Abstract: Flow-through substrates, such as honeycombs, comprising certain zeolites. The flow-through substrates may be used, for example, in the removal of a heavy metal from a fluid such as a gas stream.

Abstract: A flow-through substrate comprising a sulfur-containing compound distributed throughout the flow-through substrate structure. The flow-through substrate may be used, for example, in the removal of a heavy metal from a fluid such as a gas stream.

Abstract: Toxic substances such as heavy metals are extracted from a medium using a sorbent composition. The sorbent composition is derived by sulfidation of red mud, which contains hydrated ferric oxides derived from the Bayer processing of bauxite ores. Exemplary sulfidizing compounds are H2S, Na2S, K2S, (NH4)2S, and CaSx. The sulfur content typically is from about 0.2 to about 10% above the residual sulfur in the red mud. Sulfidized red mud is an improved sorbent compared to red mud for most of the heavy metals tested (Hg, Cr, Pb, Cu, Zn, Cd, Se, Th, and U). Unlike red mud, sulfidized red mud does not leach naturally contained metals. Sulfidized red mud also prevents leaching of metals when mixed with red mud. Mixtures of sulfidized red mud and red mud are more effective for sorbing other ions, such as As, Co, Mn, and Sr, than sulfidized red mud alone.

Abstract: A support impregnated with selenium and capable of effectively removing a heavy metal from a process stream that is at an ambient temperature or is at an elevated temperature.

Abstract: A large single crystal of a complex such as an organic carboxylic acid metal complex, which crystal is useful as an adsorbent of various gases and vapors of organic solvents and as a hydrogen-absorbing material, as well as a process for producing the crystal, is disclosed. Two layers wherein an upper layer thereof is constituted by a solution containing a metal salt and an organic carboxylic acid having a conjugated system, or a solution containing a metal salt of the organic carboxylic acid having a conjugated system, and wherein a lower layer of the two layers is constituted by a solvent which is not miscible with the solvent of the solution, is formed. Vapor of pyrazine or a substituted pyrazine from a solution of pyrazine or the substituted pyrazine is introduced into the upper layer to allow reaction, thereby forming a large single crystal(s) of the organic carboxylic acid metal complex at the interface between the two layers, which crystal(s) has(have) a longer side with a size of not less than 0.8 mm.

Abstract: A system for treating a contaminated gas stream is provided that includes a comminution device 204 operable to effect size reduction of a plurality of sorbent particles and form a plurality of comminuted particles, a plurality of nozzles 224 distributed through the gas stream and operable to introduce the plurality of comminuted particles into the gas stream, and a particle removal device 104 operable to remove at least most of the introduced comminuted particles and form a treated gas stream. The comminution device is in direct fluid communication with the nozzles.

Abstract: The disclosure provides methods and systems for sequestering and/or reducing sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides and/or carbon dioxide present in industrial effluent fluid streams. A solid particulate material comprising a slag component, a binder component (distinct from the slag component), and optionally water is formed and then contacted with the effluent fluid stream to reduce at least one of the sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, and/or carbon dioxide. The contacting of the effluent stream may occur in a packed bed reactor with the solid dry particulate material. Methods of reducing pollutants from exhaust generated by combustion sources, lime and/or cement kilns, iron and/or steel furnaces, and the like are provided.

Abstract: A method for removing contaminants from a natural gas stream such as a biogas/landfill gas stream. The natural gas stream is fed to a first adsorption unit for removal of certain contaminants and then to a second adsorption unit for the removal of additional contaminants. Alternatively, a membrane stage may be employed between the adsorption units. The method utilizes the external purge to enhance pressure swing adsorption working capacity so that the vacuum level required for regeneration is not as high.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method and a multi-component system for adsorbing contaminants and/or pollutants from a contaminated hot fluid by using a turbulent air stream, to adiabatically cool the temperature of the fluid, in association with one or more adsorbents. The system of the present invention can also be coupled to a recovery and recycling unit to recover and recycle the contaminant and/or pollutant and the adsorbent material.

Abstract: The invention provides a process for removal of hydrogen sulphide, iron pentacarbonyl and nickel tetracarbonyl from a feed synthesis gas stream, the process comprising the steps of: (a) removal of hydrogen sulphide and of iron pentacarbonyl by contacting the feed synthesis gas stream with an absorbing liquid comprising water, physical solvent and an amine, to obtain a synthesis gas stream depleted of hydrogen sulphide and depleted of iron pentacarbonyl; (b) adsorption of nickel tetracarbonyl by contacting the synthesis gas stream depleted of hydrogen sulphide and depleted of iron pentacarbonyl with solid adsorbent comprising activated carbon to obtain solid adsorbent enriched in nickel tetracarbonyl and a purified synthesis gas stream.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for removing heavy metals from a hydrocarbon gas stream by contacting the hydrocarbon gas stream, which contains a heavy metal and less than 10 ppm oxidizing compounds, with a composition containing a molecular sieve and sulfur resulting in a treated stream containing less heavy metal than the hydrocarbon gas stream; wherein the molecular sieve contains alumina, silica, and iron, and optionally copper and zinc. Optionally, the hydrocarbon gas stream can also contain a sulfur compound.

Abstract: An absorbent composition suitable for removing mercury, arsenic or antimony from fluid streams includes 5-50% by weight of a particulate sulphided copper compound, 30-90% by weight of a particulate support material, and the remainder one or more binders, wherein the metal sulphide content of the absorbent, other than copper sulphide, is below 5% by weight.

Abstract: The present application relates to novel chelate resins which contain, as a functional group, quaternary nitrogen atoms in structures of the general formula (I) in which at least one of the radicals R1 to R3 represents an optionally substituted radical of the series consisting of picolyl, methylquinoline or methylpiperidine, m represents an integer from 1 to 4 and M represents the polymer matrix and X represents a counterion of the series consisting of hydroxide OH?, halide, preferably Cl?, Br?, or sulphate SO42?, a process for their preparation and the use thereof, in particular the use of the novel chelate resins in hydrometallurgy and electroplating.

Abstract: Methods of preparation and application of sulfur functionalized polymers. More particularly, triazine, cyclotriphosphazene and/or phenyl derivatives can be polymerized to form sulfur functionalized polymers. The materials can be used for separating heavy metals from gas and liquid. The invention is a solid extractant or sorbent that upon exposure or contact with a gas and/or liquid can remove contaminates or impurities. The material can be employed as a solid agent to remove mercury and other heavy metal from combustion, calcinations and/or industrial gases. Also, the material can be applied as extracting agent for removing mercury and other heavy metal from a liquid phase. Further, the material can be used for removing/recovering hazardous elements from radioactive nuclear waste; or can be used for removing organic compounds from gases and liquids.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to methods of making and using activated carbon-containing coated substrates, and products made therefrom.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a unit suitable for the through-flow of a fluid medium at least partially filled with an adsorbent/catalyst in pellet form consisting essentially of iron oxide and/or iron oxyhydroxides, solidified with oxides and/or (oxy)hydroxides of the elements Al, Mg and Ti, the pellets or granules based on iron oxides and/or iron oxyhydroxides and iron(III) hydroxide for the absorbent/catalyst, and processes for their production and their use.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of producing novel chelate resins based on crosslinked polymer beads starting with methacrylic compounds, containing aminomethyl groups and/or aminomethyl nitrogen heterocyclic groups as functional groups, that have a high uptake capacity for heavy metals and rapid kinetics.

Abstract: In the removal of heavy metals such as mercury from fluid streams, especially coal-derived syn-gas streams, a sulphided palladium-containing absorber gives improved results by way of mercury-absorption capacity if the absorber is sulphided.

Abstract: A composite comprising an inorganic substrate with a coating comprising activated carbon and a metal sulfide. The composite may be used, for example, for the removal of a contaminant, such as mercury, from a fluid stream.

Abstract: A sorbent composition comprising a vanadium compound and a ZrO2 support material is disclosed. Methods of making and using the composition to remove heavy metals or heavy metal containing compounds from a fluid stream are also provided. Such methods are particularly useful in the removal of mercury and mercury compounds from flue gas streams produced from the combustion of hydrocarbon-containing materials such as coal and petroleum fuels.

Abstract: The present invention relates to pellets or granules based on iron oxides and/or iron oxyhydroxides and iron(III) hydroxide, a unit suitable for the through-flow of a fluid medium at least partially filled with an adsorbent/catalyst in pellet form consisting essentially of iron oxide and/or iron oxyhydroxide embedded in an iron hydroxide matrix, processes for their production comprising filtering, drying and shaping steps and their processes of their use.

Abstract: A system for use in the treatment of contaminated fluid is provided. The system includes a source from which contaminated fluid may be introduced into the system, and a reservoir for an adsorbent material designed to remove contaminants from the fluid. The system also includes a reactor within which the adsorbent material and the contaminated fluid may be accommodated for treatment. A separation device may further be included for removing spent adsorbent materials from the system. A method for treating contaminated fluid is also provided.

Abstract: A method for operating a fluidized-bed reactor includes introducing an alkali-containing material into a fluidized-bed reactor and introducing hydrous clay into the fluidized-bed reactor, the hydrous clay having a moisture content of at least about 5% by weight. The method further includes heating at least a portion of the alkali-containing material and hydrous clay, such that at least a portion of the hydrous clay is at least partially calcined and the at least partially calcined clay adsorbs at least a portion of alkali present in the fluidized-bed reactor. The method further includes removing at least a portion of the at least partially calcined clay and adsorbed alkali from the fluidized-bed reactor.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for removing heavy metals from a hydrocarbon gas stream by contacting the hydrocarbon gas stream, which contains a heavy metal and less than 10 ppm oxidizing compounds, with a composition containing a molecular sieve and sulfur resulting in a treated stream containing less heavy metal than the hydrocarbon gas stream; wherein the molecular sieve contains alumina, silica, and iron, and optionally copper and zinc. Optionally, the hydrocarbon gas stream can also contain a sulfur compound.

Abstract: A nanostructured substance, a process for sequestration of ionic waste, and an ion-sequestration apparatus are disclosed in the specification. The nanostructured substance can comprise a Lewis acid transition metal bound to a phosphate, wherein the phosphate comprises a primary structural component of the substance and the Lewis acid transition metal is a reducing agent. The nanostructured substance has a Brunner-Emmet-Teller (BET) surface area greater than or equal to approximately 100 m2/g, and a distribution coefficient for an analyte, Kd, greater than or equal to approximately 5000 ml/g. The process can comprise contacting a fluid and a nanostructured metal phosphate. The apparatus can comprise a vessel and a nanostructured metal phosphate. The vessel defines a volume wherein a fluid contacts the nanostructured metal phosphate.

Abstract: A system and associated method for removing metal, including metal in vapor form, from high temperature fluid emissions such as may occur at the exhaust of furnaces or thermal treatment equipment. One embodiment is the Integrated Metal Emissions Control System (IMECS™) incorporating both a Steel Screen Particulate (SSP) Filter System and a Perlite Based Sorbent (PBS) System. IMECS™ uses the SSP Filter System, with pore sizes down to one micron, to capture toxic metal particulate materials and the PBS System to capture vapor phase metals using surface-modified perlite. Using the IMECS™, EPA-listed heavy metals have been removed from representative high-temperature emissions in field tests to easily meet the NESHAP standards.

Abstract: Plate systems and methods of using them. The plate systems may be used, for example, for the removal of metallic or semi-metallic contaminants from a fluid stream.

Abstract: Mixing small amounts of an inorganic halide, such as NaCl, to basic copper carbonate followed by calcination at a temperature sufficient to decompose the carbonate results in a significant improvement in resistance to reduction of the resulting copper oxide. The introduction of the halide can be also achieved during the precipitation of the carbonate precursor. These reduction resistant copper oxides can be in the form of composites with alumina and are especially useful for purification of gas or liquid streams containing hydrogen or other reducing agents. These reduction resistant copper oxides can function at near ambient temperatures.

Abstract: The invention provides an apparatus and methods for removing heavy metals and heavy metal-containing compounds from fluid streams. The invention also provides new uses and methods for removing heavy metals and heavy metal-containing compounds from a natural gas stream, or a gas stream produced during the combustion or gasification of a fossil fuel, such as coal or petroleum fuels or oil.

Abstract: Methods and apparatuses are described for removing a contaminant, such as a vaporous trace metal contaminant like mercury, from a gas stream. In one embodiment, a primary particulate collection device that removes particulate matter is used. In this embodiment, a sorbent filter is placed within the housing of the primary particulate collection device, such as an electrostatic precipitator or a baghouse, to adsorb the contaminant of interest. In another embodiment, a sorbent filter is placed within or after a scrubber, such as a wet scrubber, to adsorb the contaminant of interest. In some embodiments, the invention provides methods and apparatuses that can advantageously be retrofit into existing particulate collection equipment. In some embodiments, the invention provides methods and apparatuses that in addition to removal of a contaminant additionally remove particulate matter from a gas stream.

Abstract: Toxic substances such as heavy metals are extracted from a medium using a sorbent composition. The sorbent composition is derived by sulfidation of red mud, which contains hydrated ferric oxides derived from the Bayer processing of bauxite ores. Exemplary sulfidizing compounds are H2S, Na2S, K2S, (NH4)2S, and CaSx. The sulfur content typically is from about 0.2 to about 10% above the residual sulfur in the red mud. Sulfidized red mud is an improved sorbent compared to red mud for most of the heavy metals tested (Hg, Cr, Pb, Cu, Zn, Cd, Se, Th, and U). Unlike red mud, sulfidized red mud does not leach naturally contained metals. Sulfidized red mud also prevents leaching of metals when mixed with red mud. Mixtures of sulfidized red mud and red mud are more effective for sorbing other ions, such as As, Co, Mn, and Sr, than sulfidized red mud alone.

Abstract: Methods of purifying hydrogen-containing materials are described. The methods may include the steps of providing a purifier material comprising silica. The silica may be heated at temperature of about 100° C. or more in a dry atmosphere to form activated silica. The activated silica may be contacted with a starting hydrogen-containing material, where the activated silica reduces a concentration of one or more impurity from the starting hydrogen-containing material to form the purified hydrogen-containing material, and where the activated silica does not decompose the purified hydrogen-containing material.

Abstract: An oxygen separator for separating oxygen from ambient air utilizing a vacuum swing adsorption process has a mass of less than 2.3 kg. A carrier is mountable on a person to support the oxygen separator for ambulatory use.

Abstract: A method for managing the use of flow-through monolithic sorbents for the sorption of a trace contaminant from a fluid stream, which comprises: providing two or more flow-through monolithic sorbents having a trace contaminant sorbed thereon, wherein the flow-through monolithic sorbents are positioned in an initial series to allow for passing a fluid stream from an upstream inlet end of the series to a downstream outlet end of the series; removing an inlet end portion of the flow-through monolithic sorbents from the inlet end position of the series; moving a downstream portion of the flow-through monolithic sorbents from a downstream position in the series to the inlet end position of the series; and placing a replacement flow-through monolithic sorbent portion in a downstream position of the series.

Abstract: A method of reducing moisture in a fluorine-containing gas is described. The method may include the steps of providing a purifier material that includes elemental carbon, and flowing the unpurified fluorine-containing gas having an unpurified moisture concentration over or through the carbon-based purifier material. At least a portion of the moisture is captured in the purifier material so that a purified fluorine-containing gas that emerges downstream of the purifier material has a reduced moisture concentration that is about 50% or less of the unpurified moisture concentration.

Abstract: A plant includes an adsorber in which a metal is plated onto a non-metallic sacrificial materials from a metal carbonyl at a predetermined temperature. Particularly preferred adsorbers include two sections, wherein a first metal (e.g., nickel) is plated onto graphite in the first section, and wherein a second metal (e.g., iron) is plated onto graphite in the second section.

Abstract: A method for reducing heavy metals, in particular in mercury, present in flue gases, includes the step of bringing the flue gases into contact with a particular class of sorbent material in the dry state. A preferred class of dry sorbent materials can be provided from a mineral compound selected from among halloysites and phyllosilicates of the palygorskite subgroup and the sepiolite subgroup of the palygorskite-sepiolite group according to the Dana classification. Mineral compounds of this group have been shown to provide a reduction in heavy metals, in particular in mercury, present in flue gases.

Abstract: A plant (100) includes a gas turbine (110) that receives a feed gas (130), wherein a metal plates from a metal carbonyl contained in the feed gas onto a sacrificial metal (152A) in an adsorber (150A), and wherein the feed gas in the adsorber has a temperature sufficient for plating the metal onto the sacrificial metal.

Abstract: Perlite, particularly, perlite in powdered form, is employed to adsorb metals and metal compounds from fluids, in particular gases at elevated temperature. In select embodiments, powdered perlite is treated to expand its surface area and injected into a fluid stream, such as flue gas, held for a specific retention period, and removed for subsequent disposal. In other embodiments powdered perlite is provided in an adsorption bed. Fluid containing metals or metal compounds in vapor form is permitted to pass through the adsorption bed until the expanded perlite powder is saturated (exhausted) with the metal and metal compounds adsorbed thereon. The perlite is then replaced, disposing of the exhausted perlite. Treatment of perlite by boiling with sulfuric acid or suspending in a suspension of sulfur in carbon disulfide has been shown to significantly expand the surface area of perlite, thus increasing the efficiency of the process.

Abstract: A large single crystal of a complex such as an organic carboxylic acid metal complex, which crystal is useful as an adsorbent of various gases and vapors of organic solvents and as a hydrogen-absorbing material, as well as a process for producing the crystal, is disclosed. Two layers wherein an upper layer thereof is constituted by a solution containing a metal salt and an organic carboxylic acid having a conjugated system, or a solution containing a metal salt of the organic carboxylic acid having a conjugated system, and wherein a lower layer of the two layers is constituted by a solvent which is not miscible with the solvent of the solution, is formed. Vapor of pyrazine or a substituted pyrazine from a solution of pyrazine or the substituted pyrazine is introduced into the upper layer to allow reaction, thereby forming a large single crystal(s) of the organic carboxylic acid metal complex at the interface between the two layers, which crystal(s) has (have) a longer side with a size of not less than 0.8 mm.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods for purifying WF6 gas by using carbonaceous materials are described. The apparatus and methods are particularly useful for removing high volatility impurities and for removing transition metal impurities, particularly chromium and molybdenum.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of producing novel monodisperse chelate resins based on crosslinked polymer beads containing aminomethyl groups and/or aminomethyl nitrogen heterocyclic groups that have a high uptake capacity for heavy metals and rapid kinetics.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for degassing an aqueous solution containing a hydroformylation product and separating a volatile metal species from gaseous stream to inhibit or prevent deposition of a solid material from the gaseous stream. To separate the volatile metal species from the gaseous stream, the gaseous stream is either 1) contacted with a liquid that separates the volatile metal species, or a reaction product thereof, from the gaseous stream; 2) passed through a microfilter having a pore size of 2 ?m or less; or 3) contacted with an adsorbent material.

Abstract: A sorbent composition comprising a vanadium compound and a ZrO2 support material is disclosed. Methods of making and using the composition to remove heavy metals or heavy metal containing compounds from a fluid stream are also provided. Such methods are particularly useful in the removal of mercury and mercury compounds from flue gas streams produced from the combustion of hydrocarbon-containing materials such as coal and petroleum fuels.

Abstract: Pollution reduction processes may be incorporated with, or retrofit to fit with, existing combustion processes to assist with the reduction of pollutants produced in the combustion process. The thermal treatment of oil shale in the pollution reduction process produces kerogen, shale sorbent particles, or mixtures thereof, which may be reacted with a pollutant-containing gas or pollutant-containing gas having particulate matter entrained therein to reduce the pollutants in the gas. Apparatuses employing the processes are also disclosed.

Abstract: A composition comprising a vanadium oxide compound and an alkali metal promoter loaded onto a porous support material is disclosed. Methods of making and using the composition to remove heavy metals or heavy metal containing compounds from a fluid stream are also provided. Such methods are particularly useful in the removal of mercury and mercury compounds from flue gas streams produced from the combustion of hydrocarbon-containing materials such as coal and petroleum fuels.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are articles for removing contaminants from a fluid, such as a liquid or gas, the article comprising carbon nanotubes, which comprise at least one molecule or cluster attached thereto or located therein, wherein the carbon nanotubes are present in the article in an amount sufficient to reduce the concentration of contaminants in fluid that come into contact with the article. A method of making the nanomesh material used in such articles is also disclosed, as are methods of purifying fluids using these articles.

Abstract: An apparatus and process for abating at least one acid or hydride gas component or by-product thereof, from an effluent stream deriving from a semiconductor manufacturing process, comprising, a first sorbent bed material having a high capacity sorbent affinity for the acid or hydride gas component, a second and discreet sorbent bed material having a high capture rate sorbent affinity for the same gas component, and a flow path joining the process in gas flow communication with the sorbent bed materials such that effluent is flowed through the sorbent beds, to reduce the acid or hydride gas component. The first sorbent bed material preferably comprises basic copper carbonate and the second sorbent bed preferably comprises at least one of, CuO, AgO, CoO, CO3O4, ZnO, MnO2 and mixtures thereof.

Abstract: A system for treating a contaminated gas stream is provided that includes a comminution device 204 operable to effect size reduction of a plurality of sorbent particles and form a plurality of comminuted particles, a plurality of nozzles 224 distributed through the gas stream and operable to introduce the plurality of comminuted particles into the gas stream, and a particle removal device 104 operable to remove at least most of the introduced comminuted particles and form a treated gas stream. The comminution device is in direct fluid communication with the nozzles.

Abstract: An improved gas separation vessel apparatus is provided. The gas separation vessel apparatus is adapted to separate oxygen and other process gases, and it employs both vertically-, or alternatively, horizontally-positioned vessels. The gas separation vessels disclosed contain removable radial-flow bed cartridge-type adsorbent subassemblies, which may be replaced, substituted, or serviced with minimal system down time.