Abstract: Petroleum coke is processed to reduce the sulfur content. Ground coke is contacted with hot hydrogen, under pressurized conditions, for a residence time of about 2 to 60 seconds. The desulfurized coke is suitable for metallurgical or electrode uses.

Abstract: Yellow iron oxide pigments having improved heat stability are prepared by subjecting an alkaline slurry of conventional yellow iron oxide, a soluble ferric salt, sodium aluminate, and a third metal component, exemplified by antimony ion or a zinc ion/titanium ion combination, to a hydrothermal (autoclave) treatment at about 100.degree.-240.degree. C. The separated solid product has a heat stability temperature (based on the color change from yellow to red when heated) appreciably higher than that of the starting iron oxide.

Abstract: Yellow iron oxide pigments having improved heat stability are prepared by subjecting an alkaline slurry of conventional yellow iron oxide, a soluble ferric salt, and sodium aluminate to a hydrothermal (autoclave) treatment at 100.degree.-240.degree. C., separating and slurrying the resultant solid product, and subjecting that product to a second hydrothermal treatment of 250.degree.-350.degree. C. The original iron oxide has a heat stability (based on color change from yellow to red) temperature of about 203.degree. C., while the final product shows a change at 270.degree. C.

Abstract: A process useful for breaking oil in water emulsions produced as the result of a surfactant flood oil recovery project is disclosed. The produced oil in water emulsion, stabilized with surfactants, content is treated with brine and a polyol or quaternary ammonium compound, or both, followed by mixing and settling to form a sprung oil phase and a brine phase.

Abstract: Yellow iron oxide pigments having improved heat stability are prepared by mixing a conventional yellow iron oxide pigment with an aqueous alkaline solution of a soluble antimony compound. This yields a yellow pigment whose particle surface is coated with "antimony-bloom", and this product has a higher heat stability temperature than does the starting yellow iron oxide. When the product coated with "antimony-bloom" is subjected to hydrothermal treatment (autoclaving), the resultant material has a yet-higher heat stability temperature. Other, related treatments furnish products with improved heat stability temperatures.

Abstract: Lustrous flaky red iron oxide pigments containing aluminum in solid solution are produced by applying hydrothermal treatment to iron oxyhydroxide or colloidal precipitates of a ferric hydroxide in an aqueous aluminate solution. Lustrous pigments exhibiting various colors different from those of titanium dioxide-coated mica pigments are produced by coating titanium dioxide hydrate or titanium dioxide on the surface of the grains of flaky red iron.

Abstract: The invention concerns the flow and measurement of divided solids in small diameter tubes at high pressures. A flow channel is drilled through a metal block. A second channel is drilled so that the second channel intersects the first channel at a right angle. A beam of light, sent through an optical fiber in the second channel, travels across the first channel and is received and recorded in the distal end of the extension of the second channel. Interruptions of the light beam, due to the passage of solids along the first channel, are translated into indications of the flow of the solids.

Abstract: Synthetic yellow iron oxide (.alpha.-FeOOH) is dispersed in an aqueous ferric solution, and an adequate alkali solution and an aqueous aluminum salt solution are added. The resultant dispersion is subjected to a hydrothermal treatment at 150.degree.-250.degree. C. By this treatment, the surface of the synthetic yellow iron oxide is covered with a (FeAl)OOH (solid solution). Yellow iron oxides treated thus have an elevated resistivity to heat of about 50.degree. C. The modified synthetic yellow iron oxide thus obtained is non-toxic and can be used as a pigment in plastics and melt-type traffic paint.

Abstract: A precipitated red iron oxide, having high crystallinity, low acicularity, unifrom particle size, and purity of color, is produced by aerating an alkaline mixture of copperas and soda ash to form seed crystals, increasing the temperature, adding additional copperas, and aerating the mixture to form red oxide crystals of the desired color. The final color can vary from a light salmon to a dark maroon.

Abstract: The compositions comprise organic or inorganic pigments mixed with a combination of (a) waxy materials such as natural, synthetic, or petroleum waxes and (b) wax-like materials such as polyethylene glycols or hydrocarbon resins. These compositions are easily dispersible in thermoset and thermoplastic resins, require no special equipment, and can be let down directly.

Abstract: An alkali metal silicate solution is added to a slurried mixture of yellow iron oxide monohydrate and zinc oxide (or magnesium oxide). After thorough mixing, and the mixture is filtered, dried, and calcined, giving a ferrite tan pigment.

Abstract: The calciner is an elongated, insulated chamber, in which material is fed to counter-rotating screw conveyors. The material is calcined by heat radiating from a muffle plate interposed between the conveyors and gas-fired burners. This radiant heating, applied evenly to material having a constantly-exposed fresh surface, results in increased production, lower fuel cost per pound of product, and higher quality product.

Abstract: Copperas solution is purified and mixed with a silica-containing material, such as fumed silica. The mixture is then dried to give a monohydrate (FeSO.sub.4.H.sub.2 O)/silica material. Calcination of this substance results in a copperas red oxide having improved color characteristics and lower losses due to uncalcined sulfate. The amount of silica added is 0.25-10 wt. %, based on the finished oxide product.

Abstract: This process reduces the soluble iron found in the final effluent of a plant making iron oxide by the Penniman-Zoph scrap process. The finished oxide product slurry is separated from the scrap iron, and the slurry is aerated while the pH is maintained between about 3.0 and 5.0. As the soluble iron is converted to product oxide, the pH of the system rises toward the higher value.

Abstract: A high pressure, high temperature reactor device having a pair of spaced tube sheets for supporting a tube nest, one tube sheet being formed with a bellows to compensate for expansion and contraction of the tube nest longitudinally during temperature changes and the second tube sheet supporting the opposite end tubes of the tube nest, with injector tubes mating with each reactor tube and projecting through the reactor shell.

Abstract: The material to be dried, such as coal, is mixed with an aromatic liquid, such as benzene, which removes a portion of the available water from the coal. The mixture of water and benzene, called an azeotrope, has a minimum boiling point relative to the surrounding liquid medium and is easily removed from the total mixture as a vapor. The condensed vapor forms two phases which are separated, furnishing a water stream for use elsewhere in the overall coal processing system and a benzene steam for recycle use. The dried coal/benzene slurry is further processed.

Abstract: Filled thermoplastic compositions have a lower melt index than do the virgin resins, leading to problems in molding. The melt index of the filled resin can be raised by the addition of 3-12 wt.% atactic polypropylene.

Abstract: An improved process for hydrating with liquid water over a solid catalyst and with a liquid solvent a liquid iso-olefin selected from the group consisting of C.sub.4 iso-olefins and C.sub.5 iso-olefins to form a corresponding product alcohol in the liquid state. The improvement comprises maintaining the liquid iso-olefins, the solvent, and the water in a single liquid phase in order to increase the conversion percentage of the iso-olefin to the corresponding alcohol.

Abstract: Oil shale, crushed to about 70 mesh size (300 microns or less), is slurried with a recycle stream from the processing of the reactor effluent. The slurry is then heated and charged, along with hydrogen, to an upflow, fluidized bed reactor. The kerogen in the shale undergoes hydroretorting, giving a C.sub.1 -650.degree. F. range of products. The spent shale is removed with and separated from the reactor overhead effluent.

Abstract: In an upflow, ebullated bed reactor using a heterogeneous catalyst, a transport liquid compatible with the catalyst and the reactor feedstock is used. During the addition of fresh catalyst, a heated slurry of catalyst and transport liquid is pumped into the reactor under conditions to minimize (a) the temperature difference between the slurry and the reactor and (b) exposure of the fresh catalyst to a deactivating elevated temperature. During catalyst withdrawal, the temperature of the reactor effluent stream is controlled by mixing with a transport liquid. Measurement and flowability of the resultant mixture is thus assured.