Abstract: A molecular species is covalently attached to elemental carbon by exposing the carbon to a reaction mixture containing a strong base and a compound of the formula (I) or (II) in which X denotes a covalently attached atom or group capable of forming an X? anion and each Z is a moiety comprising a plurality of atoms, but which does not have a hydrogen atom directly attached to the atom which itself is directly attached to the —CH2X or —CHX group. The carbon substrate may be graphite or carbon nanotubes.

Abstract: Drilling fluids comprising graphenes and nanoplatelet additives and methods for production thereof are disclosed. Graphene includes graphite oxide, graphene oxide, chemically-converted graphene, and functionalized chemically-converted graphene. Derivatized graphenes and methods for production thereof are disclosed. The derivatized graphenes are prepared from a chemically-converted graphene through derivatization with a plurality of functional groups. Derivatization can be accomplished, for example, by reaction of a chemically-converted graphene with a diazonium species. Methods for preparation of graphite oxide are also disclosed.

Abstract: A molecular species is covalently attached to elemental carbon by exposing the carbon to a reaction mixture containing a strong base and a compound of the formula (I) or (II) in which X denotes a covalently attached atom or group capable of forming an X? anion and each Z is a moiety comprising a plurality of atoms, but which does not have a hydrogen atom directly attached to the atom which itself is directly attached to the —CH2X or —CHX group. The carbon substrate may be graphite or carbon nanotubes.

Abstract: Drilling fluids comprising graphenes and nanoplatelet additives and methods for production thereof are disclosed. Graphene includes graphite oxide, graphene oxide, chemically-converted graphene, and functionalized chemically-converted graphene. Derivatized graphenes and methods for production thereof are disclosed. The derivatized graphenes are prepared from a chemically-converted graphene through derivatization with a plurality of functional groups. Derivatization can be accomplished, for example, by reaction of a chemically-converted graphene with a diazonium species. Methods for preparation of graphite oxide are also disclosed.

Abstract: The present invention provides azulenyl nitrones, such as those having the following general formula: (I) compositions comprising the same and methods of their use for the treatment or prevention of oxidative, ischemic, ischemia/reperfusion-related and chemokine-mediated conditions.

Abstract: The invention is directed to a process for the production of 1,5-dinitronaphthalene wherein naphthalene is nitrated by nitric acid in the absence of sulfuric acid at temperatures of from 30 to 80° C., wherein the nitric acid has a concentration of from 72 to 87 wt.-%, the reaction mixture obtained is filtered at temperatures of from 5 to 20° C. and the solid precipitate obtained is washed with water, and 1,5-dinitronaphthalene is isolated from the washed precipitate by washing with acetone.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for the production of a dinitronaphthalene isomer mixture, in which naphthalene and/or 1-nitronaphthalene is reacted with nitric acid in the presence of a zeolite.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for the production of a dinitronaphthalene isomer mixture, in which naphthalene and/or 1-nitronaphthalene is reacted with nitric acid in the presence of a zeolite.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for preparing a dinitronaphthalene isomer mixture having an increased proportion of 1,5-dinitronaphthalene by nitrating naphthalene in the presence of at least one ionic liquid.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for preparing 2-aryl-substituted indenes by reacting an indene with an arene compound substituted with an halogen atom, preferably a iodine atom, or with an organosulphonate group, said reaction being carried out in a basic medium in the presence of a palladium catalyst. The compounds obtainable by this process can be used to prepare metallocene compounds with transition metals such as titanium, zirconium or hafnium, which are useful as catalyst components in the polymerization of olefins.

Abstract: A process for producing a mixture of isomers of dinitronaphthalene by nitration of nitronaphthalene, in which nitronaphthalene, optionally in an inert organic solvent, is reacted with 1 to 20 times the equivalent quantity, based on the quantity of nitronaphthalene, of 50% to 100% nitric acid in the presence of a solid, perfluorinated, strongly acidic ion exchanger.

Abstract: Dinitro aromatic compounds are improvedly prepared by reacting an aromatic compound with a nitric acid nitrating agent and thence separating the nitrating acid from the process stream thus formed, the process stream containing said at least one dinitro aromatic compound and also having a fraction of the nitrating acid dissolved therein, the subject process also comprising (a) distilling/stripping nitric acid from said process stream, (b) recovering nitric acid from the top of the distillation/stripping vessel and recycling same to the nitration reaction and (c) washing the process stream which contains the at least one dinitro aromatic compound, but having the nitric acid removed therefrom.

Abstract: A process for preparing a nitrated arene which comprises reacting an arene and nitric acid in the presence of a water tolerant Lewis acid catalyst under process conditions sufficient to form the nitrated arene and recovering the nitrated arene. Suitable Lewis acid catalysts are represented by the formula M.sup.n (A.sub.1).sub.x (A.sub.2).sub.n-x whereinM is selected from the group consisting of La, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Sc, Hf, Lu and Li;A.sub.1 and A.sub.2 are independently selected from a perfluoroalkylsulfonate, a fluorosulfonate, a hexafluorophosphate or a nitrate;n is the common oxidation state of M andx is 1, 2, 3 or 4 with the proviso that x is never greater than n.The catalysts of the process are isolatable from water and can be recycled for subsequent process cycles.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to polysubstituted fullerene moieties having a plurality of substituents thereon wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of hydroxy in combination with hydroxy, amino, oxide, nitro, organocarboxy, amide and mixtures thereof.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for producing an aromatic nitro compound by introducing a nitrogen oxide gas and ozone-containing oxygen or air into a halogenated organic solvent dissolving or suspending therein an aromatic compound, thereby subjecting the aromatic compound to nitration. By the use of a system comprising the nitrogen oxide and ozone-containing oxygen or air as the nitrating agent, the aromatic nitro compound can be produced under mild conditions without using any mineral acid. In addition, the various disadvantages due to the use of mineral acid in the conventional process can be avoided by the process of the present invention.

Abstract: Dispirotetradecanes of the formula I ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are each independently of each other alkyl containing 1 to 12 carbon atoms wherein one or more non-adjacent CH.sub.2 groups may also be replaced by --O--, --CO--, --CO--O--, --O--CO--, --O--COO-- and/or --CH.dbd.CH-- (trans), one of the radicals R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 also being H, F, Cl, Br, I, CN, NO.sub.2, NCS,A.sup.1 and A.sup.2 are each independently of each other trans-1,4-cyclohexylene wherein one or two non-adjacent CH.sub.2 groups may be replaced by --O-- and/or --S--, or 1,4-phenylene wherein one or more CH groups may also be replaced by N, with it also being possible optionally for A.sup.1 and A.sup.2 to be substituted laterally or axially by F, Cl, CN, CH.sub.3,Z.sup.1 and Z.sup.2 are each independently of each other --C--O--, --O--CO--, --CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 --, --CH.sub.2 O--, --OCH.sub.2 -- or a single bond,m and n are each 0, 1 or 2,(m+n) 0, 1 or 2,X.sup.1, X.sup.2, X.sup.3 and X.sup.

Abstract: A nitro-substituted pitch demonstrates softening point temperatures in the range of 75.degree.-250.degree. C. and a coking value of at least about 40%. Such pitch is produced by reacting a tar with a nitrating agent at a temperature below 150.degree. C. and above about 0.degree. C.

Abstract: A nucleus-nitrated aryl ether is produced by reacting an aromatic halogen-containing nitro compound with an aromatic hydroxy compound, which may be nitrated in the presence of a base. The ether may be an oligomer compound or a polymer and is suitable for use as an explosive or propellant charge.

Abstract: The production of 2,2',4,4',6,6'-hexanitrostilbene-II (HNS-II) having fin divided particles of uniform size by dissolving HNS-II in hot dimethylsulfoxide and then injecting the hot solution through a small orifice into methanol at a temperature of from -50.degree. C. to -80.degree. C.

Abstract: The invention is a process for the preparation of an aromatic hydrocarbon with a cyclobutene ring fused to the aromatic hydrocarbon which comprises, dissolving an ortho alkyl halomethyl aromatic hydrocarbon in an inert solvent and pyrolyzing the solution of ortho alkyl halomethyl aromatic hydrocarbon in the inert solvent under conditions such that the ortho alkyl and halomethyl substituents form a cyclobutene ring thereby forming an aromatic hydrocarbon having a fused cyclobutene ring.

Abstract: A class of polyamides comprising recurring units having substituted-quaterphenylene radicals is disclosed. The polymers comprise recurring units of the formula ##STR1## wherein each of A and B is a divalent radical, except that B can represent a single bond; R and R.sup.1 are each hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, alkaryl or aralkyl; and c is zero or one; and wherein, when c is one, at least one of A and B is a substituted-quaterphenylene radical having the formula ##STR2## where each U is a substituent other than hydrogen, each W is hydrogen or a substituent other than hydrogen, each p is an integer from 1 to 3, each X is hydrogen or a substituent other than hydrogen and each r is an integer from 1 to 4, the U, W.sub.p and X.sub.r substitution being sufficient to provide the radical with a non-coplanar molecular configuration; and wherein, when c is zero, A is a substituted-quaterphenylene radical as aforedescribed.

Abstract: Compounds of the formula I ##STR1## in which Z, Z.sub.1, R, m and p are as defined in patent claim 1, can be obtained in a simple and economical manner by a novel process wherein a halide of the formula II ##STR2## is reacted with a substituted or unsubstituted vinylbenzene or vinylnaphthalene derivative in the presence of a base and of certain palladium catalysts, such as palladium acetate. The compounds (I) or functional derivatives preparable therefrom are useful, for example, for the preparation of known dyes or fluorescent brighteners, or can be used directly as fluorescent brighteners or as scintillators.