Abstract: The probe can include a base and a resistance member extending from the base and onto which a resistance pressure is imparted by a rheological substance when the resistance member is submerged and moved therein. Rheological properties can be obtained using values indicative of the resistance pressure both in a low speed range and in a high speed range.

Abstract: An apparatus and method used to determine the density and other properties of a corrosive liquid, such as drilling mud. The apparatus uses at least two sensor elements with ceramic facings spaced a known vertical distance apart and inserted into the fluid. The differential pressure measurement provided by these sensors is used to calculate the density of the liquid. This density measurement is then reported in real-time to an operator.

Abstract: A plurality of three-dimensional structure configuring devices, each including an elastic body in which micro three-dimensional structure elements fixed to a substrate member are placed so as to be covered therewith and which is fixed to the substrate member, are placed within a film-like elastic body with the substrate members thereof spaced apart from one another so as to configure a three-dimensional structure. Thereby, the plurality of three-dimensional structure configuring devices can be placed with desired intervals of arrangement and in desired positions within the film-like elastic body and so that various specifications can be addressed.

Abstract: A hydrometer, hydrometer kit, and method of measuring the salinity/density or the salinity/specific gravity of a liquid are provided. The hydrometer may include a box structure comprising side walls and a bottom. At least a portion of one of the side walls may be substantially transparent. A buoyant indicator member may be pivotably disposed about an axis within the box structure. The indicator member may pivot about the axis when the box structure is filled with a liquid. A salinity/density scale or salinity/specific gravity scale may be disposed on a surface of the box structure or a dial member. At least one adhesive member may be removably adhered to the indicator member by a user so that the hydrometer can be calibrated based on a reference solution having a predetermined salinity. The at least one adhesive member may increase or decrease the buoyancy of the indicator member. The kit may include the hydrometer and a container of the reference solution having a predetermined salinity.

Abstract: A load receiver device that serves to receive at least one solid body and to hold the solid body in place in a surrounding fluid during a density determination. Embodiments of the load receiver device include a hanger module that is adapted to establish a hanging connection to a part that is, in turn, connected to the weighing cell of a balance. Embodiments of the load receiver device further include a receiver module that is connected to the hanger module and serves to receive a solid body. The receiver module has a concavity that is designed to receive the solid body, and the orientation of the concavity can be selectively reversed to maintain the position of the solid body in the surrounding fluid during a density determination, regardless of whether the solid body will otherwise sink or float in the fluid.

Abstract: An injection molded plastic rod suitable for use in a battery hydrometer. Stress-relieving formations are provided symmetrically arranged on opposite sides of an injection gate of the rod. The formations distribute injection stresses and shield the gate vestige.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a novel device that enables a person to gauge the brine density in solar salt works from afar without recourse to sampling of the brine. The device—which can be considered as an improvisation over the conventional laboratory type Baume meter—an be placed directly in the salt pa. The device remains sunk, and therefore invisible, until the desired density of brine is approached. Thereafter it gradually floats up and becomes visible from afar. From appropriate markings on the rod connected to the top end of the device, it can be gauged whether the brine is yet to attain the desired density, or has attained the desired density range, or has exceeded the desired density range. The device is resistant to corrosion and able to combat extreme weather conditions prevailing in solar salt works. The control of brine density from afar helps eliminate the need for frequent sampling of brine for density measurement that would make adherence to the optimum process of salt production easier.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is an alcohol content and temperature measuring instrument which is simply composed of a mug, an embolism an observation window, and a thermograph and a measuring tub. The measurement of alcohol concentration in a particular liquid can be measured according to Torricelli's law and Archimedes principle, while learn about the temperature of the liquid from the thermograph.

Abstract: A drilling mud monitoring system includes a single measurement chamber which is filled with a predetermined quantity of drilling mud. The chamber is weighed to provide a value representative of the density of the drilling mud. The time needed for the chamber to drain is measured to provide a value representative of viscosity. The system proceeds through a measurement cycle in which the chamber is filled, weighed, timed and washed. At the end of the wash step, the weight of the chamber is compared with an empty weight and if the chamber weighs too much, the conclusion is that drilling mud adheres to the chamber so it is washed again. An alarm is sounded if the mud weight is too low and/or too high or in the case of a machine malfunction.

Abstract: A drilling mud monitoring system includes a single measurement chamber which is filled with a predetermined quantity of drilling mud. The chamber is weighed to provide a value representative of the density of the drilling mud. The time needed for the chamber to drain is measured to provide a value representative of viscosity. The system proceeds through a measurement cycle in which the chamber is filled, weighed, timed, and washed. At the end of the wash step, the weight of the chamber is compared with an empty weight and if the chamber weighs too much, the conclusion is that drilling mud adheres to the chamber so it is washed again. An alarm is sounded if the mud weight is too low and/or too high or in the case of a machine malfunction.

Abstract: A self-righting buoy having an oil/water sensor is provided which includes a radio transmitter or signaling beacon to trail a loading hose or a potential source of leaking oil, such as a FPSO, down current for remote detection of oil sheens.

Abstract: A plurality of test chambers or fixtures are operable for successively testing a plurality of condoms, respectively, in an automated manner. Each test chamber for testing a condom includes a housing containing a porous liner having an interior cavity conformed to the exterior shape of a condom to be tested, whereby a holder carrying the condom is inserted into the liner, a closed pathway for gas flow is provided between a gas port of the holder and the interior volume of the condom, for permitting the condom to be inflated with the gas, causing the exterior walls of the condom to be pushed against opposing inside walls of the liner, permitting gas passing through holes in the condom to flow through pores in walls of the liner to another gas port of the housing for detecting unacceptable holes in the condom using differential pressure techniques and/or gas tagging.

Abstract: Apparatus for monitoring the mass quantity and density of a fluid in a closed container of fixed volume. A density sensor within the closed container has a density such that the density sensor moves to a first location within the container when the fluid has at least a predetermined density, which corresponds with a predetermined mass quantity of the fluid within the closed container, but moves to a second location within the closed container when the fluid has a density less than the predetermined density. A detector monitors the position of the density sensor. The apparatus can be incorporated into a vehicular air bag system to monitor the density, and thus the mass quantity, of the gas which is to deploy the air bag in the event of an impact.

Abstract: A container end leak testing device used for testing a container end. The container end having a score line defining an opening in the container end and a pull tab. The pull tab used for creating the opening therein. The leak testing device includes a pressure transducer disposed directly above a top of the container end to be tested. The pressure transducer, under computer control, is able to test for small volumes of air pressure leaks, ie. 0.1 cubic centimeters and less. The leak testing device also includes a tester housing, an upper housing member, a lower housing member and a container end test pocket disposed between the two housing members. The upper housing member includes the pressure transducer mounted thereon and having an air passage communicating with the test pocket. Also, the upper housing member includes two downwardly extending guide pins and an air actuated stop pin for centering the container end inside the test pocket.

Abstract: A display device of a storage battery for optically displaying a condition of an electrolytic solution stored in a casing of the storage battery comprises a pillar member having a transparent body having one end and other opposite end, the one end of the pillar member being engaged at an upper surface of the casing in a usable state so that the other opposite end thereof projects into the casing. An inclined end surface of the opposite end side thereof is inclined to a side surface of the pillar member at a predetermined angle so that an incident light transmitting from the one end side thereof permeates through the inclined end surface or is reflected thereby according to the condition of the electrolytic solution which is in contact with the inclined end surface.

Abstract: A hydrometer includes a liquid container defining a measuring chamber. A pointer is pivotally mounted inside the measuring chamber and adapted for indicating the specific gravity of a liquid sample contained in the measuring chamber. The liquid container is mounted with a concealed liquid sample intake pipe adapted for picking up the liquid sample to be measured and delivering the liquid sample to the measuring chamber. The concealed liquid sample intake pipe has a bottom open end extending out of the lowest side of the liquid container and a top open end suspending in the measuring chamber above the upper limit liquid level.

Abstract: Disclosed is a device used to verify the identity of a selected fluid before permitting the selected fluid to be introduced into a storage vessel containing a liquid of known specific gravity. The device includes a container constructed from connecting walls to form a chamber having an opening through which a selected fluid may be introduced; a first float switch positioned in the container for generating a first signal when contacted by a fluid having a specific gravity greater than a first predetermined amount; a second float switch positioned in the container for generating a second signal in the presence of a fluid having a specific gravity greater than a second predetermined amount, where the first predetermined amount is less than the second predetermined amount, and the second float switch is responsive to the first signal from the first float switch.

Abstract: A flexible seal (2), particularly for use in pneumatic testing of cigarettes, includes a conical seat (6) attached to a tube (4) having a resilient collar (8). The collar permits longitudinal movement of the seat relative to the tube, thereby permitting an effective seal against the cigarette being tested, and contributes to extended life for the seal.

Abstract: An apparatus for use in one-hundred percent leak testing of food containers used in conjunction with a tracer gas. The apparatus includes a shell with entrance and exit air locks to create a controlled atmosphere through which a series of containers is conveyed by a conveyor belt. The pressure in the shell is kept lower than the pressure in the containers and the atmosphere is made to flow with the containers so that a tracer gas placed in the packages before sealing them will leak more readily, but the leaked tracer gas will remain associated with the leaking package as it moves through the shell. The leaks are detected with a sniffer probe in fluid communication with a gas chromatograph. The gas chromatograph issues a signal when it detects a leak to an ejector that will eject the leaking container from the conveyor.

Abstract: A stability meter comprises a translational accelerometer (1) which has a working axis along which it is sensitive to gravity. The meter is mounted on a vessel with the working axis horizontal when the vessel is in the upright position such that it transmits signals proportional to the sine of the angle of roll of the vessel to a microprocessor based apparatus (2). A microprocessor (12) conducts a Fast Fourier Transform on a plurality of samples from the accelerometer (1) in order to determine the dominant rolling frequency. The apparatus (2) comprises a display (8), a printer (9), a keyboard (10), a clock (14) and memory unit (16). The dominant rolling frequency is used to calculate the transverse metacentric height of the vessel. The value of the transverse metacentric height is transmitted to the display (8) as a measure of the stability of the vessel.

Abstract: A computer-controlled object testing and measuring apparatus having a plurality of stations including a control center for initiating, controlling and terminating each procedure at each station. The control center also controls transport and handling of the objects such as tennis balls, between and at the stations. The plurality of computer controlled test and measuring stations initially condition objects and then test and measure such objects in a controlled and timed manner in a selected sequence. Data is gathered, recorded, processed and stored.

Abstract: A flow test stand system comprising a plurality of like test table units arranged in a head-to-tail manner to form an endless test-unit-chain to enable testing work to be carried out by only three operators in a minimum amount of time.

Abstract: A completely automated system for inspection and sorting of molded containers, such as glass bottles, as a function of mold cavity of container origin. In a first system section, finished containers are one hundred percent inspected for defects, and a cavity identification device is controlled to reject all containers from cavities associated with defective containers. The cavity identification device is also coupled to feed sampled containers from selected cavities to an automatic sampling indexer wherein the sampled containers are fed to one or more stations for testing physical container properties, such as rupture pressure, wall thickness and internal volume. The cavity identification device and the automatic sampling indexer are controlled by a hierarchy of interconnected computers which receive cavity and test information from the various sections and stations of the system and control the sampling and sorting process based upon predetermined quality standards.

Abstract: An improved buoyant alarm device which provides an indication of a disturbance to a quiescent level of a body of water. The device includes a cover assembly and a buoyant body. The cover assembly includes a cover member and a support member. The support member provides a subassembly support for electrical components which are mounted thereto and for forming, with the cover member, an enclosed water-tight chamber for housing the electrical components.

Abstract: A battery can hole detecting apparatus detects whether or not battery cans formed by a drawing operation are defective and leak because a can has a hole. Battery cans which are continuously fed in are placed on the outer surface of a rotor and thereby carried to a first or second discharge port. During this movement, air is introduced into the inner space of such battery can to detect whether or not the battery can is leaking according to whether or not the pressure of the introduced air reaches a predetermined value. Battery cans which are not defective are discharged at a first discharge port, while battery cans which are defective are discharged at a second discharge port.

Abstract: A variable speed machine for continuous testing of articles by use of processing air including: a shaft member rotatably supported on a frame and driven by a variable speed motor, a transfer wheel with a plurality of article holding pockets affixed to the shaft member, sealing apparatus mounted on the shaft member and associated with each article holding pocket and an extendable and retractable apparatus for sealingly engaging a portion of an article carried by an associated pocket during a testing period, pressurizing apparatus associated with the sealing apparatus for providing pressurized air to the seal and the test article, control valve apparatus for regulating the air pressure to the seal and the test article, shaft rotational speed monitoring apparatus providing a speed based signal and processing means for controlling operation of the control valve apparatus based on the speed based signal to provide an optimum air pressure to the sealing apparatus and associated test article.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for testing containers for pressure leak characteristics is disclosed. The arrangement includes monitoring the fluid pressure in a container supplied with test fluid at two different time intervals, with the monitored difference being compared with a predetermined acceptable value of container pressure loss and a signal generated to either accept or reject the tested container. To facilitate a continuous updating of the calibration of the acceptable pressure loss, a digital computer controlled arrangement is provided for adjusting the predetermined acceptable pressure loss value as a function of the monitored difference in the pressures for containers previously tested.

Abstract: A cigarette testing apparatus wherein a rotary drum-shaped conveyor has axially parallel peripheral flutes for cigarettes and is flanked by two swash plates which rotate therewith and carry annuli of elastically deformable sealing elements for the respective ends of cigarettes on the conveyor. Each sealing element has a socket facing the adjacent end of the cigarette in the corresponding flutes of the conveyor when the cigarette is inserted into the flutes. The swash plates thereupon move the sealing elements nearer to the ends of the cigarettes therebetween whereby the ends of the cigarettes enter the corresponding sockets and displace transversely extending partitions of the sealing elements with attendant radial contraction of those tubular sections of the sealing elements which surround the respective sockets.

Abstract: A device for testing filter cigarettes, comprises a drum or equivalent means for conveying cigarettes in succession through a test station at which each cigarette in turn is tested with the aid of a pressure chamber surrounding the wrapper of the cigarette, and a pressure detector connected to the filter end of the cigarette while the tobacco end of the cigarette is open to atmosphere, and including means for measuring the pressure in the pressure chamber and means for comparing that pressure with the pressure detected at the filter end of the cigarette. Preferably there is a second test station at which the pressure chamber extends over the tobacco end of the cigarette, and a second pressure detector is connected to the filter end of the cigarette.

Abstract: Apparatus for testing the contents of successive cells in a chain which transports arrays of cigarettes in or to a packing machine has a support for reciprocable sensing pins, each of which is caused to engage a discrete cigarette when the support is moved toward a cell. The pins are shifted relative to the support as the latter continues to move toward the array whereby the shanks, heads or collars of the pins at least partially seal openings which connect a pneumatic monitoring unit with the atmosphere. If all of the openings are properly sealed or nearly sealed, the array of cigarettes which are engaged by the pins contains a requisite number of articles and all of the cigarettes have satisfactory tobacco-containing ends.

Abstract: A device is provided for testing the integrity of each container in a conveyed sequence of containers by individually applying pressure internally of each, sensing that pressure and generating a signal having a magnitude corresponding to the value of that pressure, comparing that signal magnitude to a selected threshold signal value, providing an output control signal indicative of the achievement of that signal magnitude and setting an enablement device in one of two states corresponding to the presence and absence, respectively, of that output control signal. One of those states corresponds to an unacceptable container condition and the other to an acceptable container condition. If the unacceptable container condition or reject state exists, a reject cycle is enabled over at least an enabling duration sufficient to clear the container or broken portion thereof from the position it occupies in the sequence.

Abstract: The wrappers of filter cigarettes or analogous rod-shaped articles which constitute or form part of smokers' products and wherein portions of the wrappers have perforations are tested while moving sideways in the flutes of an endless conveyor. The testing involves establishing a less pronounced pressure differential between the interior and exterior of unperforated wrapper portions and a more pronounced pressure differential between the interior and exterior of perforated wrapper portions. An electropneumatic transducer generates first signals which denote the rate of fluid flow through the perforated and unperforated wrapper portions. Such signals are compared with first and second reference signals which respectively denote the maximum permissible and minimum acceptable permeability of wrappers, and the articles wherein the permeability of wrappers exceeds the maximum permissible permeability or is less than the minimum acceptable permeability are segregated from other articles.

Abstract: Apparatus which ascertains the resistance of filter rod sections or filter cigarettes to axial flow of a gas through their fillers has a drum-shaped conveyor with a row of flutes at one axial end and a row of expandible and contractable hoses at the other axial end. Each hose registers with a flute and receives an article to be tested from the aligned flute during travel past a station where the hose is connected with a suction generating device and/or the flute is connected with a source of compressed air. The hose is thereupon caused to contract so as to sealingly engage at least the major part of the wrapper of the article therewithin, and the article is tested by conveying a stream of testing fluid through its filler. The hose is thereupon caused or allowed to expand, and the tested article is transferred back into the aligned flute.

Abstract: An apparatus and method are provided for verification of declared contents in mixed solids, blended textiles, certain pure solids, and other solid substances. The apparatus is assembled from laboratory items and utilizes liquids and instruments. The method requires the measurement of changes in chain length in a chain suspended from the bottom of a float, and appliable values substituted in an equation which utilize densimetric principles to achieve a comparative presentation of values for verification.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for detecting leaks at a fast rate in plastic bottles or similar containers wherein the bottles are secured in a multiplicity of open pocket members and arranged in a plurality of rows on a rotatable turret. A detecting gas is introduced into the bottles and they are subsequently moved to a detecting station where a detection means in the form of a mass spectrometer is activated by any gas leaking from the bottles. In a preferred manner, air is utilized to effect a sweeping action over the bottle exterior to move the detecting gas in the direction of the mass spectrometer. Air is also utilized to purge detecting gas from the pockets and air with vacuum to purge the bottles so that a rapid detecting system can be effected. The preferred gas used as the detecting media is helium and the bottles described are of the semirigid, plastic type which are used to contain sterile liquids.

Abstract: A cigarette-filter-making apparatus is comprising a pick-up drum rotatable about its longitudinal axis and provided along its circumference with longitudinally extending retaining grooves for the accommodation of individual filter sections and lateral delivery of them to a laterally adjacent discharge. For ejecting faulty filters the pick-up drum is provided with a guide element extending continuously from the pick-up point to the delivery station and ejector blasting means are provided to blow faulty filter sections out of the drum grooves in their longitudinal direction.

Abstract: The wrappers of filter cigarettes wherein wrapper portions surrounding the filter mouthpieces have holes for admission of atmospheric air into the column of tobacco smoke are tested during sidewise movement at the periphery of a rotary drum. A first testing device establishes a first pressure differential between the interior and exterior of successive wrappers, and a second testing device establishes a second pressure differential between the interior and exterior of those wrapper portions which surround tobacco as well as a different third pressure differential between those wrapper portions which surround the filter material. An evaluating circuit has two electropneumatic transducers which furnish first and second signals respectively denoting the pressure differential between the interior and exterior of successive wrappers and the pressure differential between the interior and exterior of successive wrapper portions which surround tobacco.

Abstract: Apparatus for testing bottles to determine whether they will withstand internal pressure as from a carbonated beverage, also for detecting flaws in crown of bottle which may result in leaks. Hydraulic pressure is applied internally by hydraulic fluid, usually water. Bottle is filled with low pressure water, then high pressure water is used to apply pressure. Bottle is held between a sealing chuck which contacts and seals crown and a bottom member bearing against bottom of bottle, thus simulating force applied to bottle during filling with beverage and capping. Means are provided to remove air displaced during filling with low pressure water.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for statistically testing frangible containers produced by plural mold sources by selectively diverting containers to a test station at regular intervals of time. A diverted container is automatically tracked to the test station wherein it is tested. A signal indicative of the result of the test is generated for use in selectively diverting additional containers produced by the same mold source that produced the tested container. The totality of containers produced by the plural mold sources is upgraded by automatically ejecting all containers produced by one or more mold sources for fixed periods of time as a function of the test results.

Abstract: A leak detecting device for identification of can tops and similar workpieces with leak holes has a compressed gas supply chamber providing a source of compressed gas for testing the workpieces for leaks. An acoustic testing chamber is mounted adjacent the gas supply chamber. A sealing press is provided between the chambers for holding a workpiece in a gas tight manner so that one side of the workpiece faces the compressed gas supply chamber in a gas tight relationship and the other side of the workpiece faces the acoustic testing chamber in a noise tight relationship. A valve is provided on the compressed gas supply chamber and is operable to admit compressed gas from the gas supply chamber to the side of said workpiece facing the compressed gas supply chamber. An ultrasonic microphone is disposed within the acoustic testing chamber and is adapted for detecting gas noise created by gas passing through a leak hole in the workpiece.

Abstract: There is disclosed a device suitable for obtaining from a fluid mixture of first and second component materials a quantity thereof which contains a fixed weight of said first component material, and an apparatus for determining the proportion by weight of particles of a particulate solid material in suspension in a liquid which are larger than a given size. The apparatus comprises (i) means for delivering a quantity of the suspension containing a fixed weight of particulate solid material, (ii) means for separating from said quantity of suspension substantially all the solid particles larger than said given size; and (iii) means for determining the weight of said solid particles which are larger than said given size.

Abstract: A bottle inspection apparatus has an inspection stand and sorter for sorting defective plastic bottles from conforming bottles. The inspection stand has an extendible rod. A conical shaped nozzle is mounted at the end of the rod. The conical nozzle seals itself against a bottle aperture when extended for a predetermined amount of time. A low pressure air stream is operably connected to the nozzle and passes through the nozzle and into the inspected bottle. A pressure sensitive switch means is operably connected to the low pressure air stream. A blocking solenoid valve is operably attached to the pressure sensitive switch means and controls a high pressure air stream sorter. The pressure switch is actuated when a sufficiently high pressure is built up within the bottle within the predetermined limited amount of time the conical nozzle is sealing the bottle aperture. The blocking solenoid is deactivated when the pressure sensitive switch means is actuated.

Abstract: Apparatus is disclosed for lining container closures with seals, and for testing the closures. The apparatus includes means for forming an infeed stream of closures and means interacting with the stream for forming closure groups. Conveyor means accept the groups and convey same to the various stations. At an initial station the shell integrity of the closures is tested; and closures are rejected at a following station if found to be the product of short molding shots or so forth. Thereafter, an adhesive is dispensed to the closure interior, and at a successive station seals are punched from a web and emplaced in the closure. A loose liner detector and removal station detects and removes loose liners from the closures. The sealing characteristics of the closures are then tested at a further station, and closures found to be imperfect are rejected; after which the closures which successfully pass through the several stations are discharged from the apparatus.

Abstract: Plastic bottles from a molding machine are transported on a conveyor through a leak testing device where a predetermined number are temporarily stopped in register with overhead reciprocable test heads and with lateral ejectors on one side of the conveyor path. The bottles are supported on the opposite side by a movable side gate which, when a defective bottle is to be ejected, is moved to a clearance position. The test heads are lowered into air tight communication with the mouths of the bottles and a constant volume of pressurized air is discharged into each bottle from a reservoir. The resultant pressure of the bottle-reservoir system is an index of bottle integrity.

Abstract: Plain cigarettes which are produced in a multi-speed cigarette rod machine are transported toward a filter cigarette machine. Some or all of the cigarettes which are produced while the cigarette rod machine operates at less than normal speed are ejected before they reach the filter cigarette machine. The filter cigarette machine is started with a delay following starting of the cigarette rod machine and the ejecting device between the two machines removes all such cigarettes which are defective for one or more additional reasons, such as the presence of a splice in the wrapper of a cigarette, a defective seam on the wrapper and/or when the filler of the cigarette contains too little or too much tobacco.

Abstract: Batteries are moved along a first roller type conveyor to a leak testing station, above which is located an assembly having a plurality of nozzles matable over battery cell inlets. A first set of alternate cells is supplied with air at a given pressure, and metering means notes pressure change. Thereupon, the remaining alternate cells receive the same treatment. If the cells do not leak, the battery advances from the testing station along the roller conveyor. If a leak is detected, a push bar connected to cable means below the rollers ejects the battery transversely from the testing station along to a second conveyor, thereby isolating leaky batteries either for removal or further testing to locate more precisely the leak.

Abstract: Apparatus for testing bottles to determine whether they will withstand internal pressure as from a carbonated beverage, also for detecting flaws in crown of bottle which may result in leaks. Hydraulic pressure is applied internally by hydraulic fluid, usually water. Bottle is filled with low pressure water, then high pressure water is used to apply pressure. Bottle is held between a sealing chuck which contacts and seals crown and a bottom member bearing against bottom of bottle, thus simulating force applied to bottle during filling with beverage and capping. .[.Means are.]. .Iadd.A valve is .Iaddend.provided to remove air displaced during filling with low pressure water.