Having A Modified Surface Patents (Class 977/737)
Cross-Reference Art Collections
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Patent number: 9011779Abstract: Described is a personal device and methods for measuring the concentration of an analyte in a sample of gas. The device and method may utilize a chemically selective sensor element with low power consumption integrated with circuitry that enables wireless communication between the sensor and any suitable electronic readout such as a smartphone, tablet, or computer. In preferred form, the sensor circuitry relies upon the quantum capacitance effect of graphene as a transduction mechanism. Also in preferred form, the device and method employ the functionalization of the graphene-based sensor to determine the concentration of ethanol in exhaled breath.Type: GrantFiled: July 18, 2014Date of Patent: April 21, 2015Assignee: Andas Inc.Inventors: Timothy Clay Anglin, Jr., Timothy D. Bemer, Joseph C. Jensen
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Patent number: 8968604Abstract: Disclosed is a single-walled carbon nanotube dispersion liquid containing a single-walled carbon nanotube, a fullerene and a solvent.Type: GrantFiled: April 24, 2008Date of Patent: March 3, 2015Assignee: Kuraray Co., Ltd.Inventor: Takahiro Kitano
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Patent number: 8921084Abstract: The present invention answers the demands of power generating device and biosensor development and provides a flexible, free-standing type protein containing carbon nanotube film, and a sensor and power generating device each equipped with the carbon nanotube film as an electrode. According to the present invention a carbon nanotube free standing film is provided including a carbon nanotube aggregate formed by aggregating a plurality of carbon nanotubes, and a plurality of enzymes included between the plurality of carbon nanotubes. The carbon nanotube film may include a different protein to the enzyme and may include a surfactant agent between the plurality of carbon nanotubes.Type: GrantFiled: December 26, 2012Date of Patent: December 30, 2014Assignees: Tohoku University, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and TechnologyInventors: Matsuhiko Nishizawa, Takeo Miyake, Syuhei Yoshino, Takeo Yamada, Kenji Hata
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Patent number: 8894887Abstract: Photovoltaic cells comprising an active layer comprising, as p-type material, conjugated polymers such as polythiophene and regioregular polythiophene, and as n-type material at least one fullerene derivative. The fullerene derivative can be C60, C70, or C84. The fullerene also can be functionalized with indene groups. Improved efficiency can be achieved.Type: GrantFiled: April 10, 2013Date of Patent: November 25, 2014Assignees: Solvay USA, Inc., Nano-C, Inc.Inventors: Darin W. Laird, Reza Stegamat, Henning Richter, Victor Vejins, Lawrence T. Scott, Thomas A. Lada, II
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Patent number: 8865206Abstract: Dermal delivery is best suited for the various skin diseases or disorders. However, the stratum corneum limits the permeation of number of suitable pharmaceutical agents for dermal delivery. Certain embodiments of the present invention include surface modified multilayered nanostructures. The modification was completed by using fatty acids enabling delivery of a significant amount of one or more pharmaceutical agent(s) into deeper layers of the epidermis and dermis to treat skin diseases or disorders. Each active pharmaceutical agent can be encapsulated into the separate layers of the nanostructures.Type: GrantFiled: December 10, 2013Date of Patent: October 21, 2014Assignee: Florida A&M UniversityInventors: Mandip Sachdeva, Punit Shah
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Patent number: 8815124Abstract: Photovoltaic cells comprising an active layer comprising, as p-type material, conjugated polymers such as polythiophene and regioregular polythiophene, and as n-type material at least one fullerene derivative. The fullerene derivative can be C60, C70, or C84. The fullerene also can be functionalized with indene groups. Improved efficiency can be achieved.Type: GrantFiled: February 29, 2008Date of Patent: August 26, 2014Assignees: Solvay USA, Inc., Nano-C, Inc.Inventors: Darin W. Laird, Reza Stegamat, Henning Richter, Viktor Vejins, Larry Scott, Thomas A. Lada, Malika Daadi
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Patent number: 8734684Abstract: A method for producing a metallic carbon nanotube, by which a dispersion with a high concentration can be obtained. Specifically disclosed is a method for producing a metallic carbon nanotube, which comprises a fullerene addition step wherein fullerenes are added into a carbon nanotube-containing solution in which metallic carbon nanotubes and semiconductive carbon nanotubes are mixed, and a taking-out step wherein carbon nanotubes dispersed by the added fullerenes are taken out.Type: GrantFiled: October 22, 2009Date of Patent: May 27, 2014Assignee: Kuraray Co., Ltd.Inventor: Takahiro Kitano
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Patent number: 8715606Abstract: Improved methods of fullerene derivative production including use of less solvent, or elimination of solvent, as well as use of shorter reaction times and higher reaction temperatures. Methods useful for production of bis-, tris-, tetra-, penta-, and hexa-fullerene derivatives. Indene is a preferred derivative. The derivatives used in active layers for solar cell applications.Type: GrantFiled: December 19, 2008Date of Patent: May 6, 2014Assignees: Plextronics, Inc., Nano-C, Inc.Inventors: Darin W. Laird, Henning Richter, Viktor Vejins, Larry Scott, Thomas A. Lada, II
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Patent number: 8697988Abstract: Photovoltaic cells comprising an active layer comprising, as p-type material, conjugated polymers such as polythiophene and regioregular polythiophene, and as n-type material at least one fullerene derivative. The fullerene derivative can be C60, C70, or C84. The fullerene also can be functionalized with indene groups. Improved efficiency can be achieved.Type: GrantFiled: June 18, 2012Date of Patent: April 15, 2014Assignees: Plextronics, Inc., Nano-C, Inc.Inventors: Darin W. Laird, Henning Richter, Viktor Vejins, Larry Scott, Thomas A. Lada, Malika Daadi
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Patent number: 8679442Abstract: In various embodiments, the present disclosure describes fullerene derivatives that are capable of photocatalytically generating reactive oxygen species in the presence of ultraviolet and/or visible light. In some embodiments, the fullerene derivatives are aminofullerenes containing a plurality of amine-terminated moieties covalently bonded to the fullerene cage. The fullerene derivatives may optionally be covalently bonded to a substrate surface for use in photocatalytic disinfection systems for removing various contaminants including, for example, bacteria, viruses, protozoa and chemical pollutants. Methods using the present fullerene and aminofullerene derivatives in various purification processes are also described herein.Type: GrantFiled: June 24, 2010Date of Patent: March 25, 2014Assignees: William Marsh Rice University, Georgia Tech Research CorporationInventors: Pedro J. J. Alvarez, Jaesang Lee, Lon J. Wilson, Yuri Mackeyev, Jaehong Kim
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Patent number: 8647661Abstract: Dermal delivery is best suited for the various skin diseases or disorders. However, the stratum corneum limits the permeation of number of suitable pharmaceutical agents for dermal delivery. Certain embodiments of the present invention include surface modified multilayered nanostructures. The modification was completed by using fatty acids enabling delivery of a significant amount of one or more pharmaceutical agent(s) into deeper layers of the epidermis and dermis to treat skin diseases or disorders. Each active pharmaceutical agent can be encapsulated into the separate layers of the nanostructures.Type: GrantFiled: November 4, 2011Date of Patent: February 11, 2014Assignee: Florida A&M UniversityInventors: Mandip Sachdeva, Punit Shah
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Patent number: 8501850Abstract: The invention provides compositions and methods for inducing and enhancing order and nanostructures in block copolymers and surfactants by certain nonpolymeric additives, such as nanoparticles having an inorganic core and organic functional groups capable of hydrogen bonding. Various compositions having lattice order and nanostructures have been made from a variety of copolymers or surfactants that are mixed with nonpolymeric additives. Particularly, a variety of nanoparticles with an inorganic core and organic functional groups have been discovered to be effective in introducing or enhancing the degree of orders and nanostructures in diverse block copolymers and surfactants.Type: GrantFiled: October 14, 2010Date of Patent: August 6, 2013Assignee: University of MassachusettsInventors: James J. Watkins, Vikram K. Daga, Ying Lin
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Graphene-based switching elements using a diamond-shaped nano-patch and interconnecting nano-ribbons
Patent number: 8456902Abstract: The use of diamond-shaped graphene nano-patches as novel non-volatile switching elements exhibiting transitions between high and low conductance states based on changes of magnetic ordering of these states. Non-magnetic reconstructed graphene nano-ribbons are used as non-invasive leads to implement the switching elements as carbon-nanoflake based memories and transistors. Switching of the elements may be implemented by electric-field-induced altering of the magnetic state. Graphene nano-patch shapes of certain geometries provide passive electric-field sources such as to establish initial bits of information saved in graphene-based memories.Type: GrantFiled: April 27, 2010Date of Patent: June 4, 2013Assignee: The University Corporation Inc. at California State University NorthridgeInventors: Nicholas G. Kioussis, Luis A. Agapito -
Patent number: 8440893Abstract: When C60 was added to synovial fibroblasts, infiltrating lymphocytes, and macrophages, and the inflammatory cytokine production level was measured, the inflammatory cytokine production level was significantly suppressed in all cells. Furthermore, when C60 was added to osteoclast precursor cells and cultured in the presence of osteoclast differentiation-inducing factors, a certain concentration or more of C60 suppressed their differentiation into osteoclasts. Observation of the effect of C60 addition on bone resorption showed that C60 suppressed bone resorption by osteoclasts. In addition, the use of arthritis model animals confirmed in vivo that C60 suppressed inflammatory symptoms, as well as bone resorption and bone destruction by osteoclasts. C60 is effective for treating arthritic diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis through its effects of suppressing osteoclast differentiation, bone resorption, and inflammatory cytokines.Type: GrantFiled: October 18, 2007Date of Patent: May 14, 2013Assignees: St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Mitsubishi CorporaionInventor: Kazuo Yudoh
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Patent number: 8395037Abstract: Fullerene inhibited the decrease in cell proliferation ability of chondrocytes which is observed when cultured chondrocytes are treated with a cartilage degenerating factor (IL-1? or H2O2). Fullerene inhibited production of cartilage matrix-degrading enzymes (matrix metalloprotease (MMP)-1, 3 and 13) which is induced in cultured chondrocytes by cartilage degenerating factors. Fullerene restored the decrease in cartilage matrix (proteoglycan) synthesizing ability which is observed in treating cultured chondrocytes with cartilage degenerating factors. In an analysis using an osteoarthritis rabbit model, the progress of cartilage degeneration was reduced by administering fullerene. Moreover, the dynamic friction coefficient was decreased by adding fullerene to synovial fluid.Type: GrantFiled: March 23, 2006Date of Patent: March 12, 2013Assignees: Mitsubishi Corporation, St. Marianna University School of MedicineInventor: Kazuo Yudoh
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Patent number: 8389619Abstract: A poly(ether-ketone) composite of the formula: wherein DND is detonation nanodiamond particle; wherein Ar represents ether-ketone repeating groups of the formula wherein Q is —O— or —O—(CH2)n—O—, wherein n has a value of 2-12; wherein R is —H, —CH3, or —C2H5, m has a value of 1 or 2; wherein R? is —H or —CH3; and wherein — denotes the presence of a direct C—C bond between Ar and DND. Also provided is a process for preparing the nanocomposites.Type: GrantFiled: February 5, 2009Date of Patent: March 5, 2013Assignee: The United States of America as represented by the Secretary of the Air ForceInventors: Loon-Seng Tan, David H. Wang
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Patent number: 8361349Abstract: A nanoparticle coated with a semiconducting material and a method for making the same. In one embodiment, the method comprises making a semiconductor coated nanoparticle comprising a layer of at least one semiconducting material covering at least a portion of at least one surface of a nanoparticle, comprising: (A) dispersing the nanoparticle under suitable conditions to provide a dispersed nanoparticle; and (B) depositing at least one semiconducting material under suitable conditions onto at least one surface of the dispersed nanoparticle to produce the semiconductor coated nanoparticle. In other embodiments, the nanoparticle comprises a fullerene. Further embodiments include the semiconducting material comprising CdS or CdSe.Type: GrantFiled: February 18, 2010Date of Patent: January 29, 2013Assignees: William Marsh Rice University, Natcore Technology Inc.Inventors: Andrew R. Barron, Dennis J. Flood, John Ryan Loscutova
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Patent number: 8344017Abstract: An anti-hepatitis C virus agent or anti-HIV agent comprising, as an active ingredient, a fullerene derivative which has a nitrogen atom forming a ring together with adjacent bonded carbon atom pairs constituting the carbon cluster skeleton of the fullerene or a quaternary amine salt thereof is provided.Type: GrantFiled: November 30, 2010Date of Patent: January 1, 2013Assignees: Mitsubishi CorporationInventors: Tadahiko Mashino, Kumiko Shimotohno
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Patent number: 8308628Abstract: Some embodiments provide a system for external manipulation of magnetic nanoparticles in vasculature using a remotely placed magnetic field-generating stator. In one aspect, the systems and methods relate to the control of magnetic nanoparticles in a fluid medium using permanent magnet-based or electromagnetic field-generating stator sources. Such a system can be useful for increasing the diffusion of therapeutic agents in a fluid medium, such as a human circulatory system, which can result in substantial clearance of fluid obstructions, such as vascular occlusions, in a circulatory system resulting in increased blood flow.Type: GrantFiled: May 15, 2012Date of Patent: November 13, 2012Assignee: Pulse Therapeutics, Inc.Inventor: Francis M. Creighton
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Patent number: 8282905Abstract: The fullerenic structures include fullerenes having molecular weights less than that of C60 with the exception of C36 and fullerenes having molecular weights greater than C60. Examples include fullerenes C50, C58, C130, and C176. Fullerenic structure chemically bonded to a carbon surface is also disclosed along with a method for tethering fullerenes to a carbon material. The method includes adding functionalized fullerene to a liquid suspension containing carbon material, drying the suspension to produce a powder, and heat treating the powder.Type: GrantFiled: October 19, 2009Date of Patent: October 9, 2012Assignee: Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyInventors: Anish Goel, Jack B. Howard, John B. Vander Sande
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Patent number: 8217260Abstract: Photovoltaic cells comprising an active layer comprising, as p-type material, conjugated polymers such as polythiophene and regioregular polythiophene, and as n-type material at least one fullerene derivative. The fullerene derivative can be C60, C70, or C84. The fullerene also can be functionalized with indene groups. Improved efficiency can be achieved.Type: GrantFiled: May 2, 2007Date of Patent: July 10, 2012Assignees: Plextronics, Inc., Nano-C, Inc.Inventors: Darin W. Laird, Reza Stegamat, Malika Daadi, legal representative, Henning Richter, Viktor Vejins, Larry Scott, Thomas A. Lada
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Patent number: 8183180Abstract: Drilling fluids comprising graphenes and nanoplatelet additives and methods for production thereof are disclosed. Graphene includes graphite oxide, graphene oxide, chemically-converted graphene, and functionalized chemically-converted graphene. Derivatized graphenes and methods for production thereof are disclosed. The derivatized graphenes are prepared from a chemically-converted graphene through derivatization with a plurality of functional groups. Derivatization can be accomplished, for example, by reaction of a chemically-converted graphene with a diazonium species. Methods for preparation of graphite oxide are also disclosed.Type: GrantFiled: July 8, 2010Date of Patent: May 22, 2012Assignee: William Marsh Rice UniversityInventors: James M. Tour, Howard K. Schmidt, Jay R. Lomeda, Dmitry V. Kosynkin, Condell D. Doyle
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Publication number: 20120115065Abstract: Provided are an ion-conductive composite electrolyte that improves ionic conductivity, a membrane-electrode assembly and an electrochemical device using the same, and a method for producing an ion-conductive composite electrolyte membrane. A proton-conductive composite electrolyte contains an electrolyte having a proton-dissociative group (—SO3H) and a compound having a Lewis acid group MXn-1, wherein the Lewis acid group and the proton-dissociative group interact with each other. The compound having the Lewis acid group is a Lewis acid compound MXn or a polymer having a Lewis acid group MXn-1. The electrolyte having a proton-dissociative group is, for example, a fullerene derivative. A proton-conductive composite electrolyte membrane is formed using a solvent having a donor number of 25 or less, and a membrane-electrode assembly using the same is suitable for use in a fuel cell.Type: ApplicationFiled: July 16, 2010Publication date: May 10, 2012Applicant: SONY CORPORATIONInventors: Takuro Hirakimoto, Kazuaki Fukushima, Kenji Kishimoto
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Patent number: 8119092Abstract: A pegylated and hydroxlated trimetallic nitride endohedral metallofullerene is provided comprising a plurality of hydroxyl groups and one or more polyethylene glycol (PEG) moieties covalently bonded to a fullerene encapsulating a trimetallic nitride. Methods of pegylation and hydroxylation of trimetallic nitride endohedral metallofullerene and methods of using pegylated and hydroxlated trimetallic nitride endohedral metallofullerene are described.Type: GrantFiled: March 25, 2005Date of Patent: February 21, 2012Assignee: Luna Innovations IncorporatedInventors: Zhongxin Ge, Harry C. Dorn, J. Paige Phillips
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Publication number: 20100297009Abstract: Self-assembled, closed and hollow chemical multimer structures having a dodecahedral morphology, composed of chemical monomers having a structurally symmetric core which possess a 5-fold rotational symmetry, are provided. Also provided are methods of creating such chemical monomers, methods of creating such chemical multimer structures and compositions comprising these chemical multimer structures. Also provided are uses of these chemical multimer structures in applications such as drug delivery, imaging, immunization, formation of plastic crystals and nanoparticle matrices and other medical and material science applications.Type: ApplicationFiled: March 13, 2008Publication date: November 25, 2010Inventors: Arthur Olson, Ehud Keinan
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Patent number: 7837968Abstract: A carbon nanosphere has at least one opening. The carbon nanosphere is obtained by preparing a carbon nanosphere and treating it with an acid to form the opening. The carbon nanosphere with at least one opening has higher utilization of a surface area and electrical conductivity and lower mass transfer resistance than a conventional carbon nanotube, thus allowing for higher current density and cell voltage with a smaller amount of metal catalyst per unit area of a fuel cell electrode.Type: GrantFiled: November 1, 2005Date of Patent: November 23, 2010Assignee: Samsung SDI Co., Ltd.Inventors: Hyuk Chang, Chan-ho Pak, Jian Nong Wang
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Patent number: 7829055Abstract: A method of functionalizing nano-carbon materials with a diameter less than 1 ?m, comprising: contacting the nano-carbon materials with a free radical generating compound such as azo-compound in an organic solvent under an inert gas atmosphere, thereby obtaining nano-carbon materials with functional groups thereon. The physical and chemical properties of the nano-carbon materials can be modified through the aforementioned method.Type: GrantFiled: December 27, 2006Date of Patent: November 9, 2010Assignee: Industrial Technology Research InstituteInventors: Chrong-Ching Lee, Kuo-Chen Shih, Mei Hua Wang, Sui-Wen Ho, Shu-Jiuan Huang
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Patent number: 7785557Abstract: A transparent and conductive film comprising at least one network of graphene flakes is described herein. This film may further comprise an interpenetrating network of other nanostructures, a polymer and/or a functionalization agent(s). A method of fabricating the above device is also described, and may comprise depositing graphene flakes in solution and evaporating solvent therefrom.Type: GrantFiled: September 24, 2008Date of Patent: August 31, 2010Assignee: Unidym, Inc.Inventors: George Gruner, David Hecht, Liangbing Hu
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Patent number: 7682527Abstract: A nanoparticle coated with a semiconducting material and a method for making the same. In one embodiment, the method comprises making a semiconductor coated nanoparticle comprising a layer of at least one semiconducting material covering at least a portion of at least one surface of a nanoparticle, comprising: (A) dispersing the nanoparticle under suitable conditions to provide a dispersed nanoparticle; and (B) depositing at least one semiconducting material under suitable conditions onto at least one surface of the dispersed nanoparticle to produce the semiconductor coated nanoparticle. In other embodiments, the nanoparticle comprises a fullerene. Further embodiments include the semiconducting material comprising CdS or CdSe.Type: GrantFiled: August 6, 2007Date of Patent: March 23, 2010Assignee: William Marsh Rice UniversityInventors: Andrew R. Barron, Dennis J. Flood, John Ryan Loscutova
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Patent number: 7671230Abstract: This invention provides improved methods for the derivatization and solubilization of fullerenes, which are particularly useful for those fullerenes that are normally insoluble and which are specifically applied, among others, to endohedral fullerenes, including endohedral metallofullerenes; empty fullerenes, including small-bandgap fullerenes and other insoluble fullerenes and to very high molecular weight fullerenic materials generated in fullerenic soot, including giant fullerenes, fullerenic polymers, carbon nanotubes and metal-carbon nanoencapsulates. More specifically the invention relates to improved methods for cyclopropanation of fullerenes. Specific reaction conditions are provided which allow for cyclopropanation reactions to be successfully performed for the first time on insoluble classes of fullerenes.Type: GrantFiled: October 1, 2002Date of Patent: March 2, 2010Assignee: TDA Research, Inc.Inventors: Robert D. Bolskar, J. Michael Alford
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Publication number: 20100041928Abstract: The fullerenic structures include fullerenes having molecular weights less than that of C60 with the exception of C36 and fullerenes having molecular weights greater than C60. Examples include fullerenes C50, C58, C130, and C176. Fullerenic structure chemically bonded to a carbon surface is also disclosed along with a method for tethering fullerenes to a carbon material. The method includes adding functionalized fullerene to a liquid suspension containing carbon material, drying the suspension to produce a powder, and heat treating the powder.Type: ApplicationFiled: October 19, 2009Publication date: February 18, 2010Applicant: MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGYInventors: Anish Goel, Jack B. Howard, John B. Vander Sande
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Patent number: 7547429Abstract: The present invention relates to a fullerene derivative having a partial structure represented by the general formula (I): wherein C1 to C8 are carbon atoms constituting a fullerene skeleton in which C6 to C8 are independently bonded to an organic group having 1 to 50 carbon atoms, and C1 is bonded to a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms.Type: GrantFiled: May 27, 2004Date of Patent: June 16, 2009Assignees: Mitsubishi Chemical CorporationInventors: Eiichi Nakamura, Yutaka Matsuo
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Patent number: 7544747Abstract: The present invention relates to fullerene derivatives including a pendant group that may be reacted to prepare a composition including a plurality of covalently bound fullerenes. The pendant group may be a cyclic ether, such as an epoxide. The present invention also relates to compositions including reaction products of these fullerene derivatives and photovoltaic devices including such polymeric compositions.Type: GrantFiled: December 7, 2007Date of Patent: June 9, 2009Assignee: Konarka Technologies, Inc.Inventors: Russell Gaudiana, Savvas Hadjikyriacou, David Waller, Zhengguo Zhu
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Patent number: 7449133Abstract: A transparent and conductive film comprising at least one network of graphene flakes is described herein. This film may further comprise an interpenetrating network of other nanostructures, a polymer and/or a functionalization agent(s).Type: GrantFiled: November 27, 2006Date of Patent: November 11, 2008Assignee: Unidym, Inc.Inventors: George Gruner, Liangbing Hu, David Hecht
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Publication number: 20080233040Abstract: This invention is directed to a new composition of matter in the form of chemically derivatized silica coated fullerenes, including silica coated C60 molecules and silica coated carbon nanotubes, processes for making the same and to uses for the derivatized silica coated fullerenes. Included among many uses in chemical, physical or biological fields of use, but not limited thereto, are high speed, low loss electrical interconnects for nanoscale electronic devices, components and circuits. In one embodiment, this invention also provides a method for preparing silica coated fullerenes having substituents attached to the surface of silica coated fullerenes by reacting silica coated fullerenes with a wide range of organic or inorganic chemical species in a gaseous or liquid state. Preferred substituents include but are not limited to organic groups and organic groups containing heteroatoms such as oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and halogens.Type: ApplicationFiled: June 12, 2006Publication date: September 25, 2008Inventors: Andrew R. Barron, Dennis J. Flood, Andrew A. Guzelian
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Patent number: 7402295Abstract: A novel oxyfullerene hollow nanosphere of CxOyMnz (45?x?72, 18?y?42, 7?z?16; x, y and z are atomic percentages) has a large surface area and high thermal stability, and can be simply prepared by reacting fullerene with alkali metal hydroxide and KMnO4 or MnO2, and treating the resulting mixture with an acid.Type: GrantFiled: September 22, 2004Date of Patent: July 22, 2008Inventors: Kurt Ernst Geckeler, Yulan Wang
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Patent number: 7329709Abstract: The present invention relates to fullerene derivatives including a pendant group that may be reacted to prepare a composition including a plurality of covalently bound fullerenes. The pendant group may be a cyclic ether, such as an epoxide. The present invention also relates to compositions including reaction products of these fullerene derivatives and photovoltaic devices including such polymeric compositions.Type: GrantFiled: June 1, 2005Date of Patent: February 12, 2008Assignee: Konarka Technologies, Inc.Inventors: Russell Gaudiana, Savvas Hadjikyriacou, David Waller, Zhengguo Zhu