Abstract: A two-stage process and apparatus for the regeneration of fluidized catalytic cracking (FCC) catalyst is disclosed. A primary regenerator, a single dense bed with a spent catalyst inlet, a source of oxygen-containing gas, a flue gas outlet and a regenerated catalyst outlet, is supplemented with a secondary regenerator. The secondary regenerator has its own source of air for combustion and takes particles from a lower portion of the dense bed in the primary regenerator. Combustion gases, and some solids, are discharged from the secondary regenerator into the primary regenerator. Hot, decoked material is withdrawn from the base of the secondary regenerator for use in the catalytic cracking reaction. Preferably, a dense, fast settling additive is used with a conventionally sized FCC catalyst. These two materials can be added together to the primary regenerator and separated by elutriation therein into two catalyst phases.

Abstract: A process and apparatus for fluidized bed combustion using a dense phase combustion zone over a dilute phase combustion zone. When used to regenerate FCC catalyst containing coke with relatively large amounts of NO.sub.x precursors, the catalyst is added to and partially regenerated in the dense phase zone and then falls down into the dilute phase zone. Most of the combustion air is added to the dilute phase and rises into and fluidizes the dense phase zone. NO.sub.x formed in the dilute phase is reduced to N.sub.2 in the dense phase.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method of and apparatus for reducing the level of extremely small catalyst particles ("fines") in an FCC system by temporarily retaining particles separated from the secondary cyclone separator in either a reactor vessel or catalyst regenerator. These particles can be withdrawn from the temporary retaining area, which takes them out of the active catalyst inventory within the reactor/regenerator system. The withdrawing of catalyst "fines" reduces the particulate contamination both in flue gas exhausted to the atmosphere from the catalyst regenerator and in the main column bottom (MCB) products from the fractionation stage. Preferred embodiments includes withdrawal of "fines" from either the regenerator or the reactor vessels and the secondary cyclones contained in each of these vessels.

Abstract: An apparatus and process for stretch-dispensing stretch wrap film is disclosed wherein a hollow core supply roll of stretch film is dispensed in a controlled manner utilizing a brake means mounted within the core which urges by its own resiliency against the inside surface of the core while still permitting frictionally retarded axially rotation of the core about the brake and having handles connected to this brake means.

Abstract: The present invention provides a process and apparatus for alkylating an isoparaffin with an olefin which decreases the required catalyst inventory while improving alkylate quality by internally admixing unreacted isoparaffin and alkylate product with the isoparaffin:olefin reactant stream in the draft tube of a decantation reaction vessel.

Abstract: A process for upgrading olefin feedstock containing a mixture of iso-olefin and linear olefin to produce tertiary-alkyl ether and high octane gasoline components comprising dimerized iso-olefin. Product recovery is integrated between primary and secondary reaction stages.In a preferred embodiment, a two stage etherification process employs a secondary solid acid regenerable catalyst bed to dimerize unconverted iso-butene in the debutanizer overhead stream of a conventional MTBE primary reactor stage. Both stages can utilize a regenerable acid catalyst such as ZSM-5 or Zeolite Beta for etherification and to upgrade unconverted alkenes and methanol from the primary stage.

Abstract: A system for suspending a pack of thermoplastic bags, loading bags, removing loaded bags and for automatically opening the next bag preparatory to loading it by having a pack of handled bags suspended from laterally spaced elongated rods of a rack. The bags have been corona discharge treated in the handle and bag mouth region to such an extent that the pressure and cutting action during the formation thereof will cause adjacently facing cut edge regions to releasably adhere together until a moderate force separates them. During removal of a bag from the bag pack at least a portion of the cut edge of the mouth and handle region of the front wall of the next bag will follow the bag being removed for a short distance before separation thereby opening the next bag rendering it ready for loading.

Abstract: A process for reducing the benzene content of a reformate stream in a conventional catalytic cracking reactor wherein a heavy hydrocarbon feed is cracked to lighter products by contact with a supply of hot regenerated cracking catalyst is disclosed. The reformate can be mixed with the heavy feed to the cracking reactor, but preferably reformate contacts hot regenerated cracking catalyst before the heavy feed is added. Benzene content is reduced by alkylation with reactive fragments created in the cracking reactor, or by transalkylation with alkyl aromatics. Benzene removal can be enhanced by adding a light reactive gas such as ethylene to the cracking reactor, by adding heavier aromatics, such as a light cycle oil, or both. The reaction is preferably conducted in an FCC riser reactor, but may be conducted in a moving bed cracking reactor.

Abstract: A process and apparatus for controlled, multi-stage regeneration of FCC catalyst is disclosed. A modified high efficiency catalyst regenerator, with a fast fluidized bed coke combustor, dilute phase transport riser, and second fluidized bed regenerates the catalyst in at least two stages. The primary stage of regeneration is in the coke combustor. Second stage catalyst regeneration occurs in the second fluidized bed. The amount of combustion air added to both regeneration stages is set to maintain partial CO combustion in both stages. Controlled multi-stage regeneration reduces the steaming or deactivation of catalyst during regeneration, maximizes coke burning capacity of the regenerator, and minimizes or eliminates NOx emissions.

Abstract: A process for controlled, multi-stage regeneration of FCC catalyst is disclosed. A modified high efficiency catalyst regenerator, with a fast fluidized bed coke combustor, dilute phase transport riser, and second fluidized bed regenerates the catalyst in at least two stages. The primary stage of regeneration is in the coke combustor. Second stage catalyst regeneration occurs in the second fluidized bed. The amount of combustion air added to, and conditions in, the coke combustor are controlled to limit CO combustion, while the second stage of regeneration, in the second fluidized bed, achieves complete CO combustion. Controlled multi-stage regeneration reduces steaming or deactivation of catalyst during regeneration, increase coke burning capacity, and reduces NOx emissions.

Abstract: A process and apparatus for fluidized catalytic cracking of heavy oils is disclosed. The long transfer line connecting the catalytic cracking reactor to the main fractionator is modified to include a cooling means, such as a quench drum or a heat exchanger. Cooling hot cracked products from the FCC reactor upstream of the main fractionator prevents thermal cracking in the transfer line, improves yields, and permits higher catalytic cracking reactor temperatures.

Abstract: A catalytic cracking process operates with enhanced stripper efficiency by subjecting spent catalyst to microwave radiation before catalyst regeneration. Preferably the microwave frequency is one which ignores the catalytic cracking catalyst and preferentially excites the hydrocarbon or coke on the spent catalyst, the stripping steam conventionally used, or both the stripping steam and the hydrocarbonaceous coke. In preferred embodiments, microwave frequencies are used which are selective for various impurities in the coke, such as sulfur and/or nitrogen impurities. Additives, such as ferrous materials, may be added to augment the efficiency of desulfurization during stripping. The process is applicable to fluidized catalytic cracking and moving bed catalytic cracking units.

Abstract: A disposable plastic cup dispenser incorporating a spring for imparting biasing action to a stack of nested cups in the dispenser so as to render the cups available for individual and discrete dispensing thereof. The spring is in a compressed condition and extends intermediate the inner bottom wall surface of the container and the bottom of the lowermost cup of the stack of cups, thereby biasing the stack of cups towards a discharge or dispensing opening formed in the opposite end of the housing through which the endmost cup of the stack partially protrudes.

Abstract: An improved olefin upgrading technique and fixed-bed reactor system has been developed for increasing production of premium heavy hydrocarbons, such as distillate fuel, from lower olefinic feedstock. During recovery and recycle of intermediate range hydrocarbons products, a technique has been found for withdrawing a fraction rich in C.sub.5 -C.sub.9 gasoline range olefinic hydrocarbons from the oligomerization reactor effluent stream. By separating the reaction effluent in a multi-stage distillation system, fractionation feed can be separated into a heavier bottoms stream rich in C.sub.10 + hydrocarbons and a light hydrocarbon overhead, while withdrawing a liquid stream as an overflash fractionation stream rich in intermediate hydrocarbons. The overflash stream is combined to form a portion of the recycle stream to the reactor, thereby providing a more efficient and lower cost recovery process.

Abstract: A circulating fluid bed combustion (CFBC) unit, which burns a carbon and nitrogen containing fuel to produce heat and flue gas comprising NO.sub.x, operates with reduced emissions of NO.sub.x from the flue gas by adding to the circulating fluid bed a catalytically effective amount of a DeNO.sub.x catalyst, such as bismuth oxide on a silica/alumina support. The DeNO.sub.x catalyst may circulate freely with the circulating inventory of particulates in the CFB, or can be disposed on a heavier particle which "slips" and has an extended residence time in the combustion zone where the carbonaceous fuel is burned. A CO combustion promoter, such as Pt on silica/alumina may also be present.

Abstract: A catalytic cracking catalyst mixture and process are disclosed. The mixture comprises (a) a cracking catalyst containing a matrix and a large pore molecular sieve and (b) separate additive catalysts comprising at least one of a shape selective paraffin cracking/isomerization zeolite and a shape selective aliphatic aromatization zeolite. An exemplary catalyst mixture comprises dealuminized zeolite Y, optionally containing rare earth elements in an alumina-rich matrix, an additive catalyst of HZSM-5 in a matrix, and an additional additive catalyst of gallium ZSM-5 in a matrix. The alumina-rich matrix of the cracking catalyst acts a a sodium and metals sink. The large pore molecular sieve catalyst cracks large hydrocarbons to lighter paraffins and olefins. The shape selective paraffin cracking/isomerization component cracks/isomerizes the paraffins produced by the large pore moleular sieve. The shape selective aliphatic aromatization catalyst converts light paraffins and olefins into aromatics.

Abstract: A continuous multistage process for converting normally gaseous olefins containing an amount of ethene to gasoline and/or distillate range hydrocarbons, the process employing at least two fluidized olefins oligomerization reaction zones operating in parallel with one reaction zone operating under high severity reaction conditions effective for converting ethene.

Abstract: A manifold for dividing a single, two-phase mixed stream of vapor and liquid into a plurality of individual streams of substantially uniform quality.

Abstract: Mixtures of borated alcohols are effective friction modifying additives when incorporated into various lubricating or fuel media.

Abstract: A catalyst composition for polymerizing alpha-olefins is prepared by reacting a transition metal compound, e.g., titanium, with trimethylaluminum catalyst activator. In a preferred embodiment, the catalyst is supported on a porous refractory support and is prepared by additionally reacting a magnesium compound or an organomagnesium composition with the support.Also disclosed is a process for polymerizing alpha-olefins in the presence of the catalyst of the invention. The polymer products have higher bulk density and produce films of greater strength than polymers prepared with similar catalysts utilizing different alkyl-aluminum activators, e.g., triethylaluminum and triisobutylaluminum.