Abstract: A light diffracting structure 10 in an authenticating pattern 20 especially for an authentication label 30 is used for authenticating and protecting against forgery various valuable objects. The light diffracting structure 10 has unique parameters generating a uniquely colored pattern. The unique parameters are randomly defined by anisotropic process steps during the manufacturing of the diffracting structure and are not under full control of the producer. This prevents copying or creating an exact replica thereof. The authenticating pattern 20 comprises an integrated structure of a substrate layer 21 and a transparent overcoat layer 22 and the viewable interface therebetween includes the light diffracting structure 10. The uniquely colored authenticating pattern can be verified by simple observation with the naked eye which is a prerequisite for ubiquitous verification.

Abstract: The present invention broadly concerns layered structures of substantially-crystalline materials and processes for making such structures. More particularly, the invention concerns epitaxial growth of a substantially-crystalline layer of a first material on a substantially-crystalline second material different from the first material utilizing an approximately one monolayer thick monovalent surfactant element.

Abstract: A differential pulse encoding and decoding approach for binary data transmissions, such as binary frequency shift keying (BFSK) data transmissions, for sending and recovering a serial, binary digital data stream by differentiating the pulses thereof. A method and system are disclosed for transmitting from a transmitter to a receiver a digital data signal containing a stream of binary data bits having a first high value and a second low value. At the transmitter, the digital signal is transformed into a differential signal which contains pulses corresponding to transitions between the first and second values. The digital signal is transformed into the differential signal by an encoder which can be a differentiator circuit or an RC high-pass filter circuit. If frequency spectrum is a concern, a low-pass filter can filter the output of the encoder. The differential signal is then transmitted, and received by the receiver which reconstructs the original digital signal therefrom.

Abstract: A multilayered structure comprising copper oxide perovskite material having altered superconductive properties is provided by epitaxially depositing on a substrate a layer of a first copper oxide material and then epitaxially depositing on the first layer a layer of a second, different copper oxide perovskite material. Further alternate epitaxially layers of the two copper oxide perovskite materials are then deposited one on the other. The first and second copper oxide perovskite materials in unstressed bulk states have nondistorted crystallographic lattice structures with unit cell dimensions that differ in at least one dimension. In the epitaxial layers, the crystallographic lattice structures of the two copper oxide materials are distorted relative to their nondistorted crystallographic lattice structures.

Abstract: This method for manufacturing lattice-matched substrates for high-T.sub.c superconductors employs at least two materials chosen from the group of known suitable substrate materials, of which one has a lattice constant smaller than the lattice constant(s) of the perovskite subcell of the selected superconductor material, while the other one has a lattice constant greater than the lattice constant of the perovskite subcell of the selected superconductor. These materials are then powdered and mixed intimately for providing a single-crystal either from the molten mixture of the chosen materials or by thin film deposition, said single-crystal containing appropriate molar percentages of the chosen materials so that resulting lattice constant is essentially the same as that of the selected superconductor material.

Abstract: An inadvertent-off-hook-condition detecting apparatus for use with a telephone connected to a telephone system is described. The telephone has a hookswitch which connects the voice network of the telephone system across the input lines to the telephone when the hookswitch is in an off-hook position, and which disconnects the voice network from the telephone input lines when the hookswitch is in an on-hook position.

Abstract: An apparatus and method are described for determining the relative concentrations of the N constituent chemical components of a chemical combination. The spectral response, C.sub.i, of the composite sample is measured at M wavelengths .lambda..sub.i, wherein M.gtoreq.N. The relative concentration of the jth constituent is X.sub.j. The spectral response of the jth component at wavelength .lambda..sub.i is A.sub.ij. the set of M equations ##EQU1## have intersections defining values of X.sub.j of which only those within the region defined by 0.ltoreq.X.sub.j are possible values of X.sub.j. An error is assigned to each intersections and the intersection of minimum error defines the values of X.sub.j. Such a determination is rapid. A profile of each of the relative concentration X.sub.j in the sample is readily and rapidly determined.

Abstract: An apparatus, system and method are described for determining profiles of the absolute or relative concentrations of N constituent chemical components of a chemical mixture over a group of samples. For each sample a plurality of sets of concentrations is determined wherein each set has substantially the same error for corresponding to the absorption spectra measured for the composite sample. A plurality of samples of the chemical mixture are generated, for example, by removing parts of a surface sequentially. From amongst the plurality of sets of absolute or relative concentrations over the plurality of samples, a path of highest probability is determined from which profiles of each of the chemical components can be determined. The invention is applied to generating profiles of chemical constituents as material is received from a surface of a semiconductor chip to generate profiles as a function of depth into the sample.

Abstract: The invention employs a post type fastening member that provides, at one end, an insertion friction connection to the circuit card and at the other end, extending through the heat sink, a compression spring means that urges the heat sink toward the circuit card. A plurality of the post type fasteners are positioned around the periphery of the chip package to retain the heat sink parallel to the circuit card and compressing the chip package. The packaging structure of the invention permits larger area heat sinks than the chip package area to be supported by the circuit card with the only relationship with the chip being that of a compression thermal transfer contact and radiation shield.

Abstract: An apparatus and method are described for determining the relative concentrations of the constituent chemical components of a chemical combination. The spectral response of the composite sample, measured at a number of wavelengths .lambda..sub.i, is represented by a vector C. The relative concentration of the jth constituent is X.sub.j, and the relative concentrations of each of the chemical constituents are represented by the vector X. The vector X can be determined from the vector C by the following matrix equation:X=(A.sup.T A).sup.-1 A.sup.T Cwherein the matrix A has elements A.sub.ij, which is the spectral response of the jth component at wavelength .lambda..sub.i. Since the matrix A is a predetermined set of numbers, the elements of vector X are readily determined from the above equation. Such a determination is rapid; a profile of each of the constituents X.sub.j in the sample is readily and rapidly determined.

Abstract: Structures containing a dielectric material having a polymeric reactive ion etch barrier embedded therein. The preferred dielectric materials are polymers, preferably polyimide materials. The RIE etch barrier is a copolymer having an aromatic component having high thermal stability and having a cross-linking component selected from metallacyclobutane, metallabutene and vinyl groups. The etch barrier is deposited as a solvent free liquid which can fill gaps between the dielectric material and electrical conductors embedded therein. The liquid polymer is cured to a solid insoluble state. The structures with electrical conductors embedded therein are useful for electronic applications.

Abstract: A field emission display comprises a screen (10) divided into a plurality of pixels. Each pixel has a plurality of subpixels (130,140,150) of different phosphor efficacies. A matrix of field emission cathodes (80) is directed towards corresponding pixels of the screen (10). Each cathode has a plurality of arrays (81,82,83) of field emissive tips directed towards corresponding subpixels (130,140,150). The arrays of each cathode (80) comprise different numbers of field emission tips to reduce the effect of the difference in the phosphor efficacies of the corresponding subpixels (130,140,150). This advantageously permits tracking between the primary colour components of a gray scale displayed image to be maintained used the same algorithm to translate into voltages for driving the arrays. Therefore, the Colour Point or White Point of the display can be maintained between extremes of gray scale using the same algorithm.

Abstract: An electrochemical color change cell incorporating as a color changing agent intramolecular charge transfer salt or an intermolecular charge transfer salt. The intermolecular charge transfer salts and the intramolecular charge transfer salts have a plurality of oxidation states and a wide variation in color change. The intermolecular and intramolecular charge transfer salts preferably contain a violene moiety and a moiety having a carbonyl group conjugated to an aromatic moiety. The intramolecular charge transfer salts have a stable covalent radical-anion/radical-cation configuration. The intermolecular charge transfer salts have a stable ionic radical-anion/radical-cation configuration.

Abstract: The invention is a convertible display computer structure in which the display is centrally pivoted in a frame that in turn is hinged on one side on the keyboard so that the display can be positioned to face toward the user when the frame is positioned to be essentially vertical with respect to the keyboard and when it is desired to provide graphic information entry, the display can be turned over so as to serve as a writing surface when the hinged frame is positioned over the keyboard. The conversion from keyboard to graphic stylus input is accomplished by rotating the display on the pivot mountings and then closing the frame over the keyboard with the display surface up and in the proper orientation.

Abstract: A pad on pad type contact, and technology therefor, for electronic apparatus wherein a spring member, that by its shape and material in the motion when the contact comes together wipes the mating pad surfaces across each other and then retains them under permanent compressive force in service. In high density and high performance electronic apparatus interwiring, array quantities of the spring member of contact are fabricated in unitary assembly elements for connection assemblies between both rigid and flexible type wiring.

Abstract: Structures are described having vias with more than one electrical conductor at least one of which is a solid conductor which is formed by inserting the wire into the via in a substrate wherein the wire is attached to an electrically conductive plate which is spaced apart from the substrate by a spacer which leave a space between the substrate and plate. The space is filled with a dielectric material. The space with via between the conductor and via sidewall is filled with a dielectric material. The via is used for making transformers and inductors wherein one of the via conductors is used for inner windings and another of the via conductors is used for outer windings.

Abstract: This scanning near-field optical microscope is of the type where a light beam (19) with a diameter of at maximum .lambda./20 is emitted, or received, by a sharply pointed probe tip (13) which is scanned across the surface of a sample (11) to be investigated. The light reflected by, and/or transmitted through, the sample (11) is detected by a detector (16) and/or further processed by a computer (24). The distance between the light-emitting probe tip (13) and the sample (11) under investigation is on the order of .lambda./20 as well, so that the surface of the sample (11) is within the near-field of said probe tip (13). This optical microscope is characterized in that the gap between the probe tip (13) and the sample (11) is filled with a liquid (40) of high opacity, including any liquids with a large negative dielectric constant .epsilon., so as to attenuate the intensity of the lightwaves emitted or received by the probe tip (13) to such an extent that the penetration depth z.sub.

Abstract: An optical profilometer measures the surface profile of a sample by using a scanning autocorrelator and relating the autocorrelation signals at the scanning frequency, f, and twice the scanning frequency, 2f, to the path length changes in one of the arms. The amplitude of the signal at the scanning frequency is used to control the average position of the scanned arm of the autocorrelator, thereby further extending the linear range of the profilometer. The scanning rate of the autocorrelator is set to be much faster than the mechanical noise so that mechanical fluctuations of the sample produce slowly varying fluctuations in the sample scans.

Abstract: A microwave processing system is provided wherein the material to be processed is in the form of a web type quantity configuration with a thickness that is small in relation to the wavelength of a particular microwave frequency. The material is passed through the field associated with a plurality of microwave standing waves of the particular frequency, each adjacent standing wave being offset 1/4 wavelength along the direction of movement of the web. A carrier gas removes volatile solvents from the material surfaces. Control is provided for the interrelationship of temperature, rate of movement, flow of carrier gas, and microwave power.

Abstract: An optical subassembly for transferring light between an optoelectronic converter and an optical fiber where the housing and the lens are of plastic in which the housing is made to dimensions within the precision of molded plastic and the lens imparts focusing properties that compensate for the limitations of the plastic technology. Alignment in the X-Y plane only is employed. The lens has a first surface focused on the optoelectronic converter which substantially collimates the light through the lens and a second surface that introduces deliberate longitudinal spherical aberration that compensates for component position. Attachment or fixing of the optoelectronic converter to the housing is accomplished by RF heating a TO can to quickly cure an epoxylayer.