Abstract: A batch or continuous process for the removal by flocculation of silicon and heavy metal contamination from aqueous waste streams by the addition of an aluminum salt, particularly, aqueous streams recycled as electrolyte in the electrolytic production of alkali metal or alkaline earth metal chlorates. The process is particularly suited to the removal of heavy metals and silicon contamination in an electrolyte recycled to an electrolytic cell subsequent to the removal by crystallization of a chlorate salt. An aluminum salt, such as aluminum chloride, aluminum chlorohydrate, and polyaluminum chlorides including polyaluminum chloride sulfates is effective as a flocculating agent.

Abstract: Peroxydisulfuric acid and salts thereof are produced electrochemically from an aqueous acid sulfate solution in a cascading series of bipolar electrolytic cells having a cell body frames of polyvinyl chloride which are bonded with a vinyl ester polymer. An aqueous solution of peroxydisulfuric acid and salts thereof are withdrawn from the anode compartment of the last cell in the series, and metal impurities are removed by treatment with an ion exchange resin. Hydrogen peroxide is produced by hydrolyzing persulfuric acid and salts thereof. The sulfuric acid produced is recycled to the first cell in the series of cascading electrolytic cells.

Abstract: A method of metallurgically joining dissimilar metal tubes using a connecting member clad metal tube in which the clad metal is the same or similar metal to a metal of one of the dissimilar tubes to be joined and is susceptible to bonding by welding. The underlying clad metal connecting member metal is a dissimilar metal which is susceptible to bonding by soldering.

Abstract: An electrochemical process for the production of a hydroxide solution and a sulfate by the electrolysis of a waste aqueous mixture of oxidizable sulfur impurities in the anode compartment of at least one electrolytic cell while producing a hydroxide solution in the cathode compartment of the cell. The process is particularly applicable to the treatment of spent caustic solutions obtained by scrubbing a hydrocarbon process stream contaminated with oxidizable sulfur impurities. The electrolytic cell used in the electrolysis process of the invention can use either a porous membrane or a cationic permselective membrane to separate the anode and cathode compartments of the electrolysis cell.

Abstract: An article of jewelry which includes a facet-cut gem stone having a girdle and a culet. The gem stone is secured by novel connecting members having a bearing surface adapted to hold the gem stone at the vicinity of the gem stone girdle in conjunction with the insertion of the culet of the gem stone into a recess in the article of jewelry.

Abstract: A flexible, nonstretchable, titanium, ladder anode for cathodic protection of steel reinforced concrete structures formed of multiple titanium strips including multiple electric current-carrying titanium strips. Ladder anodes of titanium without an electrocatalytically active metal coating can be used in a cathodic protection system operated at an anode current density up to about 20 milliamps per square foot. Ladder anodes of titanium having an electrocatalytically active metal coating are additionally useful at higher anode current densities. The ladder anodes form at the intersections of the strips less than 200 nodes per square meter and have a surface area of about 500 to about 900 square inches per pound.

Abstract: A monopolar or bipolar filter press electrolyzer. The bipolar filter press electrolyzer can contain a bipolar electrode consisting of a planar metal anode and planar metal cathode electrically connected to respective planar current collectors which can be electrically connected by welding either directly or through an intermediate metal layer different than said metal anode or cathode, or by adhesive bonding utilizing an electrically conductive adhesive. The cell frames can be a molded thermoplastic polymer or laminated thermoplastic or thermosetting polymer sheets. The bipolar electrode assemblies can include at least a pair of thermoplastic or thermosetting cell frame units which can be assembled with either a single gasket or a polymer adhesive.

Abstract: Method for the regeneration of active carbon and polymeric adsorbents having oxidizable, organic pollutants adsorbed thereon by electrochemical and chemical means and apparatus therefor. The method involves a desorption step and a decomposition step. Desorption is accomplished in one embodiment by flowing an aqueous stream at a preselected pH through the adsorbent material. Generally, decomposition is accomplished by contacting an aqueous stream containing an organic pollutant with hydroxyl radicals. Sequential or simultaneous desorption and decomposition can also take place during electrolysis in an electrolytic cell. During decomposition the active carbon can be made a carbon bed electrode of the cell. Electrolysis to produce peroxide can take place in the presence of a transition metal or a chelate of a transition metal while feeding an oxygen containing gas to the electrolysis cell.

Abstract: Pulping chemicals and hemicellulose are recovered from a starting solution essentially free of lignin but containing a mixture of hemicellulose and caustic by electrolyzing this solution in the anolyte compartment of an electrolytic cell. By electrolysis, the concentration of caustic in the anolyte is decreased and the concentration of caustic in a catholyte of said cell is increased so as to allow recovery of about 60 to about 80 percent of the caustic present in the hemicellulose caustic starting solution.

Abstract: An electrolytic cell and process for the cogeneration of a peroxy acid and salts thereof in an anolyte compartment of the cell and hydrogen peroxide at a desired ratio of an alkali metal hydroxide to hydrogen peroxide in the catholyte compartment of the cell. An ammonium compound is present as a reactant in the catholyte compartment. Ammonia is recycled from the catholyte compartment of the cell to the anolyte compartment of the cell or removed as a product.

Abstract: Pulping chemicals and hemicellulose are recovered from a starting solution essentially free of lignin but containing a mixture of hemicellulose and caustic by electrolyzing this solution in the anolyte compartment of an electrolytic cell. By electrolysis, the concentration of caustic in the anolyte is decreased and the concentration of caustic in a catholyte of said cell is increased so as to allow recovery, of about 60 to about 80 percent of the caustic contained in the hemicellulose caustic starting solution.

Abstract: A drilling, grinding, and shaping guidance assembly particularly suited for attachment to a precision jewelers' grinding and cutting handpiece. The guidance assembly is integrally attached or clamped on the jewelers' handpiece. The guide arms of the assembly have desirably shaped terminal portions adapted for engaging a workpiece which permits specific cutting or grinding tasks to be performed more accurately than can be performed without the guide arms.

Abstract: A simulated miniature standing golfing figure having pivotably attached upper and lower body parts and fixed arms extending forwardly and downwardly terminating in hands holding a golf club shaft. The golf club shaft is integrally connected to the hands so that upon clockwise rotation of the upper part of the body into a position in which the golf club shaft is upwardly directed, the upper part of the body of the figure is held by ratchet teeth against a ratchet teeth engaging a rod. This rod is spring actuated into an engaging position against the ratchet teeth. Upon release, spring action forces rotation of the upper portion of the body of the figure in a counter-clockwise direction so as to move the shaft of the golf club to a position in which it will hit a miniature golf ball.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for producing a dilute solution of an alkali or alkaline earth metal chlorate from a chlorine and carbon dioxide waste gaseous stream. The process of the invention can be combined in a continuous process for the production of an alkali or alkaline earth metal chlorate for use in a chlorine dioxide generator for the production of chlorine dioxide in which the waste gaseous stream from the chlorine dioxide generator is converted to a dilute solution of an alkali or alkaline earth metal chlorate and passed to an electrochemical cell for the generation of an alkali or alkaline earth metal sodium chlorate, the product of the electrochemical cell being in turn passed to the chlorine dioxide generator.

Abstract: A method has been devised for removing chromium ions from a chromium ion containing liquid and recovering chromium oxide in a usable form by (a) adjusting the temperature of the liquid to an optimal temperature to maximize reduction and simultaneous precipitation of the chromium oxide; (b) adding a reducing agent to the liquid to form a mixture, where the reducing agent is at least one inorganic sulfur compound selected from the group of sulfur compounds where sulfur is in the 4.sup.+ oxidation state; and (c) adjusting the pH of the mixture to a pH between 5 and 7; (d) optionally further adjusting the pH of the mixture to a pH between above 7 to 12; and (e) separating the chromium from the mixture.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for maintaining or increasing electrolyte flow rate through a microporous diaphragm in an electrochemical cell for the production of hydrogen peroxide by maintaining in the electrolyte a sufficient concentration of a stabilizing agent. Flow rate is maintained or increased by complexing transition metal ions or compounds with the stabilizing agent.

Abstract: An integrated process for the production of alkali or alkaline earth metal chlorates and chlorine dioxide in which the chromium compound impurities in the alkali or alkaline earth metal chlorate aqueous solution produced by an electrochemical cell are removed and recycled to the electrochemical cell; a substantially chromium compound free alkali or alkaline earth metal chlorate is converted to chlorine dioxide and by-products; and the by-products are converted to substantially chlorine-free carbon dioxide, which is vented, and a dilute solution of an alkali or alkaline earth metal chlorate, which is recycled to the electrochemical cell.

Abstract: A method has been devised for removing chromium ion from a chromium ion containing liquid and recovering chromium oxide in an usable form by (a) adjusting the temperature of the liquid to an optimal temperature to maximize reduction and simultaneous precipitation of the chromium oxide; (b) adding a reducing agent to the liquid to form a mixture, where the reducing agent is at least one inorganic sulfur compound selected from the group of sulfur compounds where sulfur is in the 4.sup.+ oxidation state and (c) adjusting the pH of the mixture to a pH between 5 and 7.

Abstract: A reinforcing structure useful in the formation of an energy absorbing composite suitable for use as a motor vehicle body panel which resists deformation upon absorbing impact loads by distribution of a deforming load to areas of the composite surrounding the area of impact. The composite has a plurality of particulate, reinforcing members in a polymer matrix and at least one undulating, reinforcing, sheet member as a reinforcing structure between the external walls of the composite. The load distributing, particulate, reinforcing members and the undulating, reinforcing, sheet member components are retained in a thermoplastic or thermosetting resin matrix. Preferably, the load distributing components include at least one undulating, reinforcing sheet which is formed on a molding means having a first and second series of intersecting parallel axes so as to form an undulating sheet having alternating troughs and crests.