Abstract: Basically the present invention in its most simple form or embodiment is directed to a heat exchanger which provides for at least two heat exchange surfaces and which has the combustion of the fuel, which generates the heat, take place within the heat exchanger rather than the heat of combustion being introduced into the exchanger from an external combustion chamber and wherein the flame is directed into an opening of a truncated cone which cone has a shape approximating the shape of the flame and wherein the tips or ends of the flame "play" on an arcuate surface which is in thermal energy transfer communication with fluid to be heated which is at the unheated or ambient temperature. Additionally, note that the fluid, air in the case of a hot air system, is introduced into the passages where heat exchange will take place, and directed toward the hottest region of the combustion chamber. That is, the coldest air comes into thermal contact with the hottest region providing for maxinum heat exchange.

Abstract: This invention relates to food of as little caloric value as desired made into spreadable gels, ideally transparent for certain usages and opaque for others, similar in consistency to mayonnaise or butter at room temperature. The taste release of such gels is superior to that of other products served set or molded. Such is true because the more divided or fractioned a food is, the more surface area available with which the taste buds of the tongue may interact. Fruit spreads may thus be produced using less sugar or concentrate than those formulated with either pectin or gelatin. The gels are made pipeable by fractioning set gels using at least a 325 mesh sieve. After fractioning the gel is remixed producing a pipeable gel.The invention relates to a gelled form or non-beverage form of ethyl alcohol and to the method for making gelled ethyl alcohol and to the products formed from such gelled alcohol.

Abstract: The subject of this invention is the development of new alloys along with new processing approaches for the utilization of the alloys. A particular class of alloys comprises at least one noble metal selected from the group comprising gold, palladium, silver and copper and an amount of between about 0.20 weight percent and about 0.80 weight percent of at least one metalloid selected from the group of metalloids consisting of boron, phosphorous, silicon and lithium. Rapid solidification technology in powder fabrication and the addition of metalloids have been combined to produce a new class of palladium based alloys. The metalloid additions greatly increase the hardness, enhance the fine grain structure and aid sintering densification. Net-shape forming is a benefit derived from the characteristics of the new alloys.

Abstract: The present invention, in its most simple embodiment, is directed to an improved shingle or shake which has a strapping member affixed to the underside thereof and positioned across the narrow dimension of the shingle a distance from the tip end toward the butt end about equal to the exposure width. The strapping member may have at least one slot through the outer surface directed along the height dimension, substantially perpendicular to the lower facing surface and having a depth less than the strapping depth. The strapping member serves, at least, the functions of consistently positioning shingle in successive courses to result in a constant exposure width and allowing the circulation and flow of air under and around the shingles so that they will dry out and thus remain functional for a long period of time.

Abstract: The present invention provides a process for the electroless plating of easily reducible metals onto ultrafine, usually inert, particles. Such plating is achieved through careful and accurate control of such parameters as the feed rates of the various solutions, the control of pH of the solution, the temperature, pressure and the rate of agitation of the solution in which the plating is taking place. The plated ultrafine composite particles and the powders made from the particles produced by the process are also a part of the invention. There is also provided a metal article of manufacture consisting of a metla such as copper, silver, gold, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium and platinum with a plurality of shperical shaped ultrafine particles with a diameter of less than about 10 microns dispersed substantially evenly through the metal article.

Abstract: This invention is directed to a flame switchable gas burning device, adapted to be mounted or attached within the oven cavity of a gas stove, which provides an improved gas stove having control of the flame switching air and the convection cooking air. Such control is achieved by providing a shunt air path which may have one or more controlled dampers and a blower with variable and controllable speed. In another embodiment the combustion gases and the cooking air are kept separate by incorporation of a counterflow heat exchanger making the device indirect fired. In the indirect fired embodiment steam may be controllably introduced into the oven cavity to further speed the baking/cooking time. The improved gas oven can, within the one oven cavity, operate in the broil, bake, steam cook, and self-clean mode without the need for multiple burners or multiple oven cavities and without the need for manually operated baffles or dampers.

Abstract: A unique bowed prefabricated structural building panel and a bowed roof for a building using the panel. The panel preferably having a light weight rigid highly insulative foam bore bonded to inner and outer skins and having a bowed configuration which when assembled with similar panels creates a bowed structural wall and/or a bowed structural roof. A method for building a bowed roof for a building such as a cap house by assembling a plurality of bowed structural prefabricated panels in edge-to-edge relationship to create the bowed configuration on the roof.

Abstract: The present invention in its most simple form or embodiment is directed to a heat exchanger which provides for at least two heat exchange surfaces. The two heat exchange surfaces are defined by an inner wall or inner shell which separates a combustion region or combustion passage and at least one fluid passage defined by the inner shell, and an outer wall or outer shell. The space defined between the inner and outer shells being the combustion region or combustion passage. The combustion chamber is configured to provide for full and efficient fuel combustion without any flat surfaces upon which a flame of combustion could impinge. Because of the nature of the construction, the flame forms into a fan configuration allowing thorough mixture with the combustion air and thus providing for complete and efficient combustion.

Abstract: A unique hardenable silver alloy is provided which is solution annealed and preferably age-hardened to yield a silver alloy of exceptional and reversible hardness. The alloys utilize intermetallic systems comprising; silver, copper, combined with lithium alone or tin alone in varying percent amounts, or silver, copper, lithium and either tin or antimony, or silver, copper, lithium, tin and antimony, or silver, copper, lithium, tin and bismuth, or silver, copper, lithium, tin, bismuth and antimony.

Abstract: A tapered dovetail mortise and tenon joint is formed within typically a post and beam or within two joists which intersect perpendicular to each other. The tapered dovetail shaped mortise portion cavity is shaped to interfit with a dovetail shaped tenon portion. The tenon portion has incorporated therein a plurality of acute angles which permit easy assembly, cause precise alignment and cause forces to be created when components are connected using the joint which forces tend to bring the mated components into very rigid tightly interfitted assembled relationship. The joint, when assembled, is not visible because of the unique configuration of the mortise and tenon portions. A very large load bearing capability of inherent in the joint partly because of the large mating surface incorporated into the side surfaces and the bottom surfaces and also partly becuase the integrity of the chords and the web of the "I-Beam" cross section of the components is not violated.

Abstract: A unique prefabricated panel having joints on at least the vertical edges of the panel is provided which can be easily and effectively assembled into a wall by gluing the panels together at the edges without the need for splines or stud posts thereby creating a joint, preferably a captured scarf joint, which is strong and which joint provides for a large bonding surface ans is effective to capture, align and rigidly secure the panels together and inmportantly maintain the skin strength through the joint. When a joint, preferably a captured scarf joint, is provided on the horizontal edges and the vertical edges, larger panels can be assembled from smaller panels while maintaining the skin strength of the larger panel. The panels can be also be effectively assembled as a floor or a roof. There is no buckling of the shingles of the roof when the panels of the instant invention are used.

Abstract: A unique hardenable silver alloy is provided which is solution annealed and preferably age-hardened to yield a silver alloy of exceptional and reversible hardness. The alloys utilize intermetallic systems comprising silver, copper, combined with lithium alone or tin alone in varying percent amounts, or silver, copper, lithium and either tin or antimony, or silver, copper, lithium and either aluminum or indium or zinc, or silver, copper, antiomony and either aluminum or indium or zinc, or silver, copper, lithium, tin and antimony, or silver, copper, lithium, tin and bismuth, or silver, copper, lithium, tin, bismuth and antimony.

Abstract: This invention is directed to a method of and apparatus or device for flame switching in order to associate a flame and the energy of the flame with different and distinct energy using systems. The flame switchable gas burning device, when adapted to be mounted or attached within the oven cavity of a gas stove, provides an improved gas stove which can, within the one oven cavity, operate in the broil, bake and self-clean mode without the need for multiple burners or multiple oven cavities and without the need for manually operated baffles or dampers.

Abstract: The disclosed source of coherent radiation is of the type adapted to provide an inversion layer of electrons. The preferred embodiment comprises a grated MOSFET having gallium arsenide or indium antimonide substrate so as to provide a source which is (1) operable at room temperatures, and (2) self-exciting in response to predetermined, substantially constant DC current levels of gate voltage and source-drain voltage.

Abstract: This invention is a method of initiating or seeding the growth of a crystalline or polycrystalline ribbon by the String Stabilized Ribbon Growth Method. The method for seeding the crystal growth comprises contacting a melt surface with a seed and two strings used in edge stabilization. The wetted strings attach to the wetted seed as a result of the freezing of the liquid melt. Upon drawing the seed, which is attached to the strings, away from the melt surface a melt liquid meniscus, a seed junction, and a growth interface forms. Further pulling of the attached seed causes a crystal ribbon to grow at the growth interface. The boundaries of the growing ribbon are: at the top the seed junction, at the bottom the freezing boundary of the melt liquid meniscus, and at the edges frozen-in strings.

Abstract: A fluid pump including a double-entry impeller whose outer boundary is defined by a dissected spherical surface. The spherical surface includes an equatorial region which may be a groove or a cylindrical surface. The impeller is polarized magnetically and forms a dipole whose axis is normal to the plane of the equatorial region. The rotating magnetic field of a polyphase stator winding spins the impeller, and aligns the impeller spin axis along the stator axis.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for making high resolution color prints using ink jet techniques. The method and apparatus of providing for precise control of the number of droplets of printing fluid which is deposited in a pixel on recording paper. The precise control is achieved by incremental control of the print pulse width or time duration. Further precision can be obtained by synchronizing droplet formation with for example, the leading edge of the print pulse. The number of droplets charged during the time duration of the print pulse are the number of droplets which impinge on the paper and at the pixel location. The number of droplets creates therefore a color density. Use of a plurality of nozzles and ink colors will permit the production of very high resolution and high quality color prints.

Abstract: An economical method is presented for forming thin sheets of crystalline silicon suitable for use in a photovoltaic conversion cell by solidification from the liquid phase. Two spatially separated, generally coplanar filaments wettable by liquid silicon and joined together at the end by a bridge member are immersed in a silicon melt and then slowly withdrawn from the melt so that a silicon crystal is grown between the edge of the bridge and the filaments.

Abstract: A method for producing thin films of chalcogenides of the rare earths characterized by introducing a rare earth metal vapor into an atmosphere not containing oxygen, but containing a gaseous chalcogen as well as hydrogen, at a total pressure about 1.times.10.sup.-4, giving rise to a reaction which forms a gaseous rare earth chalcogenide. The gaseous rare earth chalcogenide is then deposited as a thin film on a substrate heated to 200.degree. C. to about 400.degree. C.

Abstract: A device for sharpening saw chains while the saw chain is mounted on a chain saw cutting bar. The saw chain sharpening device is designed for use by a chain saw operator at the job site. The device comprises a frame configured to be straddle mounted over the saw chain and removeably clamped to the cutting bar. The frame has mounted thereon at least one pair of diammetrically opposed bushings having an inside diameter to accept a saw file and to permit the file to be slideably moved and axially aligned with the axis of alignment positioned relative to the saw chain so that the saw tooth being filed will be filed at the proper angle. The file guide bushings also provide precise control of the saw file position relative to the saw tooth being sharpened.