Abstract: The specification and drawings disclose an anode assembly for use in electrolytic cells, and apparatus for forming such assemblies. The anode assembly comprises an anode riser to which is joined a parallel pair of metal sheets which form anode surfaces. The sheets are joined to the riser by connecting means which permit movement of the sheets toward and away from one another while maintaining their parallel relationship. Additionally, the connecting means is such that it maintains a tension on the sheets to prevent them from warping or assuming a non-planar configuration. The disclosed apparatus permits assembly of the sheets to the riser in a simple, rapid manner.

Abstract: Disclosed is an electrode for use in electrochemical processes wherein a metal substrate made of a valve metal such as titanium carries a semi-conducting intermediate coating consisting of a combination of tin and antimony oxides laid down upon the valve metal substrate in a series of layers and a top coating consisting of an oxide selected from the group of chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, molybdenum or tungsten applied in a series of layers.

Abstract: A method of producing a sol of an element selected from the group consisting silicon, aluminum, antimony, chromium, manganese, molybdenum, tin and tungsten comprising electrodialytically transferring alkali metal cations of an aqueous solution of a water soluble alkali metal salt of the oxide of the said element from an anode compartment of an electrolytic cell to a cathode compartment of the electrolytic cell while essentially preventing the migration of the metal oxide into the cathode compartment by positioning a cation permselective membrane between the anode compartment and the cathode compartment while carefully and continuously controlling the pH of the solution and removing the so-produced sol from the anode compartment of the electrolytic cell as well as a novel electrodiayltic cell for sol formation.

Abstract: Disclosed is a new form of brine flow meter necessary in metering brine to an electrolytic cell for the production of chlorine and caustic (sodium hydroxide). The flow meter is made advantageously of a plastic material resistant to the various pH ranges necessary for brine being fed to such an electrolytic cell with the additional advantage of clarity for visual observation of the flow rate and resistance qualities.

Abstract: Disclosed is an electrolytic cell for the generation of low cost halogen biocidally active agent from an aqueous solution having a low halogen salt content for use in the treatment of sewage or other liquid effluents, especially those of fresh water swimming pools or fresh water cooling towers. The electrolytic cell is used in line with pumps generally associated with the distribution of waters for swimming pools or cooling towers.

Abstract: Disclosed is a stack pack type electrolytic cell for the generation of chlorates or hypochlorites of sodium or potassium having the ability to make economical use of materials while eliminating the necessity for large external studs for the electrode components, housings to retain fluids and intercell piping connections since the cell can be increased in capacity by adding chambers and electrode stack packs to the cell makeup or adding electrodes to the stack packs. Such an electrolyzer can utilize mass produced components to produce various capacities and can be assembled either monopolar or bipolar in configuration to make most efficient use of existing electrical supply equipment.

Abstract: Disclosed are methods for rejuvenation of oxygen electrodes which maximize the power efficiency available from such oxygen electrodes while minimizing the voltage necessary to operate such oxygen electrodes over extended periods of time. These methods include in situ and out of cell techniques using hot water washing followed by air drying and dilute acid washing followed by air drying.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for converting a diaphragm electrolytic cell to a membrane electrolytic cell by using the standard diaphragm cell equipment and applying a membrane over top of a matting material upon the cathode surface. This method permits a manufacturer having diaphragm electrolytic cells to convert those cells to membrane electrolytic cells without significant capital expenditure to achieve the desirable characteristics of a membrane electrolytic cell.

Abstract: Disclosed is a cyclone for use in conjunction with electrolytic cells for separating a gas such as hydrogen from the electrolyte solution so as to significantly increase the efficiency of subsequent cells connected in series in a large bank of electrolytic cells. The subject cyclone is especially useful in a sea water hypochlorite electrolytic cell wherein the flow rate of electrolyte is in the range of 20 to 80 gallons per minute (75 to 300 liters per minute).

Abstract: A method of producing a sol of an element selected from the group consisting silicon, aluminum, antimony, chromium, manganese, molybdenum, tin and tungsten comprising electrodialytically transferring alkali metal cations of an aqueous solution of a water soluble alkali metal salt of the oxide of the said element from an anode compartment of an electrolytic cell to a cathode compartment of the electrolytic cell while essentially preventing the migration of the metal oxide into the cathode compartment by positioning a cation permselective membrane between the anode compartment and the cathode compartment while carefully and continuously controlling the pH of the solution and removing the so-produced sol from the anode compartment of the electrolytic cell as well as a novel electrodialytic cell for sol formation.

Abstract: Disclosed is a process for preparing alkenyl ethers from high molecular weight polyols in a liquid phase system containing concentrated alkali metal hydroxide, water, water immiscible hydrocarbon solvent and high molecular weight polyol such that the addition of an alkenyl halide results in a reaction which yields an alkenyl ether product which is not readily distillable from the reaction solution at slightly elevated temperatures and atmospheric pressures.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for electrically and mechanically connecting the backplates of a bipolar electrode to be used in a filter press electrolytic cell for electrochemical production. This method employs the use of a metal laminate strip having surfaces of metallic substances identical and corresponding to the metallic makeup of the given backplates which can be welded between the anode and cathode backplates using standard weldment procedures. The metal laminate strips are placed in a spaced series such that the anode and cathode backplates present two parallel planes in spaced relation to each other thereby leaving a space for the escape of hydrogen gas, preventing hydrogen embrittlement of the titanium anode backplate.

Abstract: The specification and drawings disclose an anode assembly for use in electrolytic cells, and apparatus for forming such assemblies. The anode assembly comprises an anode riser to which is joined a parallel pair of metal sheets which form anode surfaces. The sheets are joined to the riser by connecting means which permit movement of the sheets toward and away from one another while maintaining their parallel relationship. Additionally, the connecting means is such that it maintains a tension on the sheets to prevent them from warping or assuming a non-planar configuration. The disclosed apparatus permits assembly of the sheets to the riser in a simple, rapid manner.

Abstract: Disclosed is an electrode for use in electrochemical processes wherein a metal substrate made of a valve metal such as titanium carries a semi-conducting intermediate coating consisting of a combination of tin and antimony oxides laid down upon the valve metal substrate in a series of layers and a top coating consisting of an oxide selected from the group of chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, molybdenum or tungsten applied in a series of layers.

Abstract: A novel method of controlling electrodialytically produced silica sol particle size and concentration comprising effecting electrodialysis of an alkali metal silicate anolyte in an electrodialysis cell with a cation permselective membrane separating the anolyte and the catholyte while adding alkali metal silicate solution to the anolyte to maintain the desired pH whereby a silica sol with increasing particle size is formed and when the silica sol has reached the desired particle size, continuing electrodialysis with addition of an alkali metal hydroxide solution to control the pH until the silica sol has the desired concentration.

Abstract: A hydrogen evolution cathode for electrochemical reactions consists of a body formed of a powdered electrically conductive material embedded in a cured thermosetting resin and having a cathodically operative surface enriched with powder of a hydrogen evolution catalyst, the powdered conductive material preventing the diffusion of atomic hydrogen through the cathode body. The cathode may be incorporated in a bipolar electrode by bonding it to a thin sheet of valve metal coated with an anodic electrocatalytic material, the body being advantageously extended by projecting parts of electrically insulating cured resin.

Abstract: Disclosed is a bipolar electrode and method for electrically and mechanically connecting the backplates of a bipolar electrode to be used in a filter press electrolytic cell for electrochemical production. This method employs the use of explosion bonded solid metallic strips between the two backplates of a bipolar electrode to provide the esential electrical and mechanical connection therebetween while leaving sufficient air space to allow the escape of hydrogen gas thereby preventing hydrogen embrittlement of the titanium anode backplate.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for converting a diaphragm electrolytic cell to a membrane electrolytic cell by using the standard diaphragm cell equipment and applying a membrane over top of a matting material upon the cathode surface. This method permits a manufacturer having diaphragm electrolytic cells to convert those cells to membrane electrolytic cells without significant capital expenditure to achieve the desirable characteristics of a membrane electrolytic cell.

Abstract: Disclosed is an improved wafer electrode for use in an electrolytic cell, having an access tube to direct a fluid across the electrode plate or to remove fluid from near the electrode plate within the cell. Cells employing the subject wafer electrode in an electrolytic cell can be used for various electrochemical processes such as for the production of alkali metal carbonates.

Abstract: Disclosed is an improved hydraulically impermeable cation exchange membrane for an electrolytic cell and a method for the preparation of such a membrane using a copolymeric substrate and applying to the surface thereof by means of plasma polymerization, a very thin top coating of a second polymeric material to drastically reduce the permeability of the substrate material with a minimal effect upon the bulk properties of the resultant membrane. Such top coatings may be applied over the basic substrate or over surface treated substrates to enhance the chemical resistivity of the membrane to chemical breakdown occasioned by the electrolyte within the electrolytic cell.