Abstract: A process for the extraction of an anthocyanin-type color from a natural product which comprises bringing the natural product containing said color into contact with a sulfite ion-containing aqueous solution at a temperature of 85.degree. C. or higher for 30 minutes or less, at which time the sulfite ion content of said aqueous solution firstly contacting the natural product is adjusted to at least 10,000 ppm in terms of SO.sub.2.

Abstract: A ferritic cryogenic steel which has a relatively low (about 4-6%) manganese content and which has been made suitable for use at cryogenic temperatures by a thermal cycling treatment followed by a final tempering. The steel includes 4-6% manganese, 0.02-0.06% carbon, 0.1-0.4% molybdenum and 0-3% nickel.

Abstract: Bitumen is separated from tar sands by contacting the tar sands with a small amount of liquid, heating the liquid treated tar sands to expand the liquid as a vapor thereby reducing the density of the bitumen and separating the bitumen from the remainder of the tar sands on the basis of density.

Abstract: Maleic anhydride and acrylic acid are produced by the oxidation of 1,3-butadiene, n-butylenes, crotonaldehyde and furan with molecular oxygen in the vapor phase in the presence of a catalytic oxide of antimony, molybdenum, vanadium and lithium, cerium, or mixture thereof, wherein the element selected from the group consisting of calcium, iron, tungsten, magnesium, aluminum and nickel is optionally added as a reducing agent. The oxidation of 1,3-butadiene in the presence of a catalyst wherein tungsten metal is used as a reducing agent gives especially desirable high yields to maleic anhydride.

Abstract: Maleic anhydride is produced by the oxidation of 1,3-butadiene, n-butylenes, crotonaldehyde and furan with molecular oxygen in the vapor phase in the presence of catalytic oxides of antimony, molybdenum, at least one element selected from the group consisting of niobium, zirconium, titanium and tantalum and optionally a reducing agent capable of reducing at least part of the molybdenum in the catalyst to a valence state below +6 selected from the group consisting of hydrazine hydrate, molybdenum, tungsten, magnesium, aluminum, and nickel. This catalyst may optionally contain one or more elements selected from the group consisting of Li, Ag, Ce, Cd, Co, As, Si, Zn, Ge, Bi, Ru, Pt, U, Al and Ni. Especially desirable yields of maleic anhydride are obtained from 1,3-butadiene in the presence of a catalyst wherein molybdenum metal is used as a reducing agent.

Abstract: Methacrylic acid or acrylic acid are produced by the oxidation of methacrolein or acrolein, respectively, with molecular oxygen in the vapor phase in the presence of a catalytic oxide of molybdenum, phosphorus, arsenic, at least one element selected from the group consisting of Ag, Rh, Ru, and Au, oxygen, and optionally, at least one of Cd, Pt, Tl, Pd, Al, Ge, Cu, Ni, alkaline earth metal, NH.sub.4 and Cl.

Abstract: Methacrylic acid or acrylic acid are produced by the oxidation of methacrolein or acrolein, respectively, with molecular oxygen in the vapor phase in the presence of a catalytic oxide of molybdenum, phosphorus, arsenic, at least one element selected from the group consisting of U, Ti, Nb, Re, Pb, Zn, and Ga, oxygen, and optionally, at least one of Cu, a rare earth element, Ag, Ta, In, Th, Cd, Tl, alkaline earth metal, NH.sub.4, Cl, Ni, Al and Ge.

Abstract: Methacrylic acid or acrylic acid is produced by the oxidation of methacrolein or acrolein respectively, with molecular oxygen in the vapor phase in the presence of a catalytic oxide of molybdenum and phosphorus, promoted with chromium or at least one element selected from the group consisting of thallium, rubidium, cesium, potassium, titanium, and arsenic, or a mixture thereof, wherein at least part of the molybdenum employed in the preparation of the catalyst is supplied in the form of molybdenum trioxide. The oxidation of methacrolein in the presence of a catalyst wherein all the molybdenum employed in the preparation of the catalyst has been supplied by molybdenum trioxide gives especially desirable high yields and selectivities to methacrylic acid.

Abstract: Maleic anhydride is produced by the oxidation of n-butane, n-butenes, 1,3-butadiene or mixture thereof with molecular oxygen in the vapor phase in the presence of a catalytic oxide of molybdenum, phosphorus, arsenic, oxygen, and at least one element selected from the group consisting of Sn, rare earth metal, Zr, Rh, Mn, Re, Ru, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ti and Cr, Nb, Al, Ga, and alkaline earth metal.

Abstract: Methacrylic acid or acrylic acid are produced by the oxidation of methacrolein or acrolein, respectively, with molecular oxygen in the vapor phase in the presence of a catalytic oxide of molybdenum, phosphorus, bismuth, copper, oxygen, optionally a halogen selected from the group consisting of chlorine, bromine or iodine, and optionally, at least one element selected from the group consisting of Fe, Cr, Ni, Mn, Sb, Te, Rh, and Pd.

Abstract: Coated catalysts having an inert support material with an outer surface and a coating of active catalyst containing molybdenum, phosphorus, arsenic, copper and oxygen have been found to be especially effective catalysts for the production of unsaturated acids from the corresponding unsaturated aldehydes, for example, methacrolein is oxidized to methacrylic acid using these catalysts. The catalysts give a very low exotherm, very high single pass yields of the desired acid and reduce the undesirable byproducts.

Abstract: Very desirable temperature control and selectivity are obtained in the oxidation of benzene to maleic anhydride using an oxidation catalyst of an essentially inert support of at least 20 microns containing on its outer surface a coating of a catalytically active oxide material or a catalytically active oxide material and an oxide support.

Abstract: Maleic anhydride is produced by the oxidation of n-butane, n-butenes, 1,3-butadiene with molecular oxygen in the vapor phase in the presence of a catalytic oxide of molybdenum, phosphorus, bismuth, copper, oxygen, and a halogen selected from the group consisting of chlorine, bromine or iodine.

Abstract: Maleic anhydride is produced by the oxidation of n-butane, n-butenes, 1,3-butadiene or mixture thereof with molecular oxygen in the vapor phase in the presence of a catalytic oxide of molybdenum, phosphorus, rubidium, oxygen, and at least one element selected from the group consisting of Sn, rare earth element, Ni, Zr, Ba, Fe, Rh, Mn, Re, Ru, Co and Cu.

Abstract: Maleic anhydride is produced by the oxidation of n-butane, n-butenes, 1,3-butadiene or mixture thereof with molecular oxygen in the vapor phase in the presence of a catalytic oxide of molybdenum, phosphorus, oxygen, and at least one element selected from the group consisting of As, Rb, Pd, Cd, Cs, Tl and In.

Abstract: Vanadium-free catalysts consisting essentially of oxides of titanium and phosphorus have been found to be especially effective in the oxidation of n-butane, n-butenes and 1,3-butadiene with molecular oxygen in the vapor phase to yield maleic anhydride. The reaction with n-butane gives an especially pure product in good yield and selectivity.

Abstract: Methacrylic acid or acrylic acid are produced by the oxidation of methacrolein or acrolein, respectively, with molecular oxygen in the vapor phase in the presence of a catalytic oxide of molybdenum, phosphorus, bismuth, copper, oxygen, a halogen selected from the group consisting of chlorine, bromine or iodine, and optionally, at least one element selected from the group consisting of Fe, Cr, Ni, Mn, Sb, Te, Rh, and Pd.

Abstract: Phthalic anhydride is prepared by the oxidation of ortho-xylene with molecular oxygen at a temperature of about 200.degree. to about 600.degree. C. in the presence of an oxidation catalyst that comprises an essentially inert support having a strongly-adhering coat of a catalytic composition containing an oxide of vanadium wherein the concentration of vanadium is less than 10%.

Abstract: Methacrylic acid or acrylic acid are produced by the oxidation of methacrolein or acrolein, respectively, with molecular oxygen in the vapor phase in the presence of a catalytic oxide of molybdenum, phosphorus, arsenic, at least one element selected from the group consisting of Ag, Rh, Ru, and Au, oxygen, and optionally, at least one of Cd, Pt, Tl, Pd, Al, Ge, Cu, Ni, alkaline earth metal, NH.sub.4 and Cl.

Abstract: Phthalic anhydride is prepared by the oxidation of ortho-xylene with molecular oxygen at a temperature of about 200.degree. to about 600.degree. C. in the presence of an oxidation catalyst that comprises an essentially inert support having a strongly-adhering coat of a catalytic composition containing an oxide of vanadium wherein the concentration of vanadium is less than 10%.