Abstract: Process for scrubbing a crude mixture which is obtained in the nitration of toluene after separating off the nitrating acid and comprises dinitrotoluene, nitric acid, nitrogen oxides and sulfuric acid, which comprises two scrubbing steps (WS-I) and (WS-II), wherein i) in a first scrubbing step (WS-I), the crude mixture is extracted with a scrubbing acid I comprising nitric acid, nitrogen oxides and sulfuric acid in a scrub comprising at least one extraction stage, where the scrubbing acid discharged from the first extraction stage (WS-I-1) of the first scrubbing step (WS-I) has a total acid content of from 10 to 40% by weight and a content of from 80 to 350 ppm of hydrocyanic acid, giving a prescrubbed crude mixture, ii) in a second scrubbing step (WS-II), the prescrubbed crude mixture comprising dinitrotoluene is extracted with a scrubbing acid II in a scrub comprising at least one, preferably at least 2, extraction stage(s), where the scrubbing acid discharged from the first extraction stage (WS-II-1) of th

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for removing impurities from nitrated crude products obtained during the nitration of nitratable aromatic compounds, after removal of the final nitrating acid, by treatment with a washing medium, and also to a plant or apparatus suitable for implementing this method. Further provided by the invention is a production plant for the nitration of nitratable aromatic compounds with subsequent purification of the nitrated products.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the use of nitric oxide releasing compounds for retarding or reversing muscular dystrophies such as Duchenne and Becker dystrophies.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the use of nitric oxide releasing compounds for retarding or reversing muscular dystrophies such as Duchenne and Becker dystrophies.

Abstract: Methods are provided for using doxorubicin active agents in which reduced host toxicity is observed. Aspects of the methods including administering to a subject an effective amount of a doxorubicin active agent in conjunction with a doxorubicin toxicity-reducing adjuvant, e.g., a nitrone compound, or a nitrone compound in combination with a bisdioxopiperazine compound. Also provided are compositions for use in practicing the subject methods. The methods and compositions find use in a variety of different applications, including in the treatment of a variety of different disease conditions.

Abstract: A honeycomb body is disclosed having cells extending along a common direction, a first plurality of the cells being open at both ends of the body and a second plurality of the cells being closed at one or both ends of the body, the second plurality of cells arranged in one or more groups of cells cooperating to define one or more fluid passages extending through the body at least in part perpendicularly to the common direction, wherein, in a plane perpendicular to the common direction, the ratio of the area of cells of the first plurality to the area of cells of the second plurality varies along the length of at least one of the one or more fluid passages.

Abstract: A method for stabilizing nitro compounds against discoloration. The method comprises reacting nitro compounds containing color-forming impurities with nitric acid, neutralizing and washing the product, and distilling therefrom purified nitro compounds.

Abstract: C-nitroso compound releases nitroxyl ion in blood in a second order reaction.

Abstract: A process for carrying out at least two unit operations in series, the process comprising the step of: (a) directing a feed stream into an integrated assembly which comprises a first microchannel unit operation upon at least one chemical of the feed stream to generate a distributed output stream that exits the first microchannel unit operation in a first set of discrete microchannels isolating flow through the discrete microchannels; and (b) directing the distributed output stream of the first microchannel unit operation into a second microchannel unit operation as a distributed input stream, to continue isolating flow between the first set of discrete microchannels, and conducting at least one operation upon at least one chemical of the input stream to generate a product stream that exits the second microchannel unit operation, where the first microchannel unit operation and the second unit operation share a housing.

Abstract: Disclosed is a process for preparing 3-(amino)-3-cyclobutylmethyl-2-hydroxy-propionamide hydrochloride, an intermediate useful in the preparation of the HCV protease inhibitor (1R,5S)—N-[3-amino-1-(cyclobutylmethyl)-2,3-dioxopropyl]-3-[2(S)-[[[(1,1-dimethylethyl)amino]carbonyl]amino]-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutyl]-6,6-dimethyl-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexan-2(S)-carboxamide.

Abstract: An oxidation catalyst for use in the oxidation of a substrate with a molecular oxygen, comprising at least one member selected from the group consisting of a specific hydrazyl radical (such as 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and a specific hydrazine compound (such as 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazine). A method for producing a chemical compound, comprising contacting a substrate with a molecular oxygen in the presence of the above-mentioned oxidation catalyst.

Abstract: This application discloses provides a process for the introduction of nitro-group functionality into a compound which contains also a site of unsaturation and/or oxygen functionality by direct (one step) oxidation of an oxime functional group mediated by a molybdenum VI/VII peroxo complex, the process comprising: (a) providing a substrate of Formula I containing an oxime functional group; wherein R1 and R2 are selected independently from linear, branched or cyclic alkyl and linear, branched or cyclic alkenyl groups, optionally substituted, with the proviso that at least one of R1 or R2 contains a carbon/carbon double bond; and (b) contacting said substrate of Formula I with a molybdenum oxidation complex, thereby oxidizing said oxime functional group to a nitro functional group to yield the structure of Formula III. Where R1 and R2 are as defined above.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for removing and recovering nitrating acid mixtures, in particular nitric acid, sulphuric acid and oxides of nitrogen, from the nitrated crude products occurring in the nitration of nitratable aromatic compounds after the nitrating acid has been separated off, by acidic scrubbing by means of a multistage extraction process, the extraction process comprising a cross-current extraction with downstream countercurrent extraction. The process permits essentially complete recovery of the abovementioned acids, including the oxides of nitrogen, in high concentrations, so that they can be recycled to the nitration and no longer pollute the wastewater.

Abstract: A process and catalyst blend for selectively producing mercaptans and sulfides from alcohols. The alcohol is reacted with hydrogen sulfide, in the presence of a catalyst blend containing a hydrotreating catalyst and a dehydration catalyst to convert the alcohol to mercaptan or sulfide in one-pass. The alcohols can include primary and secondary alcohols. The mercaptan or sulfide having less than about 30% unreacted alcohol contained therein.

Abstract: A Compound corresponding to formula (I): wherein X is a group selected from the group consisting of —CHO, —CN, —CH?NOH, and —CH2OH, and wherein the C?C double bond assumes a Z or E configuration.

Abstract: A method is disclosed for maintaining a volumetric gas to liquid ratio in a segmented gas/liquid flow along a reactor of monolithic catalyst beds in series. The present invention includes the steps of: initiating the segmented gas/liquid flow at a first end of the reactor by introducing feed liquid and feed gas both at a predetermined volume and a predetermined flow rate; injecting an additional amount of gas at least once into any of the spaces between catalyst beds; and combining the segments of the segmented gas/liquid flow at a second end of the reactor. The injection of gas is controlled such that the segmented gas/liquid flow can be maintained near or at the Taylor regime.

Abstract: A process for the production of polymers by means of pseudo-living free-radical polymerization is disclosed. The process entails (i) reacting a polymerizable vinyl monomer with nitrogen monoxide and at least one initiator to prepare a free-radical intermediate product, and (ii) polymerizing the intermediate product optionally together with one or more additional monomers and/or with a free-radical initiator.

Abstract: The invention relates to crystalline hydrazinium nitroformate having a length to diameter ratio of at most 2.5 and a sensitivity to friction and shock not below 20 N and 2 J, respectively, as well as to a method for the preparation thereof.

Abstract: The present invention is a chemical reactor and method for catalytic chemical reactions having gas phase reactants. The chemical reactor has reactor microchannels for flow of at least one reactant and at least one product, and a catalyst material wherein the at least one reactant contacts the catalyst material and reacts to form the at least one product. The improvement, according to the present invention is: the catalyst material is on a porous material having a porosity that resists bulk flow therethrough and permits molecular diffusion therein. The porous material further has a length, a width and a thickness, the porous material defining at least a portion of one wall of a bulk flow path through which the at least one reactant passes.

Abstract: The present invention relates to chromotropic nitrone spin trapping agents, methods of making these agents, compositions comprising same, and methods of their use. In particular, azulenyl nitrones of the present invention are effective agents for trapping free radical species and find use as efficient antioxidants in physicochemical and biological systems. Accordingly, the invention also relates to spin adducts formed from the combination of azulenyl nitrones with free radicals. The compounds of the present invention are readily prepared from available starting materials and find further use in assays and in a number of diagnostic, prophylactic and therapeutic applications, including but not limited to the alleviation, modulation and inhibition of the negative effects of carbon-centered or oxygen-centered radical species and other products of oxidation. Moreover, the combination adducts may be colorimetrically detected and, optionally, isolated and characterized to obtain valuable information (e.g.

Abstract: A polymerizable composition, comprising

Abstract: Diamine compounds useful for treating neurodegenerated diseases characterized by the lack of dopamine neurons activity or for imaging the dopamine neurons are provided.

Abstract: The present invention relates to chromotropic nitrone spin trapping agents, methods of making these agents, compositions comprising same, and methods of their use. In particular, azulenyl nitrones of the present invention are effective agents for trapping free radical species and find use as efficient antioxidants in physicochemical and biological systems. Accordingly, the invention also relates to spin adducts formed from the combination of azulenyl nitrones with free radicals. The compounds of the present invention are readily prepared from available starting materials and find further use in assays and in a number of diagnostic, prophylactic and therapeutic applications, including but not limited to the alleviation, modulation and inhibition of the negative effects of carbon-centered or oxygen-centered radical species and other products of oxidation. Moreover, the combination adducts may be calorimetrically detected and, optionally, isolated and characterized to obtain valuable information (e.g.

Abstract: A process for making alpha-HMX comprises the steps of: (a) combining phosphorus pentoxide and nitric acid at a temperature of about 0-25° C., forming a reaction mixture; and (b) adding a compound having the formula: wherein R is straight chain or branched alkyl having 1-5 carbon atoms, to the reaction mixture, whereby a product comprising alpha-HMX is produced.

Abstract: An improved, liquid, explosive composition comprising nitromethane, a nitethane sensitizer and an energetic compound. The energetic compound is selected from the group consisting of 4,5-dihyro-3-nitroisoxazole, 1,3-dinitropropane, trans1,2-dinitrocyclopropane and 1,1-dinitroethane.

Abstract: Diamine compounds useful for treating neurodegenerated diseases characterized by the lack of dopamine neurons activity or for imaging the dopamine neurons are provided. The diamine compounds or serotonin are characterized by the formula: ##STR1## wherein: l, m and n can be the same or different and are an integer of 1 to 6; X, Y and Z can be the same or different and are hydrogen, halo, haloalkyl, (C.sub.1 -C.sub.6) alkyl, aryl, (C.sub.1 -C.sub.6) alkoxy, N-alkyl, (C.sub.2 -C.sub.6) acyloxy, N-alkylene, --SH, or --SR, wherein R is from the same group as R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 and can be the same or different than R.sub.1 and R.sub.2, amino, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, --C(.dbd.O) OR.sub.6, --C(.dbd.O) NR.sub.5 R.sub.4, NR.sub.3 R.sub.2, or S(.dbd.O).sub.k R.sub.1 wherein .sub.k is 1 or 2, and R.sub.4 to R.sub.6 are independently hydrogen or (C.sub.1 -C.sub.6) alkyl;R.sub.1, and R.sub.2 can be the same or different and are hydrogen, (C.sub.1 -C.sub.6) alkyl, hydroxyalkyl or mercaptoalkyl, --C(.dbd.O) OR.sub.

Abstract: A process for selective, direct oxidation of amine or amine hydrochloride mpounds is described. It uses mixed oxidizing agents of monopersulfate and ozone.

Abstract: The invention relates to chiral compounds containing at least one divalent or polyvalent chiral group, at least one polymerizable group, at least one spacer and at least one mesogenic group, and to their use as polymerizable, chiral dopes for the preparation of cholesteric networks.The novel compounds are suitable for use in electro-optical displays or as chiral dopes for nematic or cholesteric liquid crystals in order to produce layers which reflect in colors.

Abstract: An improved preparation process for an aromatic mononitro compound comprising reacting an aromatic compound with mixed acid consisting of nitric acid, sulfuric acid or phosphoric acid and water, wherein these flow to react with each other in a reactor comprising a tube inside of which more than one twisted tabular members are aligned in sequence in a manner that a front margin of a twisted tabular member is substantially perpendicular to an back margin of the preceding member, can resolve a number of problems such as an inadequate mixing efficiency, reduction of a reaction rate, associated voluminal increase/complication of a reactor and difficulty in securing safety as well as provide the aromatic mononitro compound with minimal amount of by-products in a considerably short period.

Abstract: Mononitrotoluenes can be prepared by intensively mixing together toluene, nitric acid, sulphuric acid and water, simultaneously or successively in their total amount, and, in the case of continuous preparation, redispersing the mixture at least twice, for which purpose a mixing energy of 1 to 40 watts per liter of the total reaction mixture, preferably 3 to 30 W/l, is employed per volume of the reactor, and, for the continuous procedure, the back mixing is substantially repressed. Adiabatic reaction conditions are maintained.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method of preparing hydrazine nitroform (HNF) by dissolving nitroform of a purity of more than 98.5 wt % in a solvent and reacting it with hydrazine in the presence of a small amount of proton-transferring medium.

Abstract: Methods for the production of 1,1,1-trihalogeno-2-nitroethanes from 1,1-dihalogenoethylene by using nitric acid or its salt and hydrogen chloride or hydrogen bromide or its salt, and for the production of .alpha.-unsaturated amines from the 1,1,1-trihalogeno-2-nitroethanes which are useful as insecticides.

Abstract: An improvement when 1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetraazacyclooctane is preed by nitrolysis of 1,3,5,7-tetraacyl-1,3,5,7-tetraazaceyloctane with a solution of nitric acid and nitrogen pentoxide or phosphorous pentoxide. This improved process herein before set forth produces 99% yield and purity of product.

Abstract: 1-(n)-acetyl-3,5,7-trinitrocyclotetramethylenetetramine is prepared by nilysis of 1,3,5,7-tetracyl-1,3,5,7-tetraazacyclooctane with a solution of nitric acid and nitrogen pentoxide or phosphorous pentoxide.

Abstract: Contrast enhancement compositions are provided which can be used to make contrast enhancement layer photoresist composites. The composites can be used to make patterned photoresists under mid-UV light and utilize photobleachable alkylnitrones.

Abstract: A process for preparing an explosive comprising contacting a ketone with a compound capable of producing a product, or compound, containing nitro groups for a time sufficient to obtain a product having a high-energy content and the product resulting therefrom.

Abstract: Contrast enhancement compositions are provided which can be used to make contrast enhancement layer photoresist composites. The composites can be used to make patterned photoresists under mid-UV light and utilize photobleachable alkylnitrones.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of geminate bromo-nitro-alcohols by the bromination of alkali metal or alkaline-earth metal salts of nitroalcohols in aqueous solution, while cooling the reaction mixture so that the maximum reaction temperature does not exceed 30.degree. C. In carrying out the reaction, the aqueous solution of nitroalcohol salt is added to a mixture of bromine and aqueous hydrobromic acid.

Abstract: A material in the form of a film is described which contains, in an orientated arrangement which does not display point symmetry, compounds of formula I ##STR1## wherein X is .dbd.CH-- or .dbd.N--, R.sup.1 is C.sub.12 -C.sub.30 -alkyl, R.sup.2 is hydrogen or C.sub.1 -C.sub.30 -alkyl, R.sup.3 is --NO.sub.2, --CN, --CF.sub.3, --COCF.sub.3, --SO.sub.2 CH.sub.3 or --SO.sub.2 CF.sub.3, R.sup.4 is hydrogen or is defined in the same way as R.sup.3, R.sup.5 is hydrogen or --NR.sup.6 R.sup.7 and R.sup.6 and R.sup.7 independently of one another are hydrogen or C.sub.1 -C.sub.30 -alkyl, it also being possible for any of the alkyl radicals to be partially fluorinated or perfluorinated.The compounds of formula I can be arranged in Langmuir-Blodgett layer systems. Such systems can be used for example for the manufacture of opto-electronic units.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of nitroolefins which comprises heating a solution of a nitroalcohol of the formula: ##STR1## to at least 125.degree. C. to give a corresponding nitroolefin which is contacted in situ with nucleophilic addition reagent.

Abstract: A process to decolorize and stabilize nitro compounds by contacting the nitro compound with an alkaline earth metal hypochlorite particulate material.

Abstract: The reaction of a zinc compound compound of formula IIICF.sub.3 CCl.sub.2 ZnCl.yL (III)wherein y is 1 or 2 and L is a solvent ligand selected from the group consisting of the N-disubstituted acid amides, N-substituted lactams and organic sulfoxides, with an aldehyde of formula IIR--CHO (II)wherein R is an aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon radical or an aliphatic or aromatic heterocyclic radical, gives 1-propanols of formula I ##STR1## in high yields.

Abstract: A method for preparing nitrones from mixtures of arylhydroxylamines and alkylhydroxylamines containing zinc oxide solids is provided which does not require filtration of the mixture prior to reaction. This is accomplished by introducing a dilute acid solution to the mixture so as to solubilize the zinc oxide powder. The hydroxylamines within solution may be reacted with an aldehyde to produce a nitrone where the dilute acid dissolves the zinc oxide.

Abstract: To quench the fluorescence produced by anionic fluorescent brighteners use is made of virtually colorless, water-soluble cationic or amphoteric compounds which contain in the molecule at least one ammonium group, at least two aryl, arylene, hetaryl and/or hetarylene groups and at least one nitro group.

Abstract: In the conjugated nitrofluorination of an olefin by reacting an olefin of the formula ##STR1## in which R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 each independently is hydrogen, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, alkyl, halogenoalkyl or cycloalkyl, orR.sup.2 and R.sup.4 together are an alkylene radical of 3 to 6 carbon atoms,with hydrogen fluoride and nitric acid to produce an .alpha.-fluorinated nitroalkane of the formula ##STR2## the improvement which comprises effecting the reaction in a vessel protected against corrosion employing about 1 to 1.1 mols of hydrogen fluoride and about 1 to 2 mols of nitric acid per mol of olefin. The process uses much less HF than heretofore and the products are useful intermediates in making herbicides. Some of the products are new.

Abstract: Nitration of organic compounds and organic nitrogen compounds produced.Organic nitrogen compounds are formed in the vapor phase by organic radical formation by reaction of an organic compound with hydroxyl radicals derived from the reaction between hydrogen peroxide and nitrogen dioxide and the nitration of the organic radicals, suitably with nitrogen dioxide. The process may be conducted as a single stage process using an excess of nitrogen dioxide over that required for hydroxyl radical formation. The production of hydroxyl radicals is maximized by the use of a catalytic solid surface such as a solid acid or an acidic oxide or mixed oxide. The product may be a mixture of some or all of the nitrite, nitrate and nitro-derivative which may be used as such, e.g. as a fuel additive, as a source of the individual compounds or as a feedstock for a further synthesis.

Abstract: Organic nitrogen compounds are formed in the vapor phase by organic radical formation by reaction of an organic compound, suitably an alkane, with hydroxyl radicals derived from the reaction between hydrogen peroxide and nitrogen dioxide and the nitration of the organic radicals, suitably with nitrogen dioxide. The process is conducted using a molecular oxygen additive which directs the reaction towards the formation of the nitrate corresponding to the organic compound which may predominate in the organic reaction products.

Abstract: This invention provides a convenient and commercially adaptable process for the preparation of vinylcyclopropane derivatives in high yield. For the process an alkylating agent and activated methylene compound are reacted in the presence of a cyclic polyether compound and alkali metal compound. Water can also be present and/or the reaction may be carried out in an inert organic diluent.

Abstract: This invention provides a convenient and commercially adaptable process for the preparation of vinylcyclopropane derivatives in high yields. The process involves reacting an alkylating agent and an activated methylene compound in the presence of an onium compound, an alkali metal compound and water, which while only necessary in trace amounts can be present in substantial quantities.

Abstract: A method of producing FDNE using readily available fluoroolefins as a fluorine source.