Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a multifunctional visual oral cleaning instrument that includes multiple functions of: a visual dental floss, and/or visual oral forceps, and/or a visual oral irrigator, and/or a visual toothbrush, and/or a detachable visual interdental brush. The dental floss, and/or oral forceps, and/or oral irrigator, and/or toothbrush, and/or interdental brush are/is connected with an oral viewer through a connecting mechanism. In one aspect, a visual oral irrigator includes an oral irrigator, an oral viewer, and a connecting mechanism. The oral irrigator is mounted on the oral viewer through the connecting mechanism. The oral viewer further includes a housing, a power supply system, a lighting system, a viewing system, a circuit system, and a switch.

Abstract: Disclosed is a teeth cleaning apparatus, including a first liquid reservoir, a teeth cleaner, a connector, and a liquid conveyer. The teeth cleaner includes a teeth cleaner body and a second liquid reservoir that is fixedly connected to the teeth cleaner body and transmits a teeth cleaning liquid to the teeth cleaner body during teeth cleaning. The connector is separable from the teeth cleaner, and the liquid conveyer transmits the teeth cleaning liquid in the first liquid reservoir to the second liquid reservoir when the teeth cleaner is connected on the connector.

Abstract: An oral cavity washing device includes a nozzle and a pump that supplies a liquid to the nozzle. The nozzle has a nozzle flow passage and a reduced part that is disposed in an intermediate part of the nozzle flow passage and that is smaller in cross-sectional area than a rest of the nozzle flow passage. A first flow passage and a second flow passage that are in parallel to each other are disposed between the nozzle and the pump. The first flow passage has a first valve that causes the first flow passage to be opened only when the pump sucks the liquid. The second flow passage has a second valve that causes the second flow passage to be opened only during discharge performed by the pump.

Abstract: A powder chamber, in particular for powder polishing devices, including a casing and two functional sectors, whereby the two functional sectors are arranged to be opposite to each other, and whereby at least one functional sector is designed to provide an opening for a working medium such as air or a mixture of powder and air, and whereby the two functional sectors are designed to allow the powder chamber to be locked. The two functional sectors are preferably arranged along an axis and are rotationally symmetric.

Abstract: A visual tooth cleaning, grinding and polishing instrument includes a host, an oral observation instrument and a cleaning and polishing tool. The host can drive the cleaning and polishing tool and supply a power source and a control system for an illuminating system, an observation system and the oral observation instrument. A picture shot by a camera of the observation system can be transmitted to a display of the observation system in time, so as to achieve the purposes of cleaning the teeth while observing a process of cleaning the dental calculus, dental plaque and pigmentation on the surface of the teeth with the cleaning and polishing tool and the cleaning effect instantly on a mobile phone, thereby effectively cleaning, grinding and polishing the teeth. A flusher or an electric toothbrush head or other interdental cleaning tools may also be mounted on the host or the oral observation instrument.

Abstract: The present disclosure discloses a water flosser comprises a housing, a tooth irrigation portion, a water nozzle portion, a winding mechanism, and a water pipe configured to be bent and wound. The tooth irrigation portion is disposed in the housing and comprises a water inlet and a water outlet. The water nozzle portion is in communication with the water outlet of the tooth irrigation portion.

Abstract: An irrigation system includes a housing on which a trigger is movably mounted, a motor, an accumulator, a pump and a gearing arranged inside the housing. At least the motor and the accumulator are mounted in a drive unit which can be replaced.

Abstract: The present disclosure includes embodiments directed to an oral irrigator with a magnetic attachment. The oral irrigator may include a base unit and a handle. The base unit may include a first positioning feature. The handle may include a second positioning feature corresponding with the first positioning feature of the base unit to removably couple the handle to the base unit at any one of a plurality of desired positions, such as at any one of a plurality of vertically adjacent positions, relative to the base unit. Each of the first and second positioning features may be a magnet device to magnetically couple the handle to the base unit The magnetic attachment between the handle and the base unit may automatically align the handle into a correct storage position.

Abstract: An oral cavity washing device includes a body unit including a pump for discharging a washing liquid, a tube connected to the body unit for making the washing liquid discharged from the pump flow through the tube, and a washing unit connected to the tube for discharging the washing liquid. The oral cavity washing device further includes a joining portion which joins the body unit and the washing unit to each other by a magnetic force.

Abstract: A pump body of an oral irrigator includes a mount, a motor disposed at a rear end away from the mount, a pinion disposed on a shaft of the motor, an annular gear disposed on a shaft member to mesh with the pinion, a cam disposed in the annular gear and adjacent to one side, a linkage secured to the cam, front and rear plungers disposed on a front end of the linkage, and a cylindrical tube disposed on the plungers in the mount. The rotation of the cam only allows the linkage to repetitively move in a back-and-forth linear motion. Wear between the plungers and the cylindrical tube is decreased to a minimum and leakage is prevented.

Abstract: A fluid delivery system for a dental cleaning appliance includes a nozzle for delivering a burst of working fluid to the teeth of a user, and a fluid conduit for conveying working fluid to the nozzle. A body of the nozzle defines a fluid chamber and a channel for conveying working fluid from the fluid chamber to a fluid outlet from the nozzle. The fluid chamber has a tangential inlet for receiving working fluid from the fluid conduit.

Abstract: Various systems, method, and compositions for treating a tooth are disclosed herein. For example, an apparatus for treating a tooth is disclosed. The apparatus can include a chamber having an access port which places the chamber in fluid communication with a treatment region of the tooth when the chamber is coupled to tooth. A fluid motion generator can be coupled to the chamber. The fluid motion generator can be configured to direct fluid across the access port to generate fluid motion in the chamber. In various embodiments, fluid motion (e.g., vortices, swirl, etc.) can be induced at or near treatment regions of the tooth, such as a root canal or carious region.

Abstract: An oral irrigator including a handle housing defining a cavity, a tip removably connected to the handle housing, and a tip release assembly connected to the handle housing. The tip release assembly includes a tip eject button slidably connected to the handle housing and movable between a first position and a second position and a latch connected to the handle housing and positioned within the cavity. Movement of the tip eject button from the first position to the second position moves the latch laterally across the cavity from an engage position to a disengage position.

Abstract: An oral cavity washing device includes a nozzle having a flow passage structure and a pump to feed washing liquid to the flow passage structure. The flow passage structure includes: a first component having a first flow passage; a second component being disposed downstream of the first component and having a second flow passage that is narrower than the first flow passage; a third component being disposed downstream of the second component and having a third flow passage that is broader than the second flow passage; a reducer being disposed downstream of the third component and being configured so as to reduce a width of the flow passage; and a fourth component being disposed downstream of the reducer and having a fourth flow passage that widens with an advancement in a path from the reducer to the outlet port so as to generate cavitation in the washing liquid.

Abstract: An oral cavity washing device includes: a device body including a pump configured to discharge washing liquid, and a body unit including a tank provided at the device body; a tube connected to the body unit and configured to allow the discharged washing liquid to flow through the tube; and a washing unit connected to the tube and configured to discharge the washing liquid. The body unit has a two-dimensional shape like an ellipse or an approximate ellipse in a planar view.

Abstract: An oral irrigator including a reservoir, a tip in fluid communication with the reservoir, a pump in fluid communication with the tip and the reservoir, where the motor drives the pump. The oral irrigator also includes a control module electrically coupled to the motor to vary an output of the motor. During a normal mode, the control module drives the motor to output a normal pulse rate, a normal flow rate, and a normal fluid pressure as the fluid exits the tip and during a massage mode, the control module drives the motor to output a massage pulse rate, a massage flow rate, and a massage fluid pressure as the fluid exits the tip. The massage pulse rate is lower than the normal pulse rate, the massage fluid pressure is lower than the normal fluid pressure, and the massage fluid pressure is lower than the normal fluid pressure.

Abstract: An oral care appliance comprises: a fluid delivery system for producing discrete fluid bursts by means of a pump (130), a regulator (132) regulating liquid in a pressurized liquid tank (134) delivered via a valve (140) through a fluid delivery path (123) in an outlet member (124), directed to a nozzle assembly (126) from which the resulting fluid bursts are directed to the teeth.

Abstract: An oral irrigator handle has a handle housing with a swivel assembly for connection to a hose further connected to a fluid source. A tip for directing a focused stream of fluid is releasably connected to a first end of the handle. The swivel assembly is received within the housing and fluidly coupled to tip. The hose is connected to the swivel assembly and fluidly coupled to the tip via the swivel assembly. The swivel assembly prevents translation of rotational movement of the handle or the hose to the other.

Abstract: An oral irrigator including a handle, a tip, and a pump at least partially received within the handle and fluidly coupled to the tip. The pump includes a pump body defining a pump chamber, an inlet valve regulating fluid flow into the pump chamber, an outlet valve regulating fluid flow out of the pump chamber, a piston, and a linkage operably coupled to the piston and a drive shaft of a motor. The linkage translates rotational movement of the drive shaft into movement of the piston in first and second directions within pump chamber. When the piston moves in the first direction, the inlet valve opens, allowing fluid to flow into the pump chamber, and the outlet valve closes. When the piston moves in the second direction, the inlet valve closes and the outlet valve opens, allowing fluid to flow out of the pump chamber.

Abstract: The present invention provides a surgical aspiration cannula capable of aspirating a liquid component such as a small amount of blood while keeping an ability to aspirate a large clot such as a blood clot and to sweep them. The present invention relates to a surgical aspiration cannula that comprises a tip opening capable of aspirating a clot such as a blood clot; and an aspiration structure in the front of the tip opening. Due to the aspiration structure, the liquid component such as a small amount of blood can be aspirated. Further, even when the tip opening is pressed against the vicinity of an organ, the aspiration structure interposed between an aspiration port and a surface of the organ prevents clogging of the cannula or damage to the organ. In addition, in a case of bleeding in a surgical site, the blood is aspirated while controlling the bleeding by pressurizing a bleeding site, thereby providing a clear view and enabling a hemostatic site to be treated.

Abstract: This disclosure relates to methods and kits, systems for screening, diagnosing and prognosing a disease, disorder, or physiological state based upon temporal measurements and analysis of gene expression in a subject.

Abstract: Disclosed is an embodiment that introduces a novel system to pump fluids, or, gases or, semi-solids, or, solids, from one place to another. Conventionally, a motorized pump systems are used to pump any given fluid from one position to another, nonetheless, in this invention not only a new system of pumping fluids is so introduced, but, existing functions of a conventional motorized pumping systems are saliently augmented by the pipe pump system. The pipe pump functions basically, by a series of electromagnets, that are placed around a flexible and resilient tube, (a rubber tube, for instance), and when these said electromagnet arrangements are actuated, then, that causes the pipe pump to pump out fluids, by squeezing on the fluids, or gases, contained within.

Abstract: A structure for separating a discharge nozzle of an oral irrigator includes a first discharge path formed in one side of the irrigator body, a water pressure control lever rotatably arranged above the first discharge path and having a second discharge path in the other side of the irrigator body, a release button section provided on an upper portion of the water pressure control lever and into which the discharge nozzle is inserted and engaged, and configured, when pushed, to be bent so as to release the engaged discharge nozzle, and a locking section provided in the release button section and water pressure control lever to control a pushing operation of the release button section depending upon whether the first discharge path is open or blocked.

Abstract: An oral care system that provides a beneficial effect to an oral cavity of a mammal by using a liquid effective for providing the beneficial effect, where the system includes means for directing the liquid onto a plurality of surfaces of the oral cavity, means for providing the liquid to the means for directing the liquid onto the surfaces of the oral cavity, means for providing reciprocation of the liquid over the plurality of surfaces under conditions effective to provide the beneficial effect; and a reservoir for containing the liquid.

Abstract: The apparatus includes a motor (20) which drives a first compound gear (28) having first and second portions (26, 32), the second portion driving a second compound gear (36). The second compound gear has one portion (38) which has teeth over only one half the circumference thereof. The apparatus further includes an air cylinder (12) and a rack (62) and a spring assembly (66) a sealing end portion (64) of the rack fitting in a fluid-tight relationship with the air cylinder, wherein the rack member is engaged by the one portion of the second compound gear, compressing the spring when the teeth thereon engage the rack member. When the no-teeth portion comes adjacent the rack member, the rack is released and the sealing end of the rack member is forced by action of the spring into the air cylinder, producing bursts of air. The second compound gear also drives a peristaltic pump, producing liquid in bursts which are directed to a mixing chamber 58, from which a stream of liquid droplets exit through exit 16.

Abstract: An apparatus for providing a pressurized water stream for cleaning gums and teeth includes a base unit defining a cavity. The cavity contains a pump, which may move pressurized water from a reservoir to a tip in fluid communication with the pump. The pump may be secured within the cavity by at least one vibration reduction mount. Fluid may flow from the reservoir and ultimately into the tip to provide oral irrigation and/or cleaning of the teeth, gums, and tongue. The base may include a plurality of footings that elevate the base unit above a surface supporting the base unit. Also, the base may include a basin for receiving a reservoir. The basin may include a reservoir valve initially biased to a closed position and operationally attached to the reservoir, and a tube projection connected to the base unit and opening the valve when the reservoir is received within the basin. The basin and the reservoir are configured to guide the reservoir valve adjacent to the tube projection.

Abstract: The sprayhead device includes a housing (60) having an orifice plate (62) therein with at least one orifice opening (64) therethrough. A liquid line (36) delivers liquid to the sprayhead, where it proceeds through the orifice opening, wherein the liquid flow rate through the orifice and the liquid pressure are sufficiently great relative to the size of the orifice that the liquid moves through the orifice as a continuous stream. Gas is delivered to the housing and gas flows to the interior of the sprayhead through at least two openings (68) in the housing. The gas streams (flows) intercept the liquid flow perpendicularly, approximately 180° apart. The velocity of the gas flows is sufficient to break up the liquid stream from the orifice into a spray of droplets of desired size and velocity, accelerating them out of an acceleration duct (66) exit portion of the housing.

Abstract: An irrigator handle to be used with a water jet apparatus for cleaning gums and teeth includes a visual indicator to let a user know when a tip has been properly attached to the handle. The handle in some embodiments also includes an audible indicator to let the user know when the tip has been properly attached. The handle has a pause button attached to plunger to restrict water flow when the pause button is depressed.

Abstract: The appliance (10, FIG. 1) includes a body portion (27) and a nozzle portion (30) through which a spray of liquid droplets exits from a distal end thereof for cleaning of dental regions. The nozzle includes an orifice (36) at a proximal end thereof adjacent the body portion, as well as a pump (38) for moving liquid into an area of the nozzle just forward of the orifice. A mechanical system (12, 13, 14) is provided for moving a plunger or piston element (16) first away from the orifice under tension, such as a compression spring (24), and then controllably releasing the plunger or piston toward the orifice, the plunger/piston moving with sufficient force that atmospheric air which has been drawn into the appliance between the plunger or piston is forced through the orifice at a sufficiently high rate of speed to produce a spray of fluid droplets for dental cleaning when the moving air comes into contact with the liquid in the nozzle.

Abstract: A multi-switch (24) for an oral care appliance includes a switch housing (28) having a hollow chamber (30) therein, a button actuator (32) with at least two O-rings (42) around the periphery thereof, and inlet and outlet channels (50, 52) connecting a source of compressed gas (18) with the housing chamber and the housing chamber with a mixing chamber (26), respectively. A pump (60) moves fluid from a reservoir (20) to the mixing chamber. The O-rings are positioned so that as the button actuator is actuated and then released, the outlet is closed and the inlet is opened, allowing gas to move into the housing chamber. The pump is actuated, and then the inlet is closed and the outlet opens, allowing gas in the chamber to move to the mixing chamber to produce a stream of fluid droplets, which are directed out through a nozzle portion (16) of the appliance.

Abstract: The interproximal cleaning appliance includes a housing (12) and a spray applicator (16) extending therefrom for directing a spray of fluid droplets to the interproximal area. Within the housing is a spray-generating assembly (14) which includes a chamber, a movable piston (26) mounted therein, one-way inlets (42, 40) for gas and fluid and an outlet (44). A system (54) for moving the piston, such as a motor, operatively compresses a spring (32) which creates a partial vacuum in the chamber, allowing gas to flow into the chamber through the gas inlet. Release of the spring produces a stream of fluid droplets which flows out of the chamber through the applicator to the interproximal area.

Abstract: A pump for an oral irrigator includes a pump chassis, an eccentric end plate movably connected to the pump chassis, a first alignment shaft connected to the pump chassis, a second alignment shaft connected to the eccentric end plate, a first gear rotating around a longitudinal axis of the first alignment shaft, and a second gear engaging the first gear and rotating around a longitudinal axis of the second alignment shaft. By selectively moving the eccentric end plate relative to the pump chassis selectively moves the second gear relative to the first gear.

Abstract: An oral care device suitable for use in providing a beneficial effect to an oral cavity of a mammal, which device includes means for providing reciprocation of a liquid effective for providing the beneficial effect of the oral cavity when the liquid is contacted with a plurality of surfaces thereof under conditions effective to provide the beneficial effect.

Abstract: Build-in and portable oral hygiene systems and devices are disclosed which systems and devices effectively function without electricity, batteries, mechanical pumps and motors. Build-in oral hygiene systems may utilize a single set of hot and cold water supply hoses and may be integrated with the faucet as a permanent sink apparatus while portable hygiene devices are manpowered and thus may be used at anytime and anywhere.

Abstract: An oral care implement with an air flossing system cleans debris from the teeth of a user. The oral care implement may include an oral care region having cleaning elements for engaging oral tissue. A body is provided for gripping the implement. An air source is disposed in the body for proving pressurized air to an air outlet. The air outlet is disposed in the oral care region for injecting the pressurized air to clean debris from the oral tissue.

Abstract: A powered toothbrush assembly (100) includes an outer housing (102, 104), a brush head (106) and a fluid nozzle (138) adjacent the brush head (106), an inner housing (122) disposed within the outer housing (102,104) and having a motor (130) which is in operative engagement with the brush head (106) to impart motion to the brush head (106) and a pump mechanism (134) disposed within the inner housing (122). The outer housing (102,104) and the inner housing (122) define a chamber (142) therebetween for accommodating a fluid.

Abstract: The invention relates to a brush head for a toothbrush. The brush head has a brush disc (3) mounted in a rotatable fashion on a brush body (2) and a channel (7) with an opening for the application of a cleaning product and a composite part (6) that serves as a valve (12) for opening the channel (7) and as a rotational bearing for the brush disc (3). The composite part (6) comprises a tube (8) made of hard material on the one end thereof and is connected to the channel (7) there. The valve (12), which is made of an elastic material, is disposed on the other end of the composite part (6). The tube (8) of the compound part (6) is connected to the brush body (2) in a stationary fashion, for example, pressed into the brush body (2). The brush disc (3) is mounted in a rotatable fashion on the tube (8). The valve (12) is preferably designed as a slotted valve with a slot (13).

Abstract: An oral care instrument, such as a motorized toothbrush, which activates upon exposure to the oral environment of the user, is described. The electrical conductivity of saliva, optionally mixed with toothpaste and water, may be utilized to complete an electrical circuit that powers a motorized device within the instrument.

Abstract: A dental water jet apparatus for adjusting a pressurized water stream from a pump to a tip moves pressurized water from a reservoir to a tip in fluid communication with the pump. A flow control knob may be turned to selectively adjust the water pressure supplied by the tip between a minimum and a maximum value. When the flow control knob is turned in a first direction, the volume of fluid directed towards the tip decreases and the volume of fluid returned to an inlet of the pump increases. Fluid may flow from the reservoir and ultimately into the tip to provide oral irrigation and/or cleaning of the teeth, gums, and tongue.

Abstract: An oral irrigator has a pump, a discharge nozzle and a pressure control. The pump has a generally constant operating speed and feeds the discharge nozzle. The pressure control is adapted to modify a discharge pressure at the nozzle without a significant change in pump speed. The pressure control modifies a level of fluid flow restriction between the pump and the nozzle. The modification of the level of fluid flow restriction is accomplished by modifying aspects of a fluid flow path extending through the pressure control. The aspects modified include the diameter, length and/or number of direction changes of the fluid flow path.

Abstract: An ultrasonic flossing device includes a housing having a proximal portion and a distal portion. An engine is disposed within the housing and is configured to convert input energy into ultrasonic energy and an electronic driving circuit is coupled to both the engine and the power source. A power source is electrically coupled to the engine and is configured to deliver input energy to the engine. At least one acoustic transformer is coupled to the engine, the at least one acoustic transformer being configured to amplify the ultrasonic energy. A main fluid reservoir is configured to store a fluid therein, the main fluid reservoir being coupled to the at least one acoustic transformer such that, upon activation, the fluid transmits the ultrasonic energy to a treatment area.

Abstract: A manually powered portable device for creating a high-pressure pulsating stream of water or other liquid is disclosed. The device is intended for use in flushing and cleaning dentures. The device has a reservoir for storing the water or liquid, a piston and cylinder for pressurizing the water, a trigger operated slide valve for releasing the water from the reservoir and a rotating cylinder for creating the pulsating flow through the output nozzle of the device.

Abstract: According to one broad aspect of one embodiment of the present invention, disclosed herein is a hand held oral irrigation device having a tip for dispensing fluids. In one example, an oral irrigation device includes a body portion, and a reservoir for storing fluids, wherein the body and/or the reservoir define a first major diameter at a lower end of the oral irrigation device, and define a second major diameter at an upper end of the oral irrigation device, the first major diameter being larger than the second major diameter. In this example, by providing such a geometry for the device, a user can grasp the device with one hand about the second major diameter during use. In another example, the body includes a pump for pumping fluids from the reservoir to the tip, wherein the pump includes an inlet valve and an outlet valve, the inlet valve including a reed valve made of flexible fabric material. The outlet valve may also include a reed valve made of flexible fabric material.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for oral hygiene, in particular having an oral hygiene device similar to a WATER PIK® brand device which has a pump with an inlet port and an outlet nozzle. A reservoir is placed in a sink above a drain and below a faucet and water from the faucet is adjusted for temperature and flows into the reservoir and over and into the drain of the sink. A conduit is provided between the inlet of the pump and the outlet of the reservoir so that, in use, a person can first adjust the temperature of the water in the reservoir and then turn on the pump and use the oral hygiene device as with any other oral hygiene apparatus while either allowing the water to continue to flow from the faucet at the desired temperature; or, if desired, to stop the flow and put medication into the container before use so that the water and medication solution is used rather than just water.

Abstract: A dental cleaning system for providing a liquid jet for a mouth rinse includes a nozzle member, a nozzle attachment coupled to the nozzle member to define an axially extending chamber, a liquid duct configured to supply pressurized liquid to the chamber, a pressure piece disposed within the chamber, and a nozzle outlet extending out of the chamber and configured to discharge a cleaning jet.

Abstract: A valve for adjusting the flow of water through an oral irrigation device is connected to a shower head by a flexible conduit. The valve is located on a handle connected to a water-dispensing pick for cleaning teeth and gums. Mixing apparatus is provided for injecting a secondary fluid, such as a mouthwash, into the flexible conduit upstream from the pick in a direct stream from the shower head.

Abstract: An oral hygiene device for use with a sink having hot and cold water lines includes a storage mount and a housing removably coupled thereto. The housing includes hot and cold water inputs and an outlet. The housing also includes first and second channels coupling the inputs to the outlet. The device includes piping tees and flexible tubing for connection to a sink's water lines. The device includes adjustable temperature valves in the first and second channels, respectively, for regulating amounts of hot and cold water passing through the channels. An adjustable volume valve is included for determining a volume of water exiting the outlet. The storage mount may be installed on a sink adjacent the faucet so that the oral hygiene device is a permanent fixture.

Abstract: An oral care instrument, such as a motorized toothbrush, which activates upon exposure to the oral environment of the user, is described. The electrical conductivity of saliva, optionally mixed with toothpaste and water, may be utilized to complete an electrical circuit that powers a motorized device within the instrument.

Abstract: A dental hygiene pulsating sprayer has a handle and a pulsating engine having a turbine rotor. The handle is adapted to connect to a water source. The turbine rotor is rotatably received in the pulsating engine and has a curved wall, a top cover and multiple extension blades. The top cover is attached to the curved wall to construct a circle in cooperation with the curved wall. The extension blades are formed on and extend radically from the top cover and the outer periphery of the curved wall. Accordingly, the sprayer can provide a pulsating massage effect and is not driven by electrical power.

Abstract: An oral hygiene system for cleaning teeth and gums with a fluid, the system comprising a reservoir for storing the fluid; a body portion connected to the reservoir, having pumping means a motor, for controllably drawing fluid from the reservoir; and a nozzle extending from the body portion for receiving the fluid from the reservoir and having a distal tip for discharging the fluid to a user's teeth and gums; wherein the fluid is discharged as a single rotating stream from the distal tip of the nozzle. There may be a valve for controlling the flow of fluid, which may be water, a dental rinse, or other desired fluid.