Abstract: New anisotropic compounds of the formula (1) are useful in liquid crystal mixtures for electrooptical displays; at least one of the end groups of the compounds (1) is an alkyl group which carries cyano or halogen in a terminal or non-terminal position. This offers advantages for longitudinal polarization and/or cross-polarization of the anisotropic compounds with the aid of the comparatively highly polarizing cyano or halogen substituents, in particular high clear points, low .DELTA..epsilon./.epsilon..perp. values and/or negative .DELTA..epsilon. values.

Abstract: Bicyclooctane derivatives of the formula IR.sup.1 --A.sup.1 --A.sup.2 --R.sup.2 IwhereinR.sup.1 and R.sup.2 independently of one another are each an alkyl group which has 1-12 C atoms and in which it is also possible for one or two non-adjacent CH.sub.2 groups to be replaced by O atoms and/or CO groups and/or --O13 CO groups and/or --CO--O groups and/or --CH.dbd.CH-- groups, one of the radicals R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 being also --A.sup.3 --R.sup.3,A.sup.1 is a 1,4-cyclohexylene group which is unsubstituted or substituted in the 1-position and/or 2-position and/or 3-position and/or 4-position by alkyl which has in each case 1-5 C atoms and is unsubstituted or substituted or fluorinated, and in which it is also possible for one or two non-adjacent CH.sub.2 groups to be replaced by one or two different groupings from the group --O--, --CO--, --CH.dbd.CH--, --S--, --SO-- or --SO.sub.2 --, or is substituted by F, Cl, Br, CN and/or CHO,A.sup.2 is a 1,4-bicyclo[2.2.2] octylene group,--A.sup.3 --R.sup.3 is --Cy--R.sup.

Abstract: A display member (10) comprising a housing (14) having a chamber (12)with a viewing face (16) and a lamina member (24) movably mounted within said chamber (12) to be movable into a first position in which one face (26) of the member (22) in face to face contact with said viewing face (16) and a second position in which the one face (26) of the member (24) is out of contact with the viewing face (16) and the other face (25) is in face to face with a rear face (15) of the chamber (12) spaced rearwardly from the viewing face (16), drive means (22, 20) being provided to produce an attractive and/or repulsive force between said housing (14) and said member (24) to move said member (24) from said first or second position to the other position wherein no external drive means need be provided to maintain said member (24) in said first or second position, an opaque fluid filling said chamber.

Abstract: New anisotropic compounds with a cross-polarizing substituent have the formula (1) ##STR1## The increase in .epsilon..perp. is achieved by the polarizing group X, preferably the cyano group or a halogen atom, which is not laterally on the ring, as with the known compounds, but is on the bridge, that is to say is part of the main bridge bonding rings A and B to one another. Ring A has the formula (1a) or (1b) given herein and is always cycloaliphatic, while ring B can be identical to ring A or is an aromatic ring of the formula (1c) or (1d) herein. R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are identical or different end groups of the formula (1e) herein.The radical X on the bridge causes less widening of the molecule than a radical X on a ring, which provides comparatively higher clear points and moreover enables aromatic rings to be omitted from the anisotropic compounds.

Abstract: Compounds of the formulaR.sup.1 --Q.sup.1 --(CH.sub.2).sub.m --(COO).sub.n --(CH.sub.2).sub.p --Q.sup.2 --R.sup.2whereinR.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are each independently alkyl or alkoxy each of 1-12 C atoms, F, Cl, Br, CN or --Q.sup.3 --R.sup.3, or one of R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 can also be H;Q.sup.1, Q.sup.2 and Q.sup.3 are each independently 1,4-phenylene, 1,4-cyclohexylene, 1,4-bicyclo(2,2,2)-octylene or 1,3-dioxane-2,5-diyl, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted by 1-4 fluorine, chlorine or bromine atoms;R.sup.3 is alkyl or alkoxy each of 1-8 C atoms, H, F, Cl, Br or CN;m is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; n is 0 or 1; and p is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; the sum of (m+p) being 2, 4 or 6 and the sum of (m+n+p) being at least 3;but with the proviso that Q.sup.3 is unsubstituted 1,4-phenylene or 1,4-phenylene substituted by a fluorine, chlorine or bromine atom, only when n=1 or (m+p)=6 or at least one of R.sup.1 or R.sup.3 is F, Cl or Br or none of R.sup.1 to R.sup.3 is CN or two of the radicals R.sup.1 to R.sup.

Abstract: Liquid crystalline mixtures containing compounds of the formula ##STR1## wherein n stands for the number 0 or 1; X.sup.1 and X.sup.2 denote single covalent bonds or one of the symbols X.sup.1 and X.sup.2 also denotes --COO--, --OOC-- or --CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 --; the rings A.sup.1, A.sup.2, and A.sup.3 represent 1,4-phenylene, 2-fluoro-1,4-phenylene or trans-1,4-cyclohexylene or one of these rings also represents a 2,5-disubstituted pyrimidine ring or a trans-2,5-disubstituted m-dioxane ring; R.sup.1 signifies 4-alkenyl or on a cyclohexyl ring also 2Z-alkenyl; and R.sup.2 denotes alkyl, alkoxy, --CN or --NCS,as well as the manufacture of these compounds and the use for electro-optical purposes are described.

Abstract: New bicyclohexylethanes of formula IR.sup.1 --Cy--Cy--CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 --A--(Cy).sub.n --R.sup.2 (I)wherein R.sup.1 is alkyl; R.sup.2 is alkyl, in which one or two non-adjacent CH.sub.2 groups can be replaced by O atoms, or is F, Cl, Br, CN, --COOalkyl or --O--CO-alkyl; or one of the radicals R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 can also be H; A is Cy, or 1,4-phenylene which is unsubstituted or substituted by one or two F and/or Cl atoms and/or CH.sub.3 groups or by a CN group; Cy is 1,4-cyclohexylene and n is 0 or 1; the alkyl groups in each case containing 1-10 C atoms, with the proviso that n is 1 if A is Cy and R.sup.2 is CN,can be used as constituents of dielectrics for electrooptical display elements.

Abstract: Provided is a process for preparing a diaryl or a mixture of diaryls represented by any or a combination of the following formulae (II), (III) and (V), characterized in that a diaryliodonium salt represented by the following formula (I) is reacted in a solvent in the presence of a transition metal catalyst and a reducing metal at a temperature in the range of room temperature to 100.degree. C.:[Ar.sub.1 -I.sup..sym. -Ar.sub.2 ]X.sup..crclbar. (I)Ar.sub.1 -Ar.sub.1 (II)Ar.sub.1 -Ar.sub.2 (III)Ar.sub.2 -Ar.sub.2 (IV)wherein Ar.sub.1 and Ar.sub.2, which may be alike or different, are each an aryl group which may have a substituent group or groups and X.sup..crclbar. is a counter ion which is inert to said reaction.

Abstract: Liquid crystal compounds which exhibit a liquid crystal phase within a broad temperature range and have a high clearing point and nevertheless a low viscosity, and liquid crystal compositions containing the same are provided, which liquid crystal compounds have positive dielectric anisotropy values and are expressed by the general formula ##STR1## wherein R represents hydrogen atom or an alkyl group of 1 to 10 carbon atoms; ##STR2## Y represents H or F; and X represent a halogen atom or CN.

Abstract: This invention relates to perfluorinated compounds with cyclohexyl groups. Such compounds are useful as synthetic blood substitutes and perfusion media, and for other purposes, and in emulsions which contain such compounds. A method is disclosed for direct fluorination without creating excessive unwanted byproducts. Hydrocarbon starting compounds used in this invention may be purchased or synthesized. The compounds created by the methods of this invention include perfluorinated tetraphenylmethane, perfluorinated diphenylmethane, and perfluorinated t-butylcyclohexane.

Abstract: Liquid crystalline naphthalene derivatives of the formula ##STR1## wherein ring A is 1,4-phenylene, trans-1,4-cyclohexylene or 1,4-cyclohex-1-enylene and ring system BC is 2,6-naphthylene, 3,4-dihydro-2,6-naphthylene or 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-2,6-naphthylene, with the proviso that A is not 1,4-phenylene when BC is 2,6-naphthylene; and R.sub.1 and R.sub.2, which are identical or different, are each alkyl of up to 8 C atoms or, when the rings to which they are bonded are aromatic, also can be alkoxy, alkanoyloxy or alkoxycarbonyloxy having up to 8 C atoms in each case; or one of R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 also can be CN, halogen, CF.sub.3 or NO.sub.2 are valuable components for liquid crystalline dielectrics.

Abstract: Halogenated compounds of the formula ##STR1## wherein each X is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, chlorine, bromine and fluorine, each X.sub.1 is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, chlorine, bromine, fluorine and alkyl or alkoxy of 1 to 10 carbon atoms and halogen-substituted alkyl or alkoxy of 1 to 10 carbon atoms and each Y and Y.sub.1 is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, chlorine, bromine, fluorine, aryl, alkyl or alkoxy of 1 to 10 carbon atoms and halogen-substituted alkyl or alkoxy of 1 to 10 carbon atoms, and a process for preparing these compounds are provided. These compounds are useful as flame retardant additives for various polymers.

Abstract: An apparatus and process useful in direct fluorination of a variety of compositions, as well as the fluorinated compositions themselves, are disclosed.The apparatus comprises a cryogenic zone reactor, such as a packed column reactor, suitably divided into a plurality of independently controllable cryogenic temperature zones. Means are also provided to introduce a reactant to be fluorinated as well as to introduce a mixture of fluorine gas and an inert gas.New fluorinated compounds are also disclosed. These include: perfluoro-2-methoxyethyl ether; perfluoro-1,4-dioxane; perfluoro-2,5-diketohexane; perfluorohexamethylethane; and monohydropentadecafluoroadamantane.Additionally, new syntheses for trifluoroacetic acid, a commercially significant bulk chemical, are disclosed. One synthesis comprises producing perfluoroethyl acetate by direct fluorination using a cryogenic zone reactor, followed by hydrolysis of perfluoroethyl acetate. Two moles of the acid are produced for each mole of ester.

Abstract: Novel compounds of general formula (I) ##STR1## wherein X represents a F, Cl, Br, I or CN are of interest as heat stable ligands for catalytic systems. They can be prepared in good yields from 1,5-dimethyl-1,5-cyclooctadiene as well as from the corresponding bicyclic alcohol wherein X is OH.