usual in typical chemical grade propylene to at least 97 mole %, for example to the 97.5% level obtainable from the conversion of oxygenates to olefins or the 99.5% level of polymer grade propylene, enables adjustments to be made in the syngas feed to the process. This leads to surprising improvements in hydroformylation product yield, in reactor capacity utilization and in the reduction of amounts of waste gases.

Abstract: The invention relates to the use of isobutene-containing olefin feedstock in oligomerization reactions, particularly in the production of octenes as feedstock for the manufacture of plasticizer alcohols, the process comprising contacting a feed comprising isobutene with a molecular sieve at a temperature in excess of 240° C. to produce a product low in triple-branched octenes.

Abstract: The invention relates to the use of isobutene-containing olefin feedstock in oligomerization reactions, particularly in the production of octenes as feedstock for the manufacture of plasticizer alcohols, the process comprising contacting a feed comprising isobutene with a molecular sieve at a temperature in excess of 240° C. to produce a product low in triple-branched octenes.

Abstract: A microemulsion containing water, a densified fluid, a surfactant, and an organometallic catalyst is used to catalyze chemical reactions. The organometallic catalyst preferably has substantial solubility in the water phase of the microemulsion. Separation of reaction products from the microemulsion is facilitated by removal of the densified fluid.

Abstract: In a process for the hydroformylation of ethylenically unsaturated compounds, at least one ethylenically unsaturated compound is reacted with carbon monoxide and hydrogen in the presence of a ligand-metal complex of ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, iridium and/or platinum, where the ligand-metal complex comprises a monophosphine, monophosphinite or monophosphinamidite ligand of the formula I where A together with the phosphorus atom to which it is bound forms a 2-phosphatricyclo[3.3.1.1{3,7}]decyl radical in which one or more nonadjacent carbon atoms may be replaced by heteroatoms and which may be substituted, and R′ is hydrogen or an organic radical having a molecular weight of up to 20 000 bound via a carbon atom or oxygen atom or nitrogen atom. The process is particularly useful for the hydroformylation of internal branched olefins and lower pressures and/or temperatures are required in the hydroformylation than when using other phosphorus ligands.

Abstract: Disclosed is an olefin containing stream from an oxygenate to olefin process, and a process for making olefin dimer and oligomer product from the olefin containing stream using a nickel based oligomerization catalyst. The dimer/oligomer product is optionally converted to hydroformylated product. The olefin containing stream that is used to make the higher olefin product has low levels of impurities including nitrogen, sulfur and/or chlorine.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the preparation of aldehydes in which at least one compound containing a vinyl or vinylidene group is reacted with carbon monoxide and hydrogen in the presence of a source of a metal from sub-group VIII and in the presence of a bidentate diphosphine ligand, where the diphosphine ligand has the general formula I in which A together with the phosphorus atom to which it is bonded, in each case forms a 2-phosphatricyclo[3.3.1.1{3,7}]decyl radical, in which one or more non-adjacent carbon atoms may be replaced by oxygen atoms and which is substituted or unsubstituted, and X is a bridging chain having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, and the molar ratio between the diphosphine ligand and the metal is at least 5. The process gives predominantly n-aldehydes.

Abstract: The invention relates to a catalytic process for carrying out multiphase reactions in a tubular reactor, with the catalyst being present in the continuous phase and at least one starting material in a disperse phase and the loading factor B of the tubular reactor being equal to or greater than 0.8. The process is especially suitable in particular for the hydroformylation of olefins. The aldehydes thus prepared can ideally be used for the preparation of alcohols, carboxylic acids or in aldol condensations.

Abstract: A family of compounds has been found to be useful for right-shifting hemoglobin towards a low oxygen affinity state. The effect has particular application in radiation oncology applications. The compounds are capable of acting on hemoglobin in whole blood.

Abstract: Drug compounds are used as allosteric modifiers of hemoglobin present in red blood cells. The compounds bind to only a single pair of symmetry related sites in the central water cavity of hemoglobin at the Lys 99.alpha., Arg 141.alpha., and Asn 108 .beta. residues. When one of the drug compounds is bound to hemoglobin, it will join three separate sub-units of the hemoglobin molecule and stabilize the hemoglobin in a lower oxygen affinity state. Because the compounds used in this method are either not bound by serum albumin or only interact to small degrees with serum albumin, the compounds are active in whole blood and in vivo. The process of allosterically modifying hemoglobin towards a low oxygen affinity state in whole blood and in vivo could be used in a wide variety of applications including in treatments for ischemia, heart disease, wound healing, Alzheimer's, depression, schizophrenia, adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), etc.

Abstract: Allosteric hemoglobin modifier compound activity on p50 is potentiated by using the compound in combination with a hydrophobic compound such as an anesthetic.

Abstract: This invention relates to asymmetric syntheses in which a prochiral or chiral compound is contacted in the presence of an optically active metal-ligand complex catalyst to produce an optically active product.

Abstract: Mixtures of isomeric decyl alcohols prepared by hydroformylation of mixtures of butene-1 and butene-2 in two stages to give aldehyde mixtures, and condensation of the aldehyde mixtures to form an aldol mixture, followed by separation and hydrogenation. The first stage of the hydroformylation proceeds in the presence of rhodium catalysts dissolved in water, the second stage in the presence of cobalt catalysts homogeneously dissolved in the reaction medium. The mixture of isomeric decyl alcohols, when esterified with phthalic acid, yields a mixture of isomeric decyl phthalates which are useful as plasticizers.

Abstract: Mixtures of isomeric decyl alcohols prepared by hydroformylation of mixtures of butene-1 and butene-2 in two stages to give aldehyde mixtures, and condensation of the aldehyde mixtures to form an aldol mixture, followed by separation and hydrogenation. The first stage of the hydroformylation proceeds in the presence of rhodium catalysts dissolved in water, the second stage in the presence of cobalt catalysts homogeneously dissolved in the reaction medium. The mixture of isomeric decyl alcohols, when esterified with phthalic acid, yields a mixture of isomeric decyl phthalates which are useful as plasticizers.

Abstract: A method for starting a preformer reactor disposed within a hydroformylation system which comprises an oxo reactor, a stripper reactor and a preformer reactor, wherein the bottoms from the stripper reactor comprise at least a water soluble cobaltous salt and wherein the overhead from the stripper reactor comprises entrained volatile cobalt compounds, wherein at least a portion of the entrained volatile cobalt compounds from the stripper reactor are recycled to the preformer reactor to act an initiator in the conversion of the cobaltous salt to cobalt carbonyl.

Abstract: 1,3-Butadiene is hydroformylated at 60.degree. to 150.degree. C. and 1 to 20 MPa in the presence of an aqueous solution which contains, as catalyst, at least one water-soluble rhodium compound and at least one water-soluble organic phosphine. A pH of 8 to 11 is maintained in the aqueous catalyst solution to increase the selectivity of the reaction with respect to the formation of n-five carbon aldehydes and their secondary products. The latter, in particular, can be hydrogenated to 2-propylheptanol, useful as the alcohol component of phthalic ester plasticizers.

Abstract: A family of compounds has been found to be useful for right-shifting hemoglobin towards a low oxygen affinity state. The compounds are capable of acting on hemoglobin in whole blood. In addition, the compounds can maintain the oxygen affinity in blood during storage and can restore the oxygen affinity of outdated blood.

Abstract: A method for producing an aldehyde, which comprises reacting an olefin with carbon monoxide and hydrogen in a hydroformylation reaction zone in the presence of a rhodium catalyst having an organophosphorus compound as a ligand, wherein a reaction solution withdrawn from the hydroformylation reaction zone, which contains an unreacted olefin, an aldehyde product and the catalyst, is countercurrently contacted with carbon monoxide and hydrogen in a contact tower to separate and recover the unreacted olefin without substantially deactivating the rhodium catalyst and supplying the recovered unreacted olefin together with the carbon monoxide and the hydrogen to the hydroformylation reaction zone.

Abstract: An improved process for the hydroformylation of olefins with carbon monoxide and hydrogen in the presence of a hydroformylation catalyst in a continuous tubular reactor, the improvement comprising:a. employing an rhodium hydroformylation catalyst;b. maintaining the reaction temperature at less than about 145.degree. C.; andc. maintaining the pressure at less than 450 psig and the partial pressure therein attributable to carbon monoxide no greater than about 90% of the total pressure;whereby the hydroformylated olefin product is rich in normal aldehydes.

Abstract: A method for removing cobalt values from the crude product of a cobalt-catalyzed hydroformylation reaction by the application of an airless cobalt demetalling step upstream of the stripping step of a Cobalt Flash hydroformylation catalyst recovery process for C.sub.4 to C.sub.14 olefins, whereby no oxygen is required to oxidize cobalt carbonyls to their cobaltous form. This airless demetalling step may also be used downstream of the stripping step in the case of C.sub.7 to C.sub.20 olefins to remove carbonyls from a water soluble cobaltous salt and carbon carbonyl stream which is taken as bottoms from the stripper reactor.

Abstract: In a primary process for hydroformylating olefins in the presence of a rhodium-containing catalyst solution to produce aldehydes and a gaseous effluent comprising unreacted olefin is vented, the improvement which comprises employing the effluent as a reactant feed for a coupled secondary hydroformylation process conducted jointly therewith in which the catalyst solution is cycled back and forth between the primary and secondary hydroformylation processes.

Abstract: A method for controlling a hydroformylation reaction for producing an aldehyde by subjecting an olefin, a feed oxo gas containing hydrogen and carbon monoxide, and a recycled gas withdrawn from a reactor and returned to the reactor, to a hydroformylation reaction in the reactor in the presence of a catalyst, which comprises:setting out a target value for the partial pressure of carbon monoxide in the reaction system to control the hydroformylation reaction;detecting the partial pressure of carbon monoxide corresponding to the target value; andcomparing the detected partial pressure of carbon monoxide with the target value to adjust a flow rate of a discharged gas from the reactor; orcomparing the detected partial pressure of carbon monoxide with the target value to adjust a flow rate of the feed oxo gas.

Abstract: A family of compounds has been found to be useful for right-shifting hemoglobin towards a low oxygen affinity state. The compounds are capable of acting on hemoglobin in whole blood. In addition, the compounds can maintain the oxygen affinity in blood during storage and can restore the oxygen affinity of outdated blood.

Abstract: A family of compounds has been found to be useful for right-shifting hemoglobin towards a low oxygen affinity state. The compounds are capable of acting on hemoglobin in whole blood. In addition, the compounds can maintain the oxygen affinity in blood during storage and can restore the oxygen affinity of outdated blood.

Abstract: An olefin of a heavier molecular weight than the feed olefin in a hydroformylation reaction process is used as an absorbent for recovering hydro cobalt carbonyl stripped from an oxonation reactor product. The cobalt in the stripping gas is completely absorbed but light hydrocarbons, e.g., hydrocarbons having a carbon number of C.sub.7 or less, are only partially absorbed, thus permitting hydro cobalt carbonyl to be recycled to the oxonation reactor without a continuing concentration build up of light hydrocarbons, e.g., paraffins.

Abstract: An improved allyl alcohol hydroformylation process and catalyst are disclosed. The process uses a catalyst system comprising a Group VIII metal carbonyl complex catalyst, a trisubstituted phosphine, a neutral Group VIII(a) metal complex cocatalyst, and optionally, a diphosphinoalkane. The process uniquely gives an enhanced linear:branched aldehyde product ratio.

Abstract: Hydroformylation process, wherein an olefinic compound is reacted with hydrogen and carbon dioxide in the presence of a Group VIII precious metal complex catalyst containing an organic phosphorus compound as a ligand, the process being characterized by use of trialkyl phosphine, as the organic phosphorus compound, having the total carbon atom number of 27 or more in its alkyl groups.

Abstract: Compounds of the general structural formula: ##STR1## wherein X, Y and Z may each be CH.sub.2, NH, or O, R.sub.2-6 are either hydrogen, halogen, or a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.1, C.sub.2, or C.sub.3 alkyl group and these moieties maybe the same or different, or alkyl moieties of aliphatic or aromatic rings incorporating two of the R.sub.2-6 sites, R.sub.7-8 are hydrogen, methyl, or ethyl groups and these moieties may be the same or different, or alkyl moieties as part of an aliphatic ring connecting R.sub.7 and R.sub.8, and R.sub.9 is a hydrogen, loweralkyl such as methyl, ethyl or propyl, or a salt cation such as sodium, potassium, or ammonium are useful for right-shifting hemoglobin towards a low oxygen affinity state. The compounds are capable of acting on hemoglobin in whole blood. In addition, the compounds can maintain the oxygen affinity in blood during storage and can restore the oxygen affinity of outdated blood.

Abstract: The preparation of aldehydes by hydroformylation of olefinically unsaturated compounds. The reaction is carried out in the presence of a catalyst system which contains rhodium and an ammonium salt of a sulfonated phosphorous acid triester which is soluble in organic media.

Abstract: Olefins are reacted with carbon monoxide and hydrogen to produce aldehydes to the near exclusion of alcohols in the presence of a solid phase catalyst consisting essentially of one or more sulfided Group VIII metals.

Abstract: Allosteric hemoglobin modifier compounds having the general formula ##STR1## wherein X and Z may be CH.sub.2, NH or O.

Abstract: Normal aldehydes are produced in high selectivity by the vapor phase reaction of lower olefins with hydrogen and carbon monoxide in the presence of supported liquid phase catalysts at temperatures of 80.degree. C. to 100.degree. C. under pressures of 1 to 5 atmospheres.

Abstract: Disclosed is a process for the hydroformylation of olefins (includes mixtures of olefins) of 2 to 20 carbons, and preferably of 3 to 10 carbons for the production of relatively high proportions of branched to linear aldehydes, and with especially good selectivity to the production of butyraldehydes from propylene, wherein the olefin is contacted in a reaction zone at a temperature of from about 70.degree. C. to about 250.degree. C., preferably from about 150.degree. C. to about 220.degree. C., and a pressure of from about 500 psig to about 10,000 psig, preferably from about 2,500 psig to about 3,500 psig with hydrogen and carbon monoxide in the presence of a catalytic amount of one or more tetracarboxylatodiruthenium halide complexes, i.e., an amount containing from about 10.sup.-7 to about 10.sup.-1, preferably from about 10.sup.-5 to about 10.sup.

Abstract: This invention concerns an oxo process, either batch or continuously operated, for the preparation of aldehydes, principally in relatively high proportions of branched isomer, from olefins and synthesis gas employing an unmodified rhodium catalyst feed or recycle such as the rhodium salts of organic carboxylic acids. More particularly the invention concerns such a process wherein at least a portion of the reaction medium, e.g., the oxo reactor effluent, is contacted with a ligandizing compound such as triphenylphosphine, prior to product recovery by distillation, such that the rhodium catalyst is converted to a stable form and not lost by plating out on the distillation column or base heater during the distillation. Thereafter, the catalyst is deligandized and regenerated by air treatment and reused in the process.

Abstract: Disclosed is a process for the hydroformylation of olefinic material in general, and more particularly concerns the hydroformylation of olefins of 2 to 20 carbons, preferably of 3 to 10 carbons for the production of relatively high proportions of branched aldehydes, comprising contacting olefinic material in a reaction zone at a temperature of from about 60.degree. C. to about 250.degree. C. and a pressure of from about 750 psig to about 10,000 psig with hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and a catalyst consisting of a mixture of unmodified cobalt and unmodified rhodium in a molar ratio range of from about 0.5 to about 100, wherein for each mole of olefin there is present from about 1.times.10.sup.-7 to about 1.times.10.sup.-5 moles of rhodium and from about 1.times.10.sup.-7 to about 1.times.10.sup.-4 moles of cobalt, for a sufficient period of time to permit reaction of the olefinic material with the carbon monoxide and hydrogen to form aldehyde product.

Abstract: This invention concerns an oxo process employing unmodified rhodium catalyst for the preparation of aldehydes, principally for the preparation of relatively high proportions of branched isomer, from olefins and synthesis gas. More particularly the invention concerns such a process wherein at least a portion of the reaction medium, e.g., the oxo reactor effluent, is contacted with an oxygen containing gas prior to product recovery by distillation, such that the rhodium is converted to a stable form and not lost by plating out on the distillation column or base heater during the distillation.

Abstract: Described is an olefin hydroformylation process for producing aldehydes utilizing a Pt Group IV-A organometallic catalyst mixture such as (PPh.sub.3).sub.2 PtPh-SnPh.sub.2 Cl/SnCl.sub.2. High yields of aldehydes are produced in high selectivity for the normal isomer, especially when using propylene as the olefin.

Abstract: This invention relates to a process for the preparation of optically active aldehydes by the asymmetric catalytic hydroformylation of olefins. The process comprises the hydroformylation of olefinically unsaturated prochiral compounds in the presence of an optically active coordination compound containing a metal which is selected from the group consisting of rhodium, iridium, and cobalt.This invention describes a generalized process for the asymmetric hydroformylation of a wide variety of olefins in which a preponderance of one optical isomer is produced. It is especially useful for the preparation of natural products which may require the presence of only one optical isomer for their utilization, for example, as flavors, fragrances, and medications.The catalyst systems for the process of this invention are formed in the presence of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, from coordination compounds consisting of a central metal atom, rhodium, iridium, or cobalt, and at least one optically active ligand, e.g.