Abstract: Phosphoric acids of significantly different content of soluble impurities, especially magnesium compounds, can be blended to produce a phosphoric acid with a decreased tendency for forming detrimental solids when converted to a liquid fertilizer or on storage, or during transportation as when the acid is transported by ocean vessel or rail road tank car. The blending can be effected either before or after a concentration step or steps (e.g., evaporation to "merchant grade" or to superphosphoric acid). For example, wet process phosphoric acid produced by a dihydrate or gypsum process can be blended with a phosphoric acid produced by a hemihydrate process.

Abstract: A process for the recovery of molybdenum and/or tungsten from a solution which comprises the steps of passing said solution through a packed column containing an adsorbent; adsorbing tungsten and/or molybdenum on said adsorbent; passing a solution depleted in tungsten and/or molybdenum from said column; passing a stripping solution through said column containing tungsten and/or molybdenum on said adsorbent to remove tungsten and/or molybdenum with said stripping solution; repeating the first four steps until the stripping solution contains at least about 1 gram per liter of tungsten and/or molybdenum; passing said solution containing at least about 1 gram of tungsten and/or molybdenum per liter into a recovery zone; adjusting the pH of said stripping solution containing at least about 1 gram per liter of tungsten and/or molybdenum to approximately 13.0 by addition of a strong acid and thereby raising the temperature of said solution at least about 10.degree. C.

Abstract: In a process for the reduction of titanium salt comprising a halide of titanium to titanium metal by contacting said titanium salt in the molten state with a molten alloy and zinc to form a solution of titanium metal in zinc the improvement which comprises the step of:(a) contacting said titanium salt in the molten state with said molten alloy at an elevated pressure to thereby increase the solubility of said titanium metal in said solution.For example, an ore comprising titanium oxides may be fluorinated to convert the titanium oxides to titanium fluorides and the titanium fluorides may be reduced to titanium metal by contacting a molten titanium fluoride salt with a molten zinc-aluminum alloy at an elevated pressure to provide a titanium-zinc alloy having a greater concentration of titanium than is obtained at ambient pressure. The titanium-zinc alloy may be separated from the resulting fluorides of aluminum and the zinc distilled from the alloy to leave behind titanium sponge.

Abstract: An emobodiment of a process for filtration of a slurry containing fine particles is a process comprising:(a) filtering phosphoric acid containing sludge-forming particulate impurities through a fabric filter whereby particulate impurities are separated from the phosphoric acid and retained on the surface of the fabric filter to form a filter cake comprising particulate impurities and entrained phosphoric acid;(b) contacting the filter cake with a wash fluid (e.g., water) to remove a major portion of the entrained phosphoric acid from the filter cake, thereby forming a washed filter cake; and,(c) removing the washed filter cake to expose a fresh surface of the fabric filter, for contacting with additional phosphoric acid containing particulate impurities.Preferably, the washed filter cake is removed by the introduction of pressurized air to the side of the fabric filter opposite the washed filter cake.

Abstract: A method for the separation of magnesium-bearing ore particles containing an exposed magnesian-rich mineral on the surface from the lean ore particles containing a lesser surface area of the exposed magnesian mineral which comprises conditioning the ore with a coupling agent of hydroxyquinoline; irradiating the conditioned ore to excite and induce fluorescence; and separating the magnesian-rich mineral from the lean ore particles by detecting the difference of the fluorescence intensity.

Abstract: In a process for recovery of values contained in solid carbonaceous material, the solid carbonaceous material is comminuted (10) and then subjected to pyrolysis, in the presence of a solid particulate source of heat in a pyrolysis zone, to form a pyrolysis product stream (24). The pyrolysis product stream contains a gaseous mixture and particulate solids. The solids are separated from the gaseous mixture to form a substantially solids-free gaseous stream (28) which comprises volatilized hydrocarbon free radicals newly formed by pyrolysis. The solid particulate source of heat is formed by oxidizing part of the separated particulate solids (32). Condensed stabilized hydrocarbons are obtained by quenching the gaseous mixture stream with a quench fluid (76) which contains a capping agent for stabilizing and terminating newly formed volatilized hydrocarbon free radicals. The capping agent is partially depleted of hydrogen by the stabilization and termination reaction.

Abstract: This invention relates to a method of producing an aqueous solution which comprises soluble benzene carboxylic acid salts which is substantially free of soluble humic acid salts. A first aqueous solution (22) which comprises soluble humic acid salts and soluble benzene carboxylic acid salts is reacted with carbon dioxide (32) and an inorganic chemical (34) selected from the group consisting of magnesium bicarbonate, magnesium carbonate, a double salt of magnesium carbonate, and mixtures thereof in a mixing zone (30) under conditions operable for converting the soluble humic acid salts to precipitated magnesium humic acid salts while maintaining the soluble benzene carboxylic acid salts in solution.

Abstract: This invention discloses a process and apparatus for pyrolyzing particulate coal by heating with a particulate solid heating media in a transport reactor. The invention tends to dampen fluctuations in the flow of heating media upstream of the pyrolysis zone, and by so doing forms a substantially continuous and substantially uniform annular column of heating media flowing downwardly along the inside diameter of the reactor. The invention is particularly useful for bituminous or agglomerative type coals.

Abstract: Solid carbonaceous material, especially coal or coal char, is desulfurized by treatment with a limited amount of hydrogen to convert the organic sulfur to sulfide sulfur at an elevated temperature. The thusly formed sulfide sulfur is then removed from the solid carbonaceous material by steam treatment or other means.

Abstract: This invention discloses a process and apparatus for pyrolyzing particulate coal by heating with a particulate solid heating media in a transport reactor. The invention tends to dampen fluctuations in the flow of heating media upstream of the pyrolysis zone, and by so doing forms a substantially continuous and substantially uniform annular column of heating media flowing downwardly along the inside diameter of the reactor. The invention is particularly useful for bituminous or agglomerative type coals.

Abstract: A method of pyrolyzing and desulfurizing coal in a transport reactor to recover volatile fuel values and hydrogen by heating particulate coal entrained in a carrier gas substantially free of oxygen to a pyrolysis temperature in a zone within three seconds.

Abstract: A process for producing light aromatics, intermediate coal liquids, tar acids, and heavy hydrocarbons from pyrolytic vapors produced by the pyrolysis of coal is described herein. Such pyrolytic vapors are contacted with a quench liquid which comprises a hydrogen donor solvent to condense the pyrolytic vapors and form a liquid mixture which comprises pyrolytic condensate. The liquid mixture is separated by vacuum flashing into a vapor containing tar acids and a liquid mixture containing the quench liquid and condensate remainder. This liquid mixture is then heated to transfer hydrogen from the hydrogen donor solvent to the condensate remainder. The hydrogenated liquid mixture is then separated into a heavy hydrocarbon stream and a solvent mixture which contains the spent and unused hydrogen donor solvent.The vapor produced by the vacuum flashing is then condensed and separated into a liquid stream containing tar acids, and a tar acid raffinate.

Abstract: Pyrolytic vapors, produced by the pyrolysis of coal, are contacted with a quench liquid which comprises a hydrogen donor solvent to condense the pyrolytic vapors and form a liquid mixture which comprises pyrolytic condensate. The liquid mixture is separated by vacuum flashing into a vapor containing tar acids and a liquid mixture containing the quench liquid and condensate remainder. This liquid mixture is then heated to transfer hydrogen from the hydrogen donor solvent to the condensate remainder. The hydrogenated liquid mixture is then separated into a heavy hydrocarbon stream and a solvent mixture which contains the spent and unused hydrogen donor solvent.The vapor produced by the vacuum flashing is then condensed and separated into a liquid stream containing tar acids, and a tar acid raffinate.

Abstract: A process for producing an isomerized benzene carboxylic acid salt by treating a mixture of an aromatic material, water, and a water soluble reagent comprising a Group Ia or IIa metal with oxygen under conditions sufficient to convert at least a portion of the aromatic material to a benzene carboxylic acid salt of the metal; isomerizing the benzene carboxylic acid salt by heating without converting the benzene carboxylic acid salt to a benzene carboxylic acid salt of a different Group Ia or IIa metal prior to isomerizing; and recovering the benzene carboxylic acid salt. Another embodiment further comprises converting the isomerized benzene carboxylic acid salt to isomerized benzene carboxylic acid; regenerating the reagent; recovering the isomerized benzene carboxylic acid; and recycling the reagent thusly regenerated to supply a portion of the reagent required for producing the benzene carboxylic acid salt.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for pyrolyzing agglomerative coals which comprises introducing a fluidized bed of hot char particles into a pyrolysis chamber or reactor, and injecting upwardly into the chamber a high velocity jet of agglomerative coal particles in a carrier gas, the fluidized hot char particles surrounding the high velocity coal jet and heating the coal particles to yield gaseous products and char. The hot char particles in the fluidized state and disposed around the coal jet are entrained in the upwardly expanding coal jet and mixed with the coal particles, so that by the time the coal particles contact the pyrolysis chamber wall, such coal particles being heated by the char have passed through the tacky state and are no longer tacky and do not adhere to the chamber wall. The gaseous product and char formed during pyrolysis are rapidly removed from the pyrolysis chamber, and such char can be separated, e.g.

Abstract: Method of mixing particulate materials comprising contacting a primary source and a secondary source thereof whereby resulting mixture ensues; preferably at least one of the two sources has enough motion to insure good mixing and the particulate materials may be heat treated if desired.Apparatus for such mixing comprising an inlet for a primary source, a reactor communicating therewith, a feeding means for supplying a secondary source to the reactor, and an inlet for the secondary source. Feeding means is preferably adapted to supply fluidized materials.

Abstract: A wind energy conversion system for converting wind energy into controlled wind turbine torque comprising a wind turbine with an essentially horizontally disposed shaft, a means, rotatably mounted to a chassis, for sensing and reacting to wind turbine torque such that reaction torque acting on the means causes angular displacement of the means, a driven machine drivenly connected to the shaft of the wind turbine, and a means for adjusting wind turbine efficiency which is drivenly connected to the first mentioned means in such a way as to prevent continual angular speed thereof. Angular displacement of the first mentioned means provides the power for the last mentioned means to adjust wind turbine efficiency.

Abstract: In a process for recovery of values contained in solid carbonaceous material, a solid carbonaceous material is comminuted and then treated at an elevated temperature in a pretreatment zone with a first capping agent which is at treating conditions either a liquid or a gas. The treating conditions are such that the first capping agent is sorbed by the solid particulate carbonaceous material. The solid particulate carbonaceous material containing the sorbed first capping agent is then subjected to pyrolysis in the presence of a second capping agent, a carbon containing solid particulate source of heat and a beneficially reactive transport gas in a transport flash pyrolysis reactor, to form a pyrolysis product stream. The solid particulate carbonaceous feed material is pyrolyzed and newly formed volatilized hydrocarbon free radicals are substantially simultaneously terminated by the sorbed first capping agent or the second capping agent as such radicals are formed, to form a pyrolysis product stream.

Abstract: In a process for recovery of values contained in solid carbonaceous material, the solid carbonaceous material is comminuted and then subjected to pyrolysis, preferably in the presence of a solid particulate source of heat and a transport gas in a transport flash pyrolysis reactor, to form a pyrolysis product stream. The pyrolysis product stream contains a gaseous mixture and particulate solids. The solids are separated from the gaseous mixture to form a substantially solids-free gaseous stream which comprises volatilized hydrocarbon free radicals newly formed by pyrolysis. Preferably the solid particulate source of heat is formed by oxidizing part of the separated particulate solids. Condensed stabilized hydrocarbons are obtained by quenching the gaseous mixture stream with a quench fluid which contains a capping agent for stabilizing and terminating newly formed volatilized hydrocarbon free radicals. The capping agent is partially depleted of hydrogen by the stabilization and termination reaction.

Abstract: In a process for recovery of values contained in solid carbonaceous material, the solid carbonaceous material is comminuted and then subjected to pyrolysis, in the presence of a carbon containing solid particulate source of heat and a beneficially reactive transport gas in a transport flash pyrolysis reactor, to form a pyrolysis product stream. The pyrolysis product stream contains a gaseous mixture and particulate solids. The solids are separated from the gaseous mixture to form a substantially solids-free gaseous stream which comprises volatilized hydrocarbon free radicals newly formed by pyrolysis. Preferably the solid particulate source of heat is formed by oxidizing part of the separated particulate solids. The beneficially reactive transport gas inhibits the reactivity of the char product and the carbon-containing solid particulate source of heat.