Abstract: Ultrasensitive detection of a chemical substance (analyte) by mass spectrometry is achieved by employing a molecular tag that yields an intense parent ion and then an intense daughter ion in a multi-stage mass spectrometer.

Abstract: A bis-phosphonium salt represented by the following formula (1) is provided: wherein R1, R2, R3, and R4 each represent a linear or branched alkyl group, a cycloalkyl group, an aryl group, or an aralkyl group; A represents an alkylene group; Y represents an anion; R1 and R2 may form a ring; R3 and R4 may form a ring; and R1, R2, R3, and R4 may be the same or different. A process for producing such a bis-phosphonium salt includes a step of allowing a first secondary phosphine and second secondary phosphine to react with a compound in an alcohol solvent selected from a secondary alcohol and tertiary alcohol.

Abstract: The invention relates to a novel method for producing nucleophilic substitutions, particularly of type SNAr and SN2. More specifically, the invention relates to the use as a fluorinating reaction medium of ionic liquid or fused salt comprising at least four carbon atoms. The invention can be used for the synthesis of fluoride derivatives.

Abstract: Water-soluble or water-dispersible branched or unbranched cationic epoxy compounds comprise a backbone having covalently attached thereto two or more epoxy moieties and one or more of the same or different organoonium moieties. The backbone comprises at least 25 weight % oxygen.

Abstract: Non-C2-symmetric bisphospholane ligands and methods for their preparation are described. Use of metal/non-C2-symmetric bisphospholane complexes to catalyze asymmetric transformation reactions to provide high enantiomeric excesses of formed compounds is also described.

Abstract: A bis-phosphonium salt represented by the following formula (1) is provided: 1

Abstract: A process for preparing a melt transesterification catalyst is disclosed. The process entails (i) obtaining a phenol adduct of phosphonium phenolatein the form of crystalline solid and (ii) storing the solid phenol adductin a closed container at relative humidity of 30 to 70 % and at temperature of −30 to 50° C. The thus prepared catalyst is suitable in the production of polycarbonate in the melt transesterification process.

Abstract: A process for the removal and recovery of quaternary salt (A) and base (D) from a reaction mixture is disclosed. The reaction mixture resulting from oxidative direct carbonylation contains in addition to (A) and (D), at least one hydroxyaromatic compound (B) and at least one reaction product (C) and optionally a solvent, and the process entails a) adding acid to the reaction mixture to cause conversion of (D) into a hydroxyaromatic compound (B2) b) separating the reaction mixture into b1.) that contains (C) and optionally (B) and/or (B2) and b2.) that contains (A) and optionally (B) and/or (B2), and c) reacting b1.) with a base (E) to re-form (D).

Abstract: A process for the separation and recycling of catalyst components from a chemical reaction mixture is disclosed. The process entails at least one extraction step.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method of preparing a phosphonium salt of the formula [R1R2R3P—CR4R5R6]X, comprising ball-milling a phosphine of the formula R1R2R3P with a compound of the formula XCR4R5R6; a method of preparing a phosphorus ylide of the formula R1R2R3P═CR4R5, comprising ball-milling a phosphonium salt of the formula [R1R2R3P—HCR4R5]X in the presence of a base; and a method of preparing an olefin of the formula R4R5C═CR7H or R4R5C═CR7R8, comprising ball-milling a phosphorus ylide of the formula R1R2R3P═CR4R5 with a compound of the formula R7C(O)H or R7C(O)R8. The inventive method produces phosphonium salts and phosphorus ylides by mechanical processing solid reagents under solvent-free conditions.

Abstract: The invention relates to novel phosphane ligands of formula (Ia) and (Ib): (adamantyl)nP(alkyl)m(1a); (adamantyl)o(Alkyl)qP (alkylen′)P(adamantyl)r(alkyl)s (1b), wherein adamantyl represents an adamantyl radical (IIa, IIb) bonded to the phosphorous atom in position 1 or 2. The invention also relates to the production and use of the above-mentioned ligands in the presence of transitional metal compounds of the 8th. Subgroup of PSE for catalytic reactions, particularly for the refining of halogen aromatics for producing aryl olefins, dienes, diarylene, benzoic acid and acrylic acid derivatives, aryl alkanes and also amines.

Abstract: This invention is related to heteroatom containing diamondoids (i.e., “heterodiamondoids”) which are compounds having a diamondoid nucleus in which one or more of the diamondoid nucleus carbons has been substitutionally replaced with a noncarbon atom. These heteroatom substituents impart desirable properties to the diamondoid. In addition, the heterodiamondoids are functionalized affording compounds carrying one or more functional groups covalently pendant therefrom. This invention is further related to polymerizable functionalized heterodiamondoids. In a preferred aspect of this invention the diamondoid nuclei are triamantane and higher diamondoid nuclei. In another preferred aspect, the heteroatoms are selected to give rise to diamondoid materials which can serve as n- and p-type materials in electronic devices can serve as optically active materials.

Abstract: A process for the production of phosphonium phenolates is disclosed. The process entails reacting a phosphonium halide and phenol in an aqueous alkaline solution.

Abstract: The thermal isomerization of lycopene The present invention relates to a process for the thermal isomerization of a mixture of all-E-lycopene and its Z isomers of any composition to increase the proportion of all-E, wherein the isomerization takes place in a polar solvent in which lycopene is only slightly soluble.

Abstract: One aspect of the present invention relates to ionic liquids comprising a pendant Bronsted-acidic group, e.g., a sulfonic acid group. Another aspect of the present invention relates to the use of an ionic liquid comprising a pendant Bronsted-acidic group to catalyze a Bronsted-acid-catalyzed chemical reaction. A third aspect of the present invention relates to ionic liquids comprising a pendant nucleophilic group, e.g., an amine. Still another aspect of the present invention relates to the use of an ionic liquid comprising a pendant nucleophilic group to catalyze a nucleophile-assisted chemical reaction. A fifth aspect of the present invention relates to the use of an ionic liquid comprising a pendant nucleophilic group to remove a gaseous impurity, e.g., carbon dioxide, from a gas, e.g., sour natural gas.

Abstract: The present invention relates to novel ionic liquids comprising a phosphate or borate anion. The ionic liquids may be made via metathesis or via a reaction between boric or phosphoric acid with metal hydroxide and an alcohol.

Abstract: A process for producing a high purity tetraphenylphosphonium phenolate that at room temperature is in liquid form is disclosed. The process entails (i) reacting tetraphenylphosphonium halide with phenol in an aqueous-alkaline solution at temperatures of up to 55° C., at a molar ratio of phenol to tetraphenylphosphonium halide ≧10:1 and at pH values of 9.5 to 11 to obtain a material system containing an organic phase and an aqueous phase and, (ii) upon completion of the reaction adding a solution of water and a sparingly soluble alcohol to separate the aqueous phase from the organic phase. The phosphonium phenolate thus produced is suitable as transesterification catalyst, in particular for solvent-free production of thermoplastic polycarbonate.

Abstract: Diaryliodonium salts are disclosed, as well as a method for preparing them, in which one of the aryl groups bonded to the positively-charged iodine ion contains a methyl substituent, and the other one contains a hydroxyl-substituted alkoxy group. The salts are synthesized from (o, m, or p)-iodotoluene, as opposed to iodobenzene, and therefore do not pose a carcinogenic risk. In addition, the present salts are unexpectedly more soluble in most organic solvents, as well as in nonpolar monomers, than the corresponding benzene catalysts. The salts are useful as cationic photoinitiators, cationic thermal initiators (often combined with a cocatalyst, e.g. copper), and as starting materials in the synthesis of urethane-containing iodonium salts.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the purification of phosphonium salts in which a solution of the crude phosphonium salt is passed over a bed of a cation exchange resin in salt form or of an adsorber resin, the resin is washed with a polar protic solvent in the case of the cation exchange resin and with an electrolyte solution and a nonpolar solvent in the case of the adsorber resin, and the phosphonium salt is eluted from the cation exchange resin with an electrolyte solution or from the adsorber resin with a polar solvent.

Abstract: The invention relates to the preparation and use as catalysts of diphosphines of the formula (I) 1

Abstract: The present invention provides a method of preparing a phosphonium salt of the formula [R1R2R3P—CR4R5R6]X, comprising ball-milling a phosphine of the formula R1R2R3P with a compound of the formula XCR4R5R6; a method of preparing a phosphorus ylide of the formula R1R2R3P═CR4R5, comprising ball-milling a phosphonium salt of the formula [R1R2R3P—HCR4R5]X in the presence of a base; and a method of preparing an olefin of the formula R4R5C═CR7H or R4R5C═CR7R8, comprising ball-milling a phosphorus ylide of the formula R1R2R3P═CR4R5 with a compound of the formula R7C(O)H or R7C(O)R8. The inventive method produces phosphonium salts and phosphorus ylides by mechanical processing solid reagents under solvent-free conditions.

Abstract: Phosphonium salts are prepared by reacting an alkanol with triarylphosphine and sulfonic acids in a solvent.

Abstract: The present invention provides a novel salt useful as an active species in an organic reaction and represented by the following chemical formula (1): 1

Abstract: Improved polymer-immobilized photosensitizer are disclosed as well as methods of preparing and using them. The polymer-immobilized photosensitizers comprise a cross-linked polymer backbone, a plurality of cationic ammonium or phosphonium groups covalently bound to the polymer backbone and an immobilized photosensitizer. The average total number of carbon atoms in the ammonium or phosphonium group is at least four and preferably at least 12. The photosensitizer can be either covalently or ionically bound to the polymer. Polymer-supported photosensitizers of the invention are unexpectedly superior in catalyzing the photosensitized oxidation of compounds containing carbon-carbon double bonds.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the alkylation of 3,4-dihydroxythiophene-2, 5-dicarboxylic esters or their alkali metal or alkaline earth metal salts with alkylating agents in a polar diluent in the presence of quaternary onium salts.

Abstract: The invention provides mitochondrially targeted antioxidant compounds. A compound of the invention comprises a lipophilic cation covalently coupled to an antioxidant moiety. In preferred embodiments, the lipophilic cation is the triphenyl phosphonium cation, and the compound is of the formula P(Ph3)+XR·Z− where X is a linking group, Z is an anion and R is an antioxidant moiety. Also provided are pharmaceutical compositions containing the mitochondrially targeted antioxidant compounds, and methods of therapy or prophylaxis of patients who would benefit from reduced oxidative stress, which comprise the step of administering the compounds of the invention.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the purification of phosphonium salts in which a solution of the crude phosphonium salt is passed over a bed of a cation exchange resin in salt form or of an adsorber resin, the resin is washed with a polar protic solvent in the case of the cation exchange resin and with an electrolyte solution and a nonpolar solvent in the case of the adsorber resin, and the phosphonium salt is eluted from the cation exchange resin with an electrolyte solution or from the adsorber resin with a polar solvent.

Abstract: This description addresses fluorinated amine compounds meeting the general formula R′iArF—ER2, where ArF is a fluoroaryl group, E is nitrogen or phosphorous, each R is independently a C1-C20 hydrocarbyl group; or the two Rs may connect to form an unsubstituted or substituted C2-C20 cycloaliphatic group, R′ is a C1-C20 hydrocarbyl or halogenated hydrocarbyl, and i is 0, 1 or 2. These compounds may be protonated with strong Bronsted acids to form protonated amine compounds that are useful for the preparation of organometallic catalyst-cocatalyst compounds comprising noncoordinating or weakly coordinating anions. The resulting organometallic catalyst-cocatalyst complexes can be effectively used as olefin polymerization catalysts.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a catalyst composition, comprising a Group 8 metal; and a ligand having a structure selected from the group consisting of: 1

Abstract: A process for preparing phosphonium phenolate is disclosed. The process entails a reaction of phosphonium halide with phenol in an aqueous alkaline solution at a temperature of 0 to 55° C. The molar ratio of phenol to phosphonium halide is between 2:1 to 10:1 and the pH of the solution is 9.5 to 11. An optional embodiment entails carrying out the reaction in the further presence of alcohol.

Abstract: The use of (A) a polypeptide comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2, or a functionally equivalent variant of that amino acid sequence, or (B) a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding the polypeptide (A), or (C) an antibody which is immunoreactive with the polypeptide (A), or (D) an antisense oligonucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence complementary to that of polynucleotide (B), or (E) a polynucleotide probe comprising at least 15 consecutive nucleotides of (B), in the preparation of a pharmaceutical for the diagnosis or treatment of a neutrophil-associated inflammatory disease.

Abstract: One aspect of the present invention relates to novel ligands for transition metals. A second aspect of the present invention relates to the use of catalysts comprising these ligands in transition metal-catalyzed carbon-heteroatom and carbon-carbon bond-forming reactions. The subject methods provide improvements in many features of the transition metal-catalyzed reactions, including the range of suitable substrates, reaction conditions, and efficiency.

Abstract: Novel polymer stabilizers are disclosed. The novel stabilizers have the general formula (R)qSn-(MR″-OCH2-R′CH]m-OT)4-q, P-[(OCH2-R′CH)mOT]3′ wherein M is O or S and R″is (CH2)pCO-, CO-(CH3)p, or CO(CH2)p-. About 0.005 to about 65 phr of the stabilizer can be used in a polymer having a halogen-containing repeating unit, such as poly(vinyl chloride), to reduce yellowing of an article made from the polymer after the article has been exposed to gamma radiation.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the selective oxidation of alcohols to ketones or to aldehydes by means of an alkali hypohalite under alkaline conditions, which comprises carrying out the oxidation in the presence of a heterogeneous oxidation catalyst that is insoluble in the reaction medium and is selected from the group comprising the compounds of formula (I) (III), wherein n is a number from 3 to 3000; or a 4-oxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-oxyl that is 4-oxy-bound to a Merrifield polymer. The invention relates also to the compounds of formulae (II) and (III) and to the use of the above-mentioned oxidation catalysts for the oxidation of alcohols.

Abstract: Novel chemical compounds have an ionic structure and in combination with an organometallic transition metal compound form a catalyst system which is advantageously used for the polymerization of olefins.

Abstract: Phosphonium salts are prepared by reacting an alkanol with triarylphosphine and sulfonic acids in a solvent.

Abstract: A process for preparing phosphonium salts of the general formula I in which the substituents have the following meanings, independently of one another: R aryl; X anion of an organic or inorganic acid selected from the group consisting of hydrohalic acids, sulfuric acid, sulfonic acids, phosphoric acid and C1-C6-alkanoic acids, by reacting 3,7,11-trimethyldodeca-1,4,6,10-tetraen-3-ol of the formula II with triarylphosphane and organic or inorganic acids selected from the abovementioned group, wherein in a two-stage process a) initially a tertiary phosphonium salt of the formula III  in which the radicals R and X have the abovementioned meanings, is prepared at temperatures in the range from −20 to 40° C., and b) the tertiary phosphonium salt of the formula III which is formed is rearranged to the primary phosphonium salt of the formula I at temperatures in the range from 40 to 100° C.

Abstract: A process for preparing polymerizable biaryl derivatives comprises reacting an aromatic comprising a 6-membered ring which bears ester or benzylic OH groups in the 1,4 position with a second aromatic in a palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction to give a biaryl and converting the ester or benzylic OH groups into polymerizable groups in one or more steps. The biaryls obtained are suitable for preparing polymers which are used as electroluminescence materials.

Abstract: The invention relates to the preparation and use as catalysts of diphosphines of the formula (I) 1

Abstract: The invention concerns novel ionic compounds with low melting point whereof the onium type cation having at least a heteroatom such as N, O, S or P bearing the positive charge and whereof the anion includes, wholly or partially, at least an ion imidide such as (FX1O)N−(OX2F) wherein X1 and X2 are identical or different and comprise SO or PF, and their use as solvent in electrochemical devices. Said composition comprises a salt wherein the anionic charge is delocalised, and can be used, inter alia, as electrolyte.

Abstract: The invention provides mitochondrially targeted antioxidant compounds. A compound of the invention comprises a lipophilic cation covalently coupled to an antioxidant moiety. In preferred embodiments, the lipophilic cation is the triphenyl phosphonium cation, and the compound is of the formula P(Ph3)+XR.Z− where X is a linking group, Z is an anion and R is an antioxidant moiety. Also provided are pharmaceutical compositions containing the mitochondrially targeted antioxidant compounds, and methods of therapy or prophylaxis of patients who would benefit from reduced oxidative stress, which comprise the step of administering the compounds of the invention.

Abstract: The invention concerns novel ionic compounds with low melting point whereof the onium type cation having at least a heteroatom such as N, O, S or P bearing the positive charge and whereof the anion includes, wholly or partially, at least an ion imidide such as (FX1O)N−(OX2F) wherein X1 and X2 are identical or different and comprise SO or PF, and their use as solvent in electrochemical devices. Said composition comprises a salt wherein the anionic charge is delocalized, and can be used, inter alia, as electrolyte.

Abstract: This invention discloses a process for making dilithium initiators in high purity. This process can be conducted in the absence of amines which is desirable since amines can act as modifiers for anionic polymerizations. The dilithium compounds made are highly desirable because they are soluble in aromatic solvents. The present invention more specifically discloses a process for synthesizing a dilithium initiator which comprises reacting diisopropenylbenzene with a tertiary alkyl lithium compound in an aromatic solvent at a temperature which is within the range of about 0° C. to about 100° C. The present invention further discloses a process for synthesizing m-di-(1-methyl-3,3-dimethylbutyllithio) benzene which comprises reacting diisopropenylbenzene with tertiary-butyllithium in an aromatic solvent at a temperature which is within the range of about 0° C. to about 100° C.

Abstract: There are disclosed a sulfonaldehyde derivative of formula (2): a phosphonium salt of formula (3): processes for producing the same and a sulfone derivative of formula (4): a process for producing the same and a process for producing lycopene therefrom.

Abstract: The invention provides mitochondrially targeted antioxidant compounds. A compound of the invention comprises a lipophilic cation covalently coupled to an antioxidant moiety. In preferred embodiments, the lipophilic cation is the triphenyl phosphonium cation, and the compound is of the formula P(Ph3)+XR•Z− where X is a linking group, Z is an anion and R is an antioxidant moiety. Also provided are pharmaceutical compositions containing the mitochondrially targeted antioxidant compounds, and methods of therapy or prophylaxis of patients who would benefit from reduced oxidative stress, which comprise the step of administering the compounds of the invention.

Abstract: A process for preparing phosphonium phenolate is disclosed. The process entails a reaction of phosphonium halide with phenol in an aqueous alkaline solution at a temperature of 0 to 55° C. The molar ratio of phenol to phosphonium halide is between 2:1 to 10:1 and the pH of the solution is 9.5 to 11. An optional embodiment entails carrying out the reaction in the further presence of alcohol.

Abstract: The invention provides an intermediate compound (5-[2-hydroxy-5-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)-2-methyl-cyclopentyl]-3-methyl-penta-2,4-dienyl)triphenylphosphonium salt for use in a multi-stage process for making an oxidative metabolite of the carotenoid, lycopene 2,6-cyclolycopene-1,5-diol. The intermediate compound has the formula: wherein Ph is phenyl and X1− is chloride, bromide, or hydrogen sulphate.

Abstract: A catalyst composition for organic a symmetric synthesis is provided, which comprises: (A) a lanthanoid element ion; (B) a binaphthol, and (C) a nitrogen and/or phosphorus compound such as lutidine-N-oxide, 1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolldinone, hexamethyl-phosphortriamide, triphenylphosphine oxide, tri(2-methylphenyl)phosphine oxide or tri(4-methylphenyl )phosphine oxide. Asymmetric epoxidation of an enone is conducted by allowing an enone to react with an oxidizing agent in the presence of the catalyst composition or a catalyst solution containing the catalyst composition.

Abstract: para-Aminomethylaryl carboxamides of Formula I are antagonists of VLA-4 and/or &agr;4&bgr;7, and as such are useful in the inhibition or prevention of cell adhesion and cell-adhesion mediated pathologies. These compounds may be formulated into pharmaceutical compositions and are suitable for use in the treatment of asthma, allergies, inflammation, multiple sclerosis, and other inflammatory and autoimmune disorders.

Abstract: Phosphonium salts are prepared by reacting an alkanol with triarylphosphine and alkyl or trifluoromethane sulfonic acids in a solvent.