Abstract: A Pirani vacuum gauge in which a response to a rapid pressure rise is improved and restrictions on a mounting direction of a container on a chamber to be measured for pressure are eliminated is provided. The Pirani vacuum gauge includes a heat filament of metal wire and a support unit for supporting the heat filament in a container, wherein a gas pressure is measured based on an amount of heat conducted away from the heat filament by gas molecules colliding with the heat filament, characterized in that a body of the container is filled with metal material, but a first cylindrical bore and a second cylindrical bore extend through the body, the heat filament being inserted into the first cylindrical bore and the support unit being inserted into the second cylindrical bore.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for monitoring a fluid transfer process, including the steps: providing an allowable pressure profile; detecting a pressure occurring in the course of the fluid transfer process; comparing detected pressure with the allowable pressure profile and signaling an error, if the detected pressure is not within the allowable pressure profile. The allowable pressure profile is defined by interpolation points, the interpolation points being based on a probability function representing a family of pressure courses of a plurality of fluid transfer processes. The allowable pressure profile can be divided into at least two distinct process sections, each section corresponding to a distinct process phase of the fluid transfer process. The probability function is calculated from a family of test pressure curves and reflects the statistical behavior of the pipette system.

Abstract: System, methods, and apparatuses produce simulated human physiological waveforms such as electrocardiograph (ECG) and blood pressure signals where the microcontroller and/or digital-to-analog converters may be switched to a lower power-consuming state by programmable instructions and switched on in response to a programmable sleep timer.

Abstract: To solve a leakage problem in a box, it is proposed to provide the box with an electronic circuit for measurement of its specific humidity. It is shown that by comparing this current specific humidity to an initial specific humidity and by evaluating the difference found in relation thereto, one has a reliable tool for measuring the permanence of tightness.

Abstract: A circuit compliance compensated volume control system in a patient respiratory ventilation system and method, including: a circuit compliance estimator, to provide a relationship between a circuit volume and a differential pressure between a circuit pressure and a positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) of the respiratory circuit, a circuit volume estimator, operative to provide an estimated circuit volume based on the relationship between the circuit volume and the differential pressure, a patient volume observer, operative to provide an estimated patient volume by subtracting the estimated circuit volume from a measured machine delivered net volume, and a volume delivery controller, operative to update the machine delivered net volume based on the estimated patient volume and a set tidal volume.

Abstract: A remaining gas amount calculating device includes a hydrogen tank, an opening/closing valve arranged to deliver hydrogen gas from inside the hydrogen tank, a decompression valve arranged to decompress hydrogen gas delivered from the hydrogen tank, a pressure sensor arranged to measure the pressure of hydrogen gas decompressed with the decompression valve, and a power source system controller arranged to determine the remaining gas amount in the hydrogen tank by calculating the gas pressure in the hydrogen tank based on the hydrogen gas pressure measured with the pressure sensor. The relationship between pressures in a primary chamber and a secondary chamber of the decompression valve is monotonical such that when the pressure in the primary chamber increases, the pressure in the secondary chamber also increases; and when the pressure in the primary chamber decreases, the pressure in the secondary chamber also decreases.

Abstract: A vehicle monitoring system which can readily identify information transmitted from each detecting device without requiring registration of identifying information of the detecting device is to be provided. Detecting devices transmit vehicle information including at least the result of detection and self-identifying information; a tractor relaying device and a trailer relaying device add their self-identifying information to vehicle data received on the basis of the identifying information of the detecting devices and transmit the vehicle data, and transmit registration data including their own relaying device IDs and types indicating the registration of the relaying device IDs; the tractor relaying device stores the relaying device ID of the registration data transmitted from the trailer relaying device on the basis of the type information and transmits that registration data, and transmits vehicle data received from the trailer relaying device on the basis of the relaying device ID.

Abstract: A computerized hardware and software system and a method for processing and storing measured data from various inputs (sensors) that reduces the data memory requirements and data transmission requirements of heating, ventilation, air conditioning, and/or refrigeration systems (HVAC&R) by creating a more compact data structure that retains data resolution, as required, based on the intended use of the measured data. The system and method are especially applicable to data processing and storage associated with the monitoring of such thermal equipment and systems but may be used in other data collection of other types of systems where system performance monitoring is desired.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods of providing a selected sample rate for sensor measurements are provided, which in one aspect may include a circuit configured to receive sensor signals as a first series of count rates corresponding to sensor the sensor measurements, each count rate representing a value of a parameter of interest, at least two accumulators configured to alternately accumulate the count rates in the series of count rates over a time period that corresponds to a selected sample rate and a controller configured to control the time periods for the at least two accumulators.

Abstract: An automation system and a method for controlling a process and for monitoring the condition of process equipment. The method comprises the steps of measuring process signals indicating the condition of the process by means of a first sensor; measuring condition monitoring signals indicating the condition of process components by means of a second sensor; processing the process signals by means of a first I/O module; processing the condition monitoring signals by means of a second I/O module; transmitting the processed process signals obtained from the first I/O module to a process station. The method also comprises the steps of transferring the processed condition monitoring signals obtained from the second I/O module to the same process station; and processing both the said processed process signals and the said processed condition monitoring signals by process station software in the said process station.

Abstract: The system according to the invention interprets sensor observations by tracking objects and by collecting information about the objects by means of the tracking and by using this information for affirming events linked to the objects and in producing information describing the events. The system detects events according the conditions defined for them, on the basis of sensor observations. The conditions can relate to the essence of the objects, e.g. to the strength of the observations linked to the object, to the size and/or shape of the object, to a temporal change of essence and to movement. The event conditions used by the system can comprise conditions applying to the location of the object. The system according to the invention can be used e.g.

Abstract: A wireless interface system can interface with any one of a plurality of transducers of different types, such as pressure sensors, temperature sensors, current probes and so on. In the system, all such transducers employ identical connectors with a common connecting scheme. In this manner, any transducer can be connected to a wireless interface which has the same input connection scheme. When the wireless interface is connected to the transducer, a rechargeable battery, which is associated with the wireless interface, is activated. The wireless interface then determines the type of transducer being utilized and provides sufficient circuitry as well as determining the requirements of the connected transducer.

Abstract: A method for diagnosing an actuator for a boost pressure system of an internal combustion engine, in which the actuator is controlled using a triggering signal, and a state variable of the boost pressure system which is at least an indirect function of the triggering signal is detected. The triggering signal is periodic, and a curve of the values of the state variable is analyzed with regard to at least one periodic characteristic.

Abstract: An industrial roll includes: a substantially cylindrical core having an outer surface; a polymeric cover circumferentially overlying the core outer surface; and a sensing system. The sensing system comprises: a plurality of sensors embedded in the cover, the sensors configured to detect an operating parameter of the roll and provide signals representative of the operating parameter, wherein one of the plurality of sensors is a tracking sensor and the remaining sensors are non-tracking sensors; and a processor operatively associated with the sensors that processes signals provided by the sensors. The sensors are arranged at a substantially equal radial distance from the core outer surface, such that they define a circle when viewed from an end of the roll. Each of the non-tracking sensors is further arranged at a substantially equal first angular distance from its immediate non-tracking sensor neighbors, two endmost non-tracking sensors defining an angular gap.

Abstract: A method for ascertaining the pressure and the profile depth in a pneumatic vehicle tire which is fitted to a vehicle, wherein the pressure is detected with the aid of an arrangement comprising load sensors, which arrangement supplies force signals for a two-dimensional pattern of the force distribution which is exerted by the vehicle tire in contact with the sensors when the vehicle moves over the arrangement, wherein the tire pressure is determined from the force distribution independently of the method of manufacture or the model of the tire and of the vehicle, is characterized in that the profile depth of the tire is determined before, while or after the pressure is determined.

Abstract: A module is operable to monitor at least a pressure within a tire of a wheel, the module being operatively mounted to said wheel, the module including: (a) a pressure sensor for measuring the pressure (P) and generating a corresponding pressure signal; and b1) an associated data memory including a data field containing data relevant to the functional status of the tyre.

Abstract: The present invention provides a sensor (100, 300, 400) that includes a thin and substantially flat flexible substrate (102, 406) having one or more sensor arrays (104, 302), a power source (106, 416), an output interface (108, 418) and a processor or analog circuit (304), all of which are disposed on the substantially flat flexible substrate (102, 406). The substrate (102, 406) can be any shape (e.g., rectangular, circular, a polygon, an irregular shape that is decorative) and made from a polymer, metal film or other suitable material. Note that the substrate can be rigid or semi-flexible instead of flexible. A protective layer may cover the sensor array (104, 302), the power source (106, 416), and the processor or analog circuit (304). Alternatively, a protective covering can be used to encapsulate the device. The one or more sensor arrays (104, 302) measure acceleration, force or pressure.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for improving accuracy of measurement of fluid pressure at a fluid port, such as at a supply port or control port of a fluid control valve, involves a closed-loop precision pressure measurement method with barometric pressure and temperature compensation.

Abstract: A dive computer with a free dive mode and/or wireless data transmission capabilities. In one embodiment the invention relates to a diving apparatus including a dive computer having a free dive mode, where the dive computer is configured to calculate a nitrogen loading in the free dive mode using a default value which is the fraction of oxygen in air, and where the free dive mode is used when a diver makes a dive without a self-contained underwater breathing apparatus. Another embodiment includes a method of operating a dive computer including recording two or more first identifiers, receiving pressure information from two or more pressure transmitters, the pressure information comprising second identifiers and pressure measurements, determining whether the pressure information contains one of the two or more first identifiers, and displaying a message indicative of the pressure information that contains one of the two or more first identifiers.

Abstract: A pressure display apparatus that includes a detected signal processor for processing a detected signal Si obtained from a pressure detector for detecting a pressure P, a pressure value display for displaying a detected pressure value Pd at least based on a processed signal Dd obtained from the detected signal processor, and a reference point adjuster for adjusting the display for a given reference pressure value Ps. The reference point adjuster has a reference pressure value setting function to set the reference pressure value Ps for a given magnitude, a deviation value setting capability for obtaining and setting a detected pressure value Pd corresponding to the reference pressure value Ps and the deviation value Ed of the reference pressure value Ps, and a correction capability for correcting at least the detected pressure value Pd regarding the pressure P and displayed on the display based on the deviation Ed.

Abstract: A pressure sensor and method wherein a resonant pressure transducer has a frequency F which changed depending on the applied pressure P and the temperature T. A temperature sensor measures the temperature T. A memory includes stored therein data points corresponding to the sensor's frequency F at difference applied pressures and temperatures. A processor is configured to generate several polynomials from the data points and calculate P? at T? when the transducer frequency is F?.

Abstract: A detection section that detects a key-tapping speed and key-tapping intensity is provided to detect a user's impatience level. An input device detects the key-tapping intensity and key-tapping speed. The input device compares the detection value of the key-tapping speed and an average key-tapping speed. When the detection value exceeds a stored normal key-tapping speed, the input device then compares the detection value of the key-tapping intensity and a reference pressure value. When the detection value exceeds a stored normal key-tapping intensity, information to be output for a user is changed over. In this case, displayed characters are enlarged and emphasized to a maximum extent. On the other hand, in the case where a detection value does not exceed the normal key-tapping speed and the detection value exceeds the normal key-tapping intensity, displayed characters are only slightly enlarged.

Abstract: Systems and methods for digitally controlling sensors. In one embodiment, a digital controller for a capacitance diaphragm gauge is embedded in a digital signal processor (DSP). The controller receives digitized input from a sensor AFE via a variable gain module, a zero offset module and an analog-to-digital converter. The controller automatically calibrates the received input by adjusting the variable gain and zero offset modules. The controller also monitors and adjusts a heater assembly to maintain an appropriate temperature at the sensor. The controller utilizes a kernel module that allocates processing resources to the various tasks of a gauge controller module. The kernel module repetitively executes iterations of a loop, wherein in each iteration, all of a set of high priority tasks are performed and one of a set of lower priority tasks are performed. The controller module thereby provides sensor measurement output at precisely periodic intervals, while performing ancillary functions as well.

Abstract: A tonometry device includes a contact device for contacting the object, means for vibrating the contact device and the object, means for applying a voltage to the vibration means, means for measuring a current flowing through the vibration means, and an information processing means. The information processing means determines two resonance points of the device and the measured object by measuring current through the system at a plurality of vibrational frequencies. The information processing means then determines the internal pressure of the object by determining that a first pressure is higher than a second pressure by determining that the first pressure has a lower measured current than the second pressure at frequencies outside of the range of frequencies between the resonance points, and that the first pressure has a higher measured current than the second pressure at frequencies within the range of frequencies between the resonance points.

Abstract: Roots-type blowers with helical cycloidal rotors exhibit variation in leakback flow with angular position intrinsic to these rotor geometries. Calibration of individual blowers using a combination of high-resolution alignment and enhanced detection of residual noise phenomena permits noise in as-produced blowers to be significantly attenuated. Intrinsic lower limits of noise induced by leakback variation are associated with manufacturing tolerances, necessary clearances, and particular geometric considerations. Gross alignment errors (excluding contact between rotors) produce a characteristic noise pulse rate that is three times the shaft rate. Proper alignment suppresses this and reveals a pulse sequence at double this rate and at about half of the amplitude of faulty alignment. The novel process explains the error mechanisms and defines repeatable calibration methods for a mass-production environment, introducing appropriate gauges and methods for the task.

Abstract: There is provided a method and apparatus for sensing a meal activity among the various activities of daily life using pressure sensors. A meal activity sensing apparatus collects sensor data detected through a plurality of pressure sensors installed in a smart meal mat, filters the collected sensor data, measures a pressure variance by using the filtered sensor data, determines whether a meal activity has taken place by comparing the measured pressure variance with a preset threshold value, and transmits meal activity information associated with the meal activity to an information processor communicating with the smart meal mat via radio frequency. Since this provides an advantage of more accurate detection of the meal activity, it can be useful in care services for eldercare facilities and for elderly individuals living alone, and further, in the efficient observance of an individual's daily meal patterns.

Abstract: A measuring device is disclosed for capacitive pressure and/or temperature measurement, particularly for tire pressure control systems, having at least one sensor, which has a capacitive measuring element to detect a state value, which is applied at an output-side measuring node of the measuring element, with at least one A/D converter operating according to the dual-slope method, with a charging/discharging circuit, for mutual charging and discharging of the measuring element and for generating a sawtooth-shaped measuring potential at the measuring node as a measure for the capacitance of the measuring element, with a period counter, which determines the periods of the measuring potential, and with a clock counter, which determines the cycles of a clock signal, which lie within the duration of at least one period of the measuring potential. The invention relates to a measuring method for capacitive pressure and/or temperature measurement.

Abstract: A data communication device includes: an antenna resonance circuit; a detection circuit; an arithmetic processing device; and a first switch. The antenna resonance circuit receives a signal in the ASK (Amplitude Shift Keying) format. The detection circuit demodulates a digital baseband signal based on the reception signal. The arithmetic processing device detects an appearance time of an edge in the demodulated digital baseband signal based on a preamble part of the reception signal. The first switch short-circuits both end of the antenna resonance circuit at first timing in synchronization with the appearance time of the edge.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for detecting the start of a dive for a portable electronic device (1) comprising a pressure sensor (5) for measuring the value of the ambient pressure (P) as well as electronic circuits (2) for processing the pressure measurement results comprising a time base (4) and at least one memory zone (7, 8). The detection method updates the reference pressure value (Pref) on the basis of ambient pressure (P) measurements, this value being used to detect the start of a dive. In certain particular conditions, the method according to the present invention suspects the start of a dive, and backs up the value (Psauv) of the reference pressure (Pref) stored before updating. If the start of a dive is confirmed after having been suspected, the reference pressure value (Pref) stored is replaced by the backed up value (Psauv) upon activation of the dive mode.

Abstract: A Pirani vacuum gauge in which a response to a rapid pressure rise is improved and restrictions on a mounting direction of a container on a chamber to be measured for pressure are eliminated is provided. The Pirani vacuum gauge includes a heat filament of metal wire and a support unit for supporting the heat filament in a container, wherein a gas pressure is measured based on an amount of heat conducted away from the heat filament by gas molecules colliding with the heat filament, characterized in that a body of the container is filled with metal material, but a first cylindrical bore and a second cylindrical bore extend through the body, the heat filament being inserted into the first cylindrical bore and the support unit being inserted into the second cylindrical bore.

Abstract: A process for detecting the operating state of a pump of a pump system, involves the steps of: detecting at least one pressure and/or flow profile P(t) in the pump system, computing of at least one characteristic value Kkal from the pressure and/or flow profile P(t), comparing the computed characteristic value Kkal with at least one defined characteristic value Kvor or with a range bordered by the characteristic value Kvor, the defined characteristic value Kvor or the characteristic value range corresponding to the operating state of the pump of interest, and outputting the operating state determined by the comparison. With the process, the operating states of pumps, pump systems and hydraulic systems is determined by the computed characteristic value Kkal characterizing the pulsation of the pressure and/or flow profile P(t) in a computation time interval ?tB, the pulsation quotient being computed as the computed characteristic value Kkal.

Abstract: Systems and methods for sensing an applied local tactile pressure are disclosed. The methods can include directing light onto a tactile sensing element that includes a metal nanoparticle layer. The methods can further include receiving at least a portion of the light scattered from the metal nanoparticle layer. The methods can further include determining a local pressure exerted on the tactile sensing element based at least in part on a change in a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectrum of the received portion of the scattered light.

Abstract: A pressure sensor compensation system for a control system of an engine includes N engine-off pressure measuring modules. The N engine-off pressure measuring modules calculate differences between pressure values of a corresponding one of N pressure sensors and others of the N pressure sensors when the engine is off. The N engine-off pressure measuring modules calculate N corresponding pressure correction values based on the differences, where N is an integer greater than one. N pressure compensating modules generate N corrected pressure values when the engine is on based on N uncorrected pressure values from the N pressure sensors and the N pressure correction values.

Abstract: Systems, program product, and methods to estimate and manage flowing fluid characteristics of a fluid stream flowing through a pipeline in real-time, are provided. A system can include a vertically oriented extent of a pipeline for transporting crude oil, a pair of spaced vertically apart sensors or sensor assemblies connected to a bypass line interfaced with or positioned across the vertically oriented extent of the pipeline to obtain pressure and temperature readings of the crude oil flowing through the pipeline, a controller in communication with the pair of sensors or sensor assemblies, and crude oil analysis and management program product stored in the memory of the controller and adapted to determine or estimate density, specific gravity, and API gravity of the crude oil to thereby manage flowing fluid characteristics of the crude oil.

Abstract: A device for impact sensing having at least two pressure sensors is described, where pressure values are communicated from the pressure sensors to a processor, and the processor performs impact sensing on the basis of the pressure value. The processor communicates the pressure values to additional vehicle systems, which use them to fulfill their own functions, or at least to carry out a plausibility check of their own pressure values.

Abstract: A device to measure pressure is disclosed. In one embodiment, the device comprises at least one element comprising two layers separated by a space, wherein a dimension of the space changes over a variable time period in response to a voltage applied across the two layers and a measuring module configured to measure the time period, wherein the time period is indicative of the ambient pressure about the device.

Abstract: A wireless based sensor assembly incorporated within a sealed and pressurized vessel including an end plug secured against an inner surface of the vessel. Temperature and pressure sensors are mounted to inner exposed locations of the end plug and are capable of monitoring temperature and a pressure conditions existing within the sealed vessel. A power supply is communicated to the sensors within said vessel and such that the sensors communicate, in wireless fashion, information regarding the conditions existing internally within the vessel to an external location.

Abstract: Arrangement and method for classifying an occupying item in a seat includes at least one force sensor arranged to measure the force applied to the seat at time intervals, and a processor coupled to the force sensor(s) for receiving the force measurements therefrom. The processor analyzes the force measurements from each force sensor over time to discern patterns in the force measurements and analyzes any discerned pattern to determine if it approximates a known pattern indicative of an animate object or an inanimate object. The processor may be trained to discern patterns providing information about the occupying item by conducting tests in which different occupying items are placed in the seat and measurements of the force applied to the seat are obtained by the force sensor, before, during and after placement of the occupying item in the seat.

Abstract: A method for determining a mobility of foot comprising: measuring at least a portion of a shape of the foot under a first weight load; measuring the at least the portion of the shape of the foot under a second weight load; and comparing the measurement under the first weight load to the measurement under the second weight load, thereby determining a mobility of at least the portion of the foot.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and computer program products for automatically detecting leaks in a type III hydrant fuel piping system is described. In one embodiment, the method includes automatically actuating one or more valves to isolate a hydrant loop of a type III hydrant fuel piping system from the remainder of the system. The pressure in the hydrant loop is varied. The pressure in the hydrant loop is measured over time in response to the varying of the pressure.

Abstract: A system for determining a gas pressure or gauging a vacuum in a hermetically sealed enclosure. One or more heater structures and one or more temperature sensor structures situated on a substrate may be used in conjunction for measuring a thermal conductivity of a gas in the enclosure. Each heater has significant thermal isolation from each sensor structure. Electronics connected to each heater and sensor of their respective structures may provide processing to calculate the pressure or vacuum in the enclosure. The enclosure may contain various electronic components such as bolometers.

Abstract: A method for monitoring operation of a variable geometry turbocharger device includes monitoring exhaust gas pressure and vane position of the variable geometry turbocharger device. Exhaust pressure and vane position are estimated. Residual exhaust pressure and vane position are calculated based upon differences between the estimated and monitored exhaust gas pressures and vane positions. The turbocharger is determined operating properly based upon the exhaust pressure residual and the vane position residual.

Abstract: There are disclosed systems and methods for measuring the bowing parameters and the bowed string dynamics of a player playing a bowed string instrument. A system for measuring the bowing parameters and the bowed string dynamics may comprise a computer, a bow system and a base component. The bow system may comprise a force sensing mechanism and a bow board. The bow board may comprise an acceleration and angular velocity sensing mechanism, a position and speed sensing mechanism, a data communication module, and a power module. The base component may comprise an acceleration and angular velocity sensing mechanism, a position and speed sensing mechanism, a data communication module, and a power module.

Abstract: A digital signal representative of a difference in pressure is received from a differential pressure transmitter. A noise signal is obtained by processing the signal through a band pass filter or otherwise to provide a filtered noise signal. Absolute values of the filtered noise signal are calculated and compared to one or more predetermined threshold values to determine if one or more impulse lines are plugged. A training mode is used to determine the thresholds, which may be a function of flow rate and other flow conditions.

Abstract: A method for determining the contributions of individual sound transmission paths to the operation-dependent total noise of a sound transmitting structure includes the following steps: applying at least one acceleration sensor and/or source microphone in the area of each sound input position; applying at least one target microphone and/or acceleration sensor in the area of a receiving position; carrying out at least one simultaneous measurement of sound pressure and/or acceleration at the receiving position and of acceleration and/or sound pressure at each sound input position during operation; determining at least one acceleration-to-pressure and/or acceleration-to-acceleration sensitivity function and/or at least one pressure-to-pressure sensitivity function; determining reciprocally measured frequency response functions between each sound input position and each receiving position; determining the inertances in the operational state for at least one sound input position; determining of at least one forc

Abstract: Systems and methods for measuring and analyzing the grip of a bowler. In some embodiments, a bowling grip pressure device includes a glove configured to leave the second finger, the third finger, and the thumb substantially exposed. Pressure sensors are attached to the substantially exposed fingers. At least one pressure sensor is permanently affixed to the glove. Methods are taught for analyzing a bowler's performance. In some embodiments, the bowler performs a plurality of bowling motions. Pressures exerted on the second finger, the third finger, and the thumb are measured and recorded as a function of time. The bowler's performance is evaluated based upon the recorded pressures as a function of time. Methods are also taught for using recorded grip pressure data to fit a bowler with a proper bowling ball.

Abstract: Grounded, circular movable electrode and divided electrodes, formed on a surface of a circular printed board, are opposed to each other via a double-face tape, functioning also as a spacer, with a slight gap interposed therebetween. As a pad is struck with a stick, the gap between the movable electrode and the divided electrodes changes so that capacitance between the movable electrode and the divided electrodes changes, in response to which signals are output from the divided electrodes. The divided electrodes are sandwiched between the grounded movable electrode and a grounded shielded electrode and thus are not influenced from external disturbances.

Abstract: A method and apparatus uses a stored model of a building system to render an image showing a condition sensed of the building control system on a mobile display unit. The mobile display unit may be wirelessly integrated into the building control system. The mobile display unit may operate based upon voice commands and/or eye tracking.

Abstract: A measuring method for measuring physical variables comprises the selection of a working point (AP) lying within a total measurement range (G) of a physical variable (M) to be measured, the detection of a measured value (M(t1)) of the physical variable at a first measuring time (t1), the determination of a displacement value (V(t1)) as the result of a subtraction of the measured value (M(t1)) measured at the first measuring time from the working point (AP), the formation of change values (C(t2), C(t3) . . . C(tx)) of the physical variable (M) by acquiring subsequent measured values (M(t2), M(t3) . . . M(tx)) of the physical variable at subsequent measuring times (t2, t3 . . . tx) and addition of the displacement value (V(t1)) to the subsequent measured values.

Abstract: An article of manufacture and method are provided to determine pressure in an unfired cylinder of an internal combustion engine. The cylinder comprises a variable volume combustion chamber defined by a piston reciprocating within a cylinder between top-dead center and bottom-dead center points and an intake valve and an exhaust valve controlled during repetitive, sequential exhaust, intake, compression and expansion strokes of said piston. The code is executed to determine volume of the combustion chamber, and determine positions of the intake and exhaust valves. A parametric value for cylinder pressure is determined at each valve transition. Cylinder pressure is estimated based upon the combustion chamber volume, positions of the intake and exhaust valves, and the cylinder pressure at the most recently occurring valve transition.