Abstract: In a method of providing spacers on an insulating substrate, by which spacers the thickness of a connection between an electrical component and a substrate is adjusted, the spacers are rigidly provided on the substrate as a thick film pattern simultaneously with and with the same material as is used for at least one further thick film coating required for an electrical circuit on the substrate.

Abstract: The invention relates to a semiconductor device in which a crossing connection is realized by using parts of a layer of refractory conductive material already present for masking as a part of a current conductor separated from a crossing conductor by an insulation layer. The mask of refractory material may also define the regions in which switching transistors are realized. The invention results in important advantages, in connection with density and crossing connections, in particular in I.sup.2 L-circuits.

Abstract: An apparatus for delivering fluid at a controlled rate of flow wherein fluid is forced from a container by the piston of a vacuum cylinder. A flow restricting valve is provided, either at the output of the container or at the output of a second cylinder which is coupled to the piston of the vacuum cylinder.

Abstract: By combining three single-phase output voltages of a synchro, signals are obtained which are proportional to the sine and the cosine of the angle of rotation of the synchro shaft. Said signals are sampled at predetermined instants by switching means controlled by a clock voltage, and are applied to computing means which form a signal representative of the speed of rotation of the shaft of the synchro and of a change in the altitude at which an aircraft flies.

Abstract: A hybrid circuit comprises an insulating substrate which is provided with conductors and on which a semiconductor circuit is provided consisting of a semiconductor element connected to an insulating flexible foil having conductor tracks, and in which the side of the semiconductor element remote from the foil bears on spacers of the substrate. Connection material fills entirely the space between the semiconductor element and the substrate, while near connection sites of the foil to the substrate elongated spacers on which side edges of the foil bear are provided on the substrate between conductors, and the space between the elongate spacers is filled with connection material which connects the ends of the conductor tracks to the conductors of the substrate.

Abstract: An analog-to-digital conversion circuit having a number of series-connected stages, each stage determining the difference between a signal current input and a reference current input, and at positive values of said difference transferring a current proportional to said difference to the succeeding stage. In each successive stage, the reference current is subtracted from the signal current until the residual current is smaller than the reference current. The number of successive stages in which this subtraction takes place can be detected to indicate the level of the input current.

Abstract: A method and apparatus are described for measuring the concentration of a molecule of selective spectrum in a sample substance in which errors from spurious light signals due to diffused light or from spurious fluorescent or phosphorescent light due to traces of other molecules in the sample substance are eliminated. The invention subjects the sample substance to light of a first wavelength in the absorption spectrum of the molecule to be measured and obtains a signal representative of light emission from the molecule with the spurious light signals superimposed thereon.

Abstract: In third-generation transversal tomography scanners, where the total body slice to be examined is irradiated by a flat, fan-shaped radiation beam, the probability that a detector which measures part of the radiation in the radiation beam becomes defective is very high. This failure causes artefacts in the reconstruction of the absorption distribution of the slice of the body, said artefacts having an adverse effect on the evaluation of the image by the radiologist. The invention ensures that a defective detector is identified (for example, by comparison of the measuring values supplied by each detector with the measuring values of adjacent detectors), the measuring value of a detector which has been identified as being defective being replaced by a correction value which can be formed by interpolation of measuring values obtained along neighboring paths.

Abstract: A protective circuit arrangement for three state bus drivers, incorporating insulated gate field effect transistors, affords protection against short circuiting of the output bus. The protective circuit senses the short circuit condition at the output bus of two push-pull output transistors and feeds back a signal to the input circuit of the ON transistor which reduces the input drive to that transistor and limits the output current through that transistor to a safe value.

Abstract: Filament current values associated with different X-ray tube anode currents and voltages are stored in various locations of a memory. For an X-ray exposure, the measured value of filament current or anode current is compared with the values stored and the values stored are connected, if necessary. Variations of the emission characteristics of the X-ray tubes as caused, for example, by aging are thus automatically corrected.

Abstract: A method in which a monocrystalline body is subjected in a gas atmosphere to a treatment for changing the thickness of the body, in which the thickness of the body is controlled by means of a measuring member which is subjected to the same treatment and which measuring member, on its side which is subjected to the treatment, consists of a monocrystalline layer and an adjoining substratum of a material having a refractive index differing of that the monocrystalline layer material. The measuring member is obtained by providing a substrate, depositing the monocrystalline layer on the substrate, forming the substratum on the monocrystalline layer, and then removing the substrate to form the measuring member.

Abstract: A lacquer-encapsulated carbon film resistor having a ceramic substrate coated with a carbon film, a silicon nitride layer, an organic lacquer layer and termination electrodes.

Abstract: A method of making inclined sides on a metal pattern which is grown on a substrate by electroplating as a preliminary measure to the coating of the substrate with the metal pattern by an insulating layer. The main deposition of the insulating layer by sputtering is preceded by a sputter-etching step which transforms the rounded edges of the metal pattern into inclined sides.

Abstract: A method of growing gallium arsenide crystals obtained by reaction of a first gaseous phase containing hydrogen and arsenic trichloride and a liquid gallium phase, in which the reaction forms a second gaseous phase from which gallium arsenide is deposited in such circumstances that the molar fraction of arsenic trichloride is larger than 2.times.10.sup.-2 and is preferably between 2.times.10.sup.-2 and 10.sup.-1.

Abstract: Transient voltage overshoot is known to occur when primary current in a multi-phase X-ray generator high voltage transformer is switched on. Transient overshoot is supressed by connecting an impedance in series with the primary current switch. A second switch short circuits the series impedance after a time delay whose length is controlled as a direct function of the primary voltage and as an inverse function of the primary current.The secondary switch and time delay circuits may comprise self-powered modules which may be added to the primary circuits of existing X-ray generators without additional sensing or power supply connections.

Abstract: A bridge circuit for a measurement bridge of the type using four impedance arms provides an output referenced to ground which is a function of the impedances in the respective arms. The bridge circuit includes an impedance bridge comprising first, second, third and fourth impedance arms connected in series loop with first, second, third and fourth bridge terminals serially defined at the connections between the respective arms. A source of constant current is connected between the first terminal and ground. A driver is connected to bridge terminals other than the output terminal. The driver is responsive to bridge terminal signals to provide a bridge output which is a function of the impedances in the respective arms.

Abstract: A control device for a matrix printer. At the beginning of a line, a chaining unit is filled with a starting column address, a starting row address and a starting character address, the latter being to address a line buffer containing data of a line of characters. The line buffer supplies a character signal which addresses a character generator having column addresses and row addresses as further sub-addresses. The chaining unit contains data about the relevant row advances and column advances. Between the displacement of the movable member over one column distance, the chaining circuit successively calculates dot data for all recording elements, said data being serially loaded into a dot register. When the next column position is reached, the dot data are used to activate the recording elements.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a rod of crystalline material in a crucible formed at least partly by a fabric of refractory fibrous material.Prior to its use the crucible is subjected to a preparatory treatment consisting mainly of wetting the inner face by means of gallium.Application: Manufacture of rods of semiconductor material.

Abstract: A digitally controlled oscillator is provided with a memory, storing the half periods T.sub.i (i=1, 2, ..., n) of corresponding frequencies f.sub.i =1/(2T.sub.i) to be generated, and with a digital feedback circuit, in which circuit the half periods taken from memory are decreased by a fixed time value .tau. on a time sharing basis, and in which circuit, as soon as the residual values .DELTA..sub.i,1 =T.sub.i -k.sub.i,1 .tau.<.tau. are obtained, these residual values are increased by the corresponding half periods T.sub.i also on a time sharing basis, and each value so increased is repeatedly decreased by the fixed time .tau.. On repeating this process j times, the residual values can be expressed by: .DELTA..sub.i,j =T.sub.i +.DELTA..sub.i,j-1 -k.sub.i,j .tau., where each k.sub.i,j is so large that 0.ltoreq..DELTA..sub.i,j <.tau.. The digital feedback circuit is connected to n residual value counters, which are each supplied with a series of residual values .DELTA..sub.

Abstract: An imaging device includes a semiconductor body and a array of photosensitive elements arranged in rows and columns at a first portion of the body. A plurality of charge-transfer lines interdigitated with the columns of the array are provided for transfering storage charge carriers from the array to a charge-transfer shift register at a second portion of the semi-conductor body. Each of the transfer lines includes an elongate resistor electrode which has connections for applying a potential difference along the resistive electrode to produce a drift field in the underlying body portion in the direction of the shift register for transporting mobile charge carriers toward the shift register.