Abstract: A contact lens containing a photonic crystal which is configured to change color depending on a concentration of an analyte in the tears of a subject. The change in color is reversible. The contact lens may be useful for monitoring the concentration of glucose in tears of a diabetic subject or a prediabetic subject.

Abstract: A contact lens includes a sensing electrode, detection circuitry, and a lens. The sensing electrode senses an impedance that changes based upon overlap of an eyelid. The detection circuitry is coupled to the sensing electrode and configured to measure the impedance via the sensing electrode. The detection circuitry is configured to generate a control signal indicative of a gaze direction of the eye based upon the electrical impedance. The lens is integrated into the contact lens and has an optical power that is adjustable. The lens is coupled to adjust the optical power in response to the control signal output from the detection circuitry and which is indicative of the gaze direction.

Abstract: Capacitance spectroscopic method and electrode The application relates to methods and electrodes for electrochemical detection of target species by capacitance spectroscopy. The method is simple, frequency optimised and extremely sensitive to low concentrations of target species. The electrodes of the invention can easily be reused and are ideally suited for use in point-of-care diagnostics.

Abstract: A meter is adapted for measuring concentrations of a chemical in a flowing solution. The meter has a barrier that shields a sensor from the high turbulence of the solution flow. One or more membranes can be employed to selectively filter out various ions or other chemicals.

Abstract: Embodiments of sensing devices include one or more integrated circuit (IC) die, a housing, and a fluid barrier material. Each IC die includes an electrode-bearing surface and a contact surface. One of the die includes an SFET with a sensing electrode proximate to the electrode-bearing surface. The same or a different die includes a reference electrode proximate to the electrode-bearing surface. The die(s) also include IC contacts at the contact surface(s), and conductive structures coupled between the SFET, the reference electrode, and the IC contacts. The housing includes a mounting surface, and housing contacts formed at the mounting surface. The IC contacts are coupled to the housing contacts. The fluid barrier material is positioned between the mounting surface and the IC die. The fluid barrier material provides a fluid barrier between the IC and housing contacts and a space that encompasses the sensing electrode and the reference electrode.

Abstract: A sensor system is disclosed. The system comprises: a solid substrate having a front side and a back side, a sensing assembly formed on the front side and being configured to provide electrochemical sensing, a plurality of electrical contacts, formed on the back side and being in electrical communication with the sensing assembly via a plurality of interconnects passing through the substrate and extending at least from the front side to the back side, and a mounting member configured for mounting the back side onto a tip of a movable device.

Abstract: A coated-wire potentiometric sensor comprising an electronically conducting substrate electrode coated with an ionically conductive sensing layer and an outermost surface consisting of or comprising in and/or on a first molecular species which is capable of reversibly adsorbing a second molecular species and a method for measuring the affinity between a first molecular species and a second molecular species comprising the steps of: providing a potentiometric sensor of the coated-wire type having an outermost surface; adapting said outermost surface so that consists of or comprises said first molecular species; placing said sensor in a system for the recording of sensorgrams; recording a sensorgram of the adsorption of a second molecular species on said first molecular species of or comprised in and/or on said adapted outermost surface.

Abstract: The invention relates to a device for the citrate anti-coagulated extracorporeal blood purification comprising: an extracorporeal blood purification system comprising an extracorporeal blood circuit (202), which comprises a dialysis unit (205), a blood inflow (203) and a blood discharge (204), a citrate metering device (212) for supplying citrate at a citrate supply point (213) upstream of the dialysis unit (205), a substitution medium metering device (214) for supplying a substitution medium at a substitution medium supply point (215) downstream from the dialysis unit (205), at least one ion concentration measuring means (224) for measuring bivalent cations and a controller (225), wherein the controller (225) is adapted to regulate the metering of the substitution medium as a function of a comparison between a setpoint value range and the ion concentration measured by means of the ion concentration measuring means (224), wherein the ion concentration measuring means (224) is adapted for the continuous gener

Abstract: Systems and methods for dynamically and intelligently estimating analyte data from a continuous analyte sensor, including receiving a data stream, selecting one of a plurality of algorithms, and employing the selected algorithm to estimate analyte values. Additional data processing includes evaluating the selected estimative algorithms, analyzing a variation of the estimated analyte values based on statistical, clinical, or physiological parameters, comparing the estimated analyte values with corresponding measure analyte values, and providing output to a user. Estimation can be used to compensate for time lag, match sensor data with corresponding reference data, warn of upcoming clinical risk, replace erroneous sensor data signals, and provide more timely analyte information encourage proactive behavior and preempt clinical risk.

Abstract: An analyte monitor includes a sensor, a sensor control unit, and a display unit. The sensor has, for example, a substrate, a recessed channel formed in the substrate, and conductive material disposed in the recessed channel to form a working electrode. The sensor control unit typically has a housing adapted for placement on skin and is adapted to receive a portion of an electrochemical sensor. The sensor control unit also includes two or more conductive contacts disposed on the housing and configured for coupling to two or more contact pads on the sensor. A transmitter is disposed in the housing and coupled to the plurality of conductive contacts for transmitting data obtained using the sensor. The display unit has a receiver for receiving data transmitted by the transmitter of the sensor control unit and a display coupled to the receiver for displaying an indication of a level of an analyte.

Abstract: Provided are devices and methods capable of interfacing with biological tissues, such as organs like the heart, in real-time and using techniques which provide the ability to monitor and control complex physical, chemical, biochemical and thermal properties of the tissues as a function of time. The described devices and methods utilize micro scale sensors and actuators to spatially monitor and control a variety of physical, chemical and biological tissue parameters, such as temperature, pH, spatial position, force, pressure, electrophysiology and to spatially provide a variety of stimuli, such as heat, light, voltage and current.

Abstract: Novel membranes comprising various polymers containing heterocyclic nitrogen groups are described. These membranes are usefully employed in electrochemical sensors, such as amperometric biosensors. More particularly, these membranes effectively regulate a flux of analyte to a measurement electrode in an electrochemical sensor, thereby improving the functioning of the electrochemical sensor over a significant range of analyte concentrations. Electrochemical sensors equipped with such membranes are also described.

Abstract: A body-mountable urea sensing device includes an electrochemical sensor embedded in a polymeric material configured for mounting to a surface of an eye. The electrochemical sensor includes a working electrode, a reference electrode, and a reagent localized near the working electrode that selectively reacts with urea. A potentiometric voltage between the working electrode and the reference electrode is related to a concentration of urea in a fluid to which the electrochemical sensor is exposed; the voltage is measured by the body-mountable device and wirelessly communicated.

Abstract: An apparatus, systems, and methods related to determining an identity and a concentration of an intravenous fluid. The apparatus, the systems, and the methods described herein may provide near real-time monitoring and/or determination of an identity of components of the intravenous fluid. A concentration and the identity of all of the components of the intravenous fluid may be identified simultaneously.

Abstract: This document provides methods and materials related to the non-invasive measurement of analytes in blood.

Abstract: Methods and systems for providing data communication in medical systems are disclosed.

Abstract: The invention provides an electrophysiological analysis system, in particular for detecting pathological states. This system comprises: electrodes intended to be placed in different regions of the body that are well away from each other; an adjustable DC voltage source for generating successive DC voltage pulses varying in magnitude from one pulse to another, the duration of the pulses being equal to or greater than about 0.2 seconds; a switching circuit for selectively connecting a pair of active electrodes to the voltage source and for connecting at least one other high-impedance electrode; and a measurement circuit for recording data representative of the current in the active electrodes and potentials on at least certain high-impedance connected electrodes in response to the application of said pulses. The range of voltages covered causes, from one pulse to another, the appearance or disappearance of electrochemical phenomena in the vicinity of the active electrodes.

Abstract: Novel methods and systems for monitoring the health of an eye are disclosed. For example, a resonant circuit may be fabricated on a contact lens and this circuit may be coupled to a second circuit having the same resonant current frequency. A change in a property of the eye fluid contacted by the sensor in the contact lens is communicated to an external device and a remedying action is suggested to the wearer.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are biosensor systems and related methods for detecting analytes in aqueous and biologic environments. A biosensor system for detecting binding of an analyte of interest may include a detector configured to detect a change in an electrical property on a surface thereof. The detector may be a FET. The system also may include a passive layer disposed on a top surface of the detector. Further, the system may include a hydrophobic layer disposed on the passive layer. The system also may include a receptor-attachment material configured for binding to an analyte. A receptor may bind to the analyte, and the receptor may be attached to the receptor-attachment material. The binding of the analyte to the receptor can cause the change of the electrical property at the surface. In response to the change for example, a current may change for indicating the binding of the analyte to the receptor.

Abstract: Methods and systems are disclosed for determining an anaerobic threshold and/or an oxygen consumption rate in a human or animal subject. The methods include exposing a tissue of the subject to illumination radiation, collecting emitted radiation from the tissue, the emitted radiation including a portion of the illumination radiation reflected or transmitted from the tissue, processing the emitted radiation to form a spectrum of the tissue, and determining, based on the spectrum of the tissue, the anaerobic threshold and/or the oxygen consumption rate of the subject.

Abstract: The invention relates generally to in vivo collection of circulating molecules, tumor cells and other biological markers using a collecting probe. The probe is configured for placement within a living organism for an extended period of time to provide sufficient yield of biological marker for analysis. In some embodiments of the invention, active attraction of biological markers are provided. A partial or complete analytic/detection assembly may also be integrated with the probe.

Abstract: Systems and methods of use for continuous analyte measurement of a host's vascular system are provided. In some embodiments, a continuous glucose measurement system includes a vascular access device, a sensor and sensor electronics, the system being configured for insertion into communication with a host's circulatory system.

Abstract: According to an embodiment of the invention, a method of determining hydration of a sensor having a plurality of electrodes is disclosed. In particular embodiments, the method couples a sensor electronics device to the sensor and measures the open circuit potential between at least two of the plurality of electrodes. Then, the open circuit potential measurement is compared to a predetermined value. In some embodiments, the plurality of electrodes includes a working electrode, a reference electrode, and a counter electrode. In still further embodiments, the open circuit potential between the working electrode and the reference electrode is measured. In other embodiments, the open circuit potential between the working electrode and the counter electrode is measured. In still other embodiments, the open circuit potential between the counter electrode and the reference electrode is measured.

Abstract: Configuration technologies for cost-effectively monitoring indicia of regimen compliance or noncompliance in response to one or more indications of symptoms or actions or other data on data-bearing media or in wireless transmissions, such as implementing techniques for providing or preventing access or otherwise acting on or communicating incremental or definitive indicia of compliance or noncompliance.

Abstract: Systems and methods of use for continuous analyte measurement of a host's vascular system are provided. In some embodiments, a continuous glucose measurement system includes a vascular access device, a sensor and sensor electronics, the system being configured for insertion into communication with a host's circulatory system.

Abstract: An ion-sensitive sensor includes a dielectric layer comprising Al2O3 having a functionalized surface configured to bond with an analyte. The ion-sensitive sensor is immersed in an electrolytic solution containing a concentration of alkali ions. An electrode is arranged to apply an electric potential to the functionalized surface of the ion-sensitive sensor. In some embodiments the ion-sensitive sensor is an ion-sensitive silicon FET. In some embodiments the ion-sensitive sensor is an ion-sensitive polymer FET. In some embodiments, the electrode comprises a perforated gate metal layer disposed on the gate dielectric layer of an ion-sensitive FET, and the functionalized surface is disposed in openings of the perforated gate metal layer. In some embodiments the dielectric layer comprises a multi-layer dielectric stack including at least one Al2O3 layer. In some embodiments the dielectric layer is deposited by atomic layer deposition (ALD).

Abstract: Systems and methods of use for continuous analyte measurement of a host's vascular system are provided. In some embodiments, a continuous glucose measurement system includes a vascular access device, a sensor and sensor electronics, the system being configured for insertion into communication with a host's circulatory system.

Abstract: A method for identifying implanted reconstructive prosthetic devices comprising obtaining a digital radiographic image of a prosthetic implant that has been implanted in a person or animal for which the manufacturer and/or model is unknown; allowing a user to enter into a computer metadata relating to the implant for use as metadata feature values; cleaning up the unknown implant image; rotating, flipping and/or scaling the unknown implant image; extracting features from the unknown implant image according to one or more feature extraction algorithms; and comparing the metadata and extracted feature values for the unknown implant image to feature values for other implant images according to a comparison algorithm to create an overall likelihood score for each of the other implant images.

Abstract: A medical device includes a connector which contacts a sensor to electrically connect the sensor with a measurement circuit in a medical device, a contact terminal which constitutes the connector, and a slide pin which ejects the sensor out of the medical device. The slide pin performs the operation of pushing up the contact terminal contacting the sensor as well as the operation of pushing the sensor out of the medical device. Since the contact terminal is completely lifted up by the inclined surface of the upper end part of the slide pin before the sensor is discarded, there occurs no reaction due to rebound of the contact terminal which might occur at the moment when the contact terminal of the connector is separated from the sensor, and thereby the sensor can be discarded so as to fall freely.

Abstract: Methods and systems for detecting a biological response indicative of osteolysis or osteolytic pre-conditions in bone.

Abstract: Devices and methods for measuring a target ion concentration uses an electrode pair. The pair includes a working electrode and a reference electrode. The working and reference electrodes are ion-selective electrodes (ISEs). The reference ISE can include a sodium ISE. The ISE pair interacts with body fluids where a target ion concentration changes more than sodium ion concentration over time. Some ISE membranes of a pair vary essentially only in the ionophore. An ISE pair can determine the ratio of a target ion concentration to sodium ion concentration in vivo. Periodic measurement of sodium concentration in drawn blood can be used to calibrate an ISE pair and provide target ion concentration as an output. Or, a potassium/sodium ISE pair beneficially monitors potassium concentration changes over time in heart- or kidney-failure patients. Then, manual or automatic titration of a diuretic material can be implemented to maintain a desired potassium concentration.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention provide for raising a background current setting for a biosensor above the actual (measured) background current present (i.e., overestimating the background current), particularly in the hypoglycemic range, to improve sensor accuracy and decrease the chance of glucose value overestimation by the sensor.

Abstract: A physiological sensing device for the measurement of pCO2 includes a closed chamber bounded, at least partially, by a carbon dioxide permeate e membrane (12). There are two electrodes (10) within the chamber. The chamber contains a substantially electrolyte-free liquid in contact with electrodes (10) and the membrane (12). The liquid contains a non-ionic excipient in order to prevent egress of water due to an osmotic gradient across the membrane (12) in use.

Abstract: Embodiments of the invention provide analyte sensors having optimized permselective membranes and methods for making and using such sensors. Embodiments of the invention also provide analyte sensors such as those having porous matrices coated with an analyte sensing composition and methods for making and using such sensors. Illustrative embodiments include electrochemical glucose sensors having glucose oxidase coatings.

Abstract: In an embodiment, the invention includes an implantable medical device with a pulse generator and a chemical sensor in communication with the pulse generator, the chemical sensor configured to detect an ion concentration in a bodily fluid. In an embodiment, the invention includes a method for providing cardiac arrhythmia therapy to a patient including sensing a physiological concentration of an analyte, communicating data regarding the physiological concentration of the analyte to an implanted pulse generator, and delivering therapy to the patient based in part on the physiological concentration of the ion. In an embodiment, the invention includes a method for monitoring diuretic therapy. In an embodiment, the invention includes a method for controlling delivery of an active agent into a human body. Other aspects and embodiments are provided herein.

Abstract: Devices and methods for maintaining a medical device on-body are provided. Embodiments include medical device securement systems having first and second on-body securement elements. Also provided are systems and kits for use maintaining a medical device on-body.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention provide for raising a background current setting for a biosensor above the actual (measured) background current present (i.e., overestimating the background current), particularly in the hypoglycemic range, to improve sensor accuracy and decrease the chance of glucose value overestimation by the sensor.

Abstract: An apparatus for use with a patient having a vessel carrying blood to ascertain characteristics of the blood. The apparatus includes a display module and a probe having a distal extremity adapted to be inserted into the vessel of the patient and having a proximal extremity coupled to the display module. The probe includes a sensor in the distal extremity for providing an electrical signal to the display module when the probe is disposed in the blood. The probe can have an antithrombogenic surface treatment for inhibiting the adhesion of blood components to the probe when disposed in the blood.

Abstract: An iontophoretic sampling device for non-invasively determining the relative levels of two substances present in a biological system.

Abstract: A sensing device, apparatus and system, and method for operating the same are provided. The sensing apparatus includes a first module and a second module. The first module includes a controller, a transmitter and an array of sensor elements. The controller is capable of activating one or more sensor elements in the array independently of others in the array, in order to obtain a sensor output from the array at different times by using different sensor elements in said array. The transmitter is configured to transmit sensor data derived from the sensor output from the first module to a receiver of the second module. Each sensor element is a biological sensor for detecting the presence of the same analyte in the environment in which the sensor array is to be deployed.

Abstract: Devices and methods for measuring a target ion concentration uses an electrode pair. The pair includes a working electrode and a reference electrode. The working and reference electrodes are ion-selective electrodes (ISEs). The reference ISE can include a sodium ISE. The ISE pair interacts with body fluids where a target ion concentration changes more than sodium ion concentration over time. Some ISE membranes of a pair vary essentially only in the ionophore. An ISE pair can determine the ratio of a target ion concentration to sodium ion concentration in vivo. Periodic measurement of sodium concentration in drawn blood can be used to calibrate an ISE pair and provide target ion concentration as an output. Or, a potassium/sodium ISE pair beneficially monitors potassium concentration changes over time in heart- or kidney-failure patients. Then, manual or automatic titration of a diuretic material can be implemented to maintain a desired potassium concentration.

Abstract: The present invention mainly relates to a method and apparatus for measuring the concentration of a solute in a solvent. Disclosed is an apparatus or method for determining the concentration of a solute in a solvent of a solution in a container having a time-varying volume by analyzing two signals received from the solution, comprising: measuring the quantity of the two received signals, converting the two signals into two electro-optical or electrical signals, performing a mathematical transformation on the two electro-optical or electrical signals, and determining the ratio of the transformation components of the two electro-optical or electrical signals. The present invention can be used in various applications of determining the ingredient concentration of a fluid, such as a gas or liquid. Particularly, the present invention finds applications in blood analysis in a human body for measuring, for example, the glucose, triglycerol, cholesterol, or oxyhemoglobin concentrations of the blood.

Abstract: A method of sensing the concentration level of at least one particular electrolyte in the sweat fluid of a subject, includes providing a sweat sensor system having sweat fluid absorbing material, measuring apparatus for sensing the electrical conductivity of sweat fluid absorbed by the absorbing material and producing ionic concentration data for said at least one particular electrolyte, and a user interface connected to the measurement apparatus for interpreting the data to a user. The absorbing material is applied to the skin of the subject to cause sweat fluid thereon to be absorbed by the absorbing material whereby the measurement apparatus produces ionic concentration data for the sweat fluid absorbed and the user interface interprets the data for a user.

Abstract: One embodiment is a microprobe. An example of the microprobe comprises a housing having an aperture. This example of the microprobe also comprises an ISFET attached to the housing. The ISFET may have a gate located proximate the aperture. This example of the microprobe further comprises a reference electrode attached to the housing proximate the aperture. Another embodiment is a microsensor system. Another embodiment is a method for measuring a characteristic of tissue. Yet another condition embodiment is a method for monitoring tissue pH.

Abstract: Devices and methods for measuring a target ion concentration uses an electrode pair. The pair includes a working electrode and a reference electrode. The working and reference electrodes are ion-selective electrodes (ISEs). The reference ISE can include a sodium ISE. The ISE pair interacts with body fluids where a target ion concentration changes more than sodium ion concentration over time. Some ISE membranes of a pair vary essentially only in the ionophore. An ISE pair can determine the ratio of a target ion concentration to sodium ion concentration in vivo. Periodic measurement of sodium concentration in drawn blood can be used to calibrate an ISE pair and provide target ion concentration as an output. Or, a potassium/sodium ISE pair beneficially monitors potassium concentration changes over time in heart- or kidney-failure patients. Then, manual or automatic titration of a diuretic material can be implemented to maintain a desired potassium concentration.

Abstract: A method for measuring and determining urea level in human blood by reverse iontophoresis comprising the following steps of: placing an anode electrode on skin, placing a container comprising a solution including urease and a cathode electrode on skin, applying electric current to the anode electrode and the cathode electrode so that an electrical circuit is established there between, whereby urea molecules migrate from blood into the container, determining the urea level in the blood by the changes in the pH of the urease solution.

Abstract: A rapid response, single use analyte sensor, adapted to measure an analyte concentration in body fluid. The sensor includes a lancet and a body fluid trapping structure, adapted to trap body fluid on the skin. An electrochemical analyte measurement system measures the analyte concentration in the body fluid that is trapped on the surface of the skin, by the body fluid trapping structure. In one preferred embodiment, the body fluid trapping structure defines an interior volume of only 30 nanoliters of body fluid.

Abstract: An ultrasound information processing system is disclosed in which ultrasound image data is packetized into ultrasound information packets and routed to one or more of a plurality of processors for performing image processing operations on the ultrasound image data, the ultrasound information packets being routed according to entries in a host-programmable routing table. A common distribution bus is coupled between packetizing circuitry and dedicated input buffers corresponding to each processor for distributing the ultrasound information packets, and a common output bus to is used to transfer processed image data from the processors to an output device. The disclosed ultrasound information processing system architecture allows for a high throughput rate for accommodating real-time image processing operations, while also allowing for ready programmability and upgradability.

Abstract: Apparatus for ascertaining cardiac output of the heart of a patient comprising a control and display module. A venous probe is inserted into a vein in the forearm of the patient and is coupled into the control and display module and provides an electrical signal representing the dissolved oxygen in the venous blood. An arterial probe is inserted into an artery in the forearm of the patient and is coupled into the control and display module and provides an electrical output signal representing the dissolved oxygen in the arterial blood. The control and display module has a visible display that provides a continuous in vivo cardiac output that utilizes an arterial venous oxygen differential equation which includes an adjustment factor for adjusting for venous blood being sampled rather than mixed venous blood in the pulmonary artery of the patient.

Abstract: Epilepsy and other neurological disorders that are affected by the electrical potential difference between intracellular fluid and extra-cellular fluid and therefore the cell membrane potentials, and therefore the thresholds for the communication between brain cells can be controlled by re-circulating extra-cellular brain fluid after the fluid has been treated to alter its ion concentrations. A computer-controlled pump can precisely control the extraction and delivery of brain fluid after the ion concentration of the fluid is appropriately adjusted, e.g. guided by the Goldmann equation. Well-known techniques for modifying ion concentrations can be used to raise or lower ion concentrations as needed.