Abstract: A process for purifying a reaction mixture comprising a phosphorodithioic acid ester of dichloro-para-dioxane prepared by reacting an O,O-dialkyl phosphorodithioic acid with a dichloro-para-dioxane in the presence of a catalytic amount of a Lewis acid. This process comprises washing the reaction mixture with an ammonium hydroxide solution, and preferably with an ammonium hydroxide solution containing ammonium chloride.

Abstract: A process for selectively substituting an aromatic nitro group of a nitrophthalic anhydride with a halo group which comprises contacting the nitroaromatic-containing compound with a phosphorus halide of formula:R.sub.n PX.sub.5-nwherein n is selected from 0, 1, 2 and 3; R is selected from the group consisting of C-6 to C-10 aryl and substituted aryl wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of: straight and branched chain alkyl, alkoxy, and haloalkyl; halogen, sulfonate and mixtures thereof; and X is a halogen. The process can take place in the presence of an arylphosphorusoxydihalide solvent or without using a solvent. The use of an arylphosphorustetrahalide and particularly phenylphosphorustetrachloride is preferred. The arylphosphorustetrahalide can be prepared in situ by contacting a solution of the corresponding arylphosphorusdihalide in an arylphosphorusoxydihalide solvent with a halogen.

Abstract: Disclosed is a process for preparing organo-sulfonium halide of the formula ##STR1## wherein X is an halide, R.sub.1, R.sub.2 and R.sub.3 are the same or different and are selected from the group consisting of: alkyl having 1 to 24 carbon atoms, inclusive; allyl having 2 to 24 carbon atoms, inclusive; alkenyl having 2 to 24 carbon atoms, inclusive; alkynyl having 2 to 24 carbon atoms, inclusive; aryl having 6 to 24 carbon atoms, inclusive; and wherein said alkyl, allyl, alkenyl, alkynyl and aryl are optionally substituted with a group that is inert to organo-sulfides comprising: reacting an alcohol, e.g. methanol, with an halide derivative which when reacted with an organo-sulfide forms an organo-sulfonium halide, e.g., thionyl halide, sulfuryl halide and carbonyl halide; and then adding an organo-sulfide, e.g., dimethyl sulfide, to the above reaction mixture with agitation while allowing the gas formed to be eliminated so that the organo-sulfonium halide, e.g., trimethyl sulfonium halide, is formed.

Abstract: Process for preparing dry fast-setting, magnesium phosphate cementitious composition capable of setting to a hardened mass at ambient temperatures following the addition of water thereto is disclosed. In this process unfiltered superphosphoric acid is added to a mixture of a magnesium-containing compound, e.g. MgO, and an aggregate, e.g. silica, with cooling to form a dry powder. This dry powder can be stored without caking, and forms a fast-setting cement having commercially acceptable compressive strength in the presence of water.

Abstract: A process for selectively substituting an aromatic nitro group with a halo group which comprises contacting the nitroaromatic compound with a phosphorushalide of formula: R.sub.n PX.sub.5-n wherein n is selected from 0, 1, 2 and 3; R is selected from the group consisting of C-6 to C-10 aryl and substituted aryl wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of: straight and branched chain alkyl, alkoxy, and haloalkyl; halogen, sulfonate and mixtures thereof; and X is a halogen in the presence of an arylphosphorusoxydihalide solvent. The use of an arylphosphorustetrahalide and particularly phenylphosphorustetrachloride is preferred. The arylphosphorustetrahalide can be prepared in situ by contacting a solution of the corresponding arylphosphorusdihalide in an arylphosphorusoxydihalide solvent with a halogen. The process can further comprise the step of heating the reaction mixture to maintain a temperature of from about 100.degree. C. to about 175.degree. C.

Abstract: An improved process for preparing a phosphorus complex of the formula:RP.sym.Cl.sub.3.P.crclbar.Cl.sub.6wherein R is selected from the group consisting of: aryl; substituted aryl, wherein the substituent can comprise at least one member selected from the group consisting of nitro, chloro, fluoro, alkyl, fluoro-alkyl, alkoxy and mixtures thereof; alkyl and substituted alkyl by the reaction of phosphorus pentachloride and a phosphonic dichloride of the formula:RPOCl.sub.2wherein R is defined as above, wherein the improvement comprises: reacting the phosphorus pentachloride and the phsophonic dichloride in the presence of an inert solvent capable of co-distilling a phosphorus oxychloride reaction product, for example, chlorobenzene, and co-distilling said phosphorus oxychloride reaction product during the reaction of the phosphorus pentachloride and the phosphonic dichloride. The inert solvent can boil at a temperature ranging from about 120.degree. C. to about 150.degree. C.

Abstract: Liquid para-toluenesulfonyl chloride is reacted with chlorine gas at elevated temperatures in the presence of a catalytic amount of a Lewis acid catalyst, preferably antimony trichloride. Sulfuric acid is added then the reaction mixture is heated and subsequently cooled to about room temperature. Ammonium hydroxide is added then the reaction mixture is distilled to yield a substantially pure 2,6-dichlorotoluene.

Abstract: A process for applying an aqueous mixture of a magnesium phosphate cementitious material to a base material in which the resulting bond between the materials is improved. In this method the base material is coated with a passivating agent capable of reducing the pH of the surface of the base material prior to applying the aqueous mixture of magnesium phosphate cementitious material. The base material can be a hydraulic cementitious material, e.g., Portland cement. The cementitious material is magnesium phosphate quick-setting cement. Preferred passivating agents can be aluminum acid phosphate, magnesium acid phosphate, aluminum sulfate, ammonium polyphosphate, phosphoric acid, an activator and mixtures thereof. The resulting laminated structure composed of the base material, the coating and the magnesium phosphate cementitious material is also disclosed.

Abstract: There is disclosed a process for decolorizing arylsulfonyl halides. The disclosed process decolorizes arylsulfonyl halides derived from the reaction of an arylsulfonic acid with a sulfur halide and a corresponding halogen. The resulting arylsulfonyl halide is contacted with a decolorizing agent and thereafter optionally dstilled. The decolorizing agent can be an oxidizing agent, for example, hydrogen peroxide, sodium hypochlorite, potassium permanganate, chlorine, nitric acid, and air in the presence of platinum on charcoal catalyst. The decolorizing agent can also be a reducing agent, e.g., dimethyl phosphite, trimethyl phosphite, triphenyl phosphite, hydrogen sulfide, sodium hypophosphite and red phosphorus. Additionally, the decolorizing agent can be a compound having at least one alkene linkage, e.g., polybutadiene, C.sub.14 -C.sub.30 alpha-olefins, and unsaturated vegetable oils.

Abstract: A process for photochlorinating aromatic compounds in the side chain and, in particular, a process for the selective chlorination of a 2-alkyl group of 2-alkyl benzoic acid or ester is disclosed. In this process, hydrogen chloride is added to the benzoic acid or ester prior to adding chlorine in the presence of actinic radiation at a reaction temperature below the decomposition temperature of the resulting chlorinated acid or ester. A typical aromatic compound is methyl 2-methylbenzoate and the reaction is preferably carried out at a temperature ranging from about -20.degree. C. to 20.degree. C.

Abstract: There is disclosed a process for the production of arylsulfonyl halides, e.g., benzenesulfonyl chloride. The disclosed process adds a phosphorus-containing additive, e.g., phosphorous acid, before the reaction of an arylsulfonic acid with a sulfur halide and a halogen. The phosphorus-containing additive reduces the thermal instability of the residue remaining after distillation of the arylsulfonyl halide.

Abstract: Polyether urethane foams that are heat laminatable are prepared by incorporating within the foam an effective amount of an organophosphorus additive. This organophosphorus additive can be an organophosphite, an organophosphonate, an organophosphate, and a mixture thereof. This foam can also include an halogenated flame retardant.

Abstract: Polyether urethane foams that are heat laminatable are prepared by incorporating within the foam an effective amount of an organophosphorus additive. This organophosphorus additive can be an organophosphite, an organophosphonate, an organophosphate, and a mixture thereof. This foam can also include an halogenated flame retardant.

Abstract: A process for purifying crude substituted phthalic anhydrides, e.g. 4-methylphthalic anhydride, derived from the dehydrogenation in the presence of bromine of a Diels-Alder addition product of a conjugated diene, e.g. isoprene, and maleic anhydride. In this process, a mixture of the crude, liquid substituted phthalic anhydride, e.g. 4-methylphthalic anhydride, and an alkali is heated to a temperature effective to reduce the impurities present in the crude substituted phthalic anhydride. Suitable alkalis can include sodium hydroxide and sodium carbonate. Mild alkalis are heated to a higher temperature, e.g. 130.degree. C. for sodium carbonate, whereas stronger alkalis are heated to a lower temperature, e.g. 90.degree. C. for sodium hydroxide.

Abstract: A method for the dehydroxylation of alpha-hydroxyketone using lithium diphenylphosphide. The alpha-hydroxyketone, e.g. benzoin, is reacted with a solution of lithium diphenylphosphide followed by the addition of either an alkyl halide, e.g. methyliodide, or an alkyl halide and an organic acid, e.g. acetic acid, to yield the dehydroxylated compound, e.g. desoxybenzoin.

Abstract: This invention relates to a novel intermediate temperature fuel cell electrolyte, fuel cells containing this electrolyte and a process for operating these fuel cells.The fuel cell electrolyte composition comprises one or more phosphonic acids. Typical phosphonic acids are compounds of the formula ##STR1## wherein R is a moiety derived from hydroxyalkyl, alkyl, phenyl, alkylphenyl, vinyl, haloalkyl, halophenyl, halomethylphenyl, vinyl, amine, ammonia and ##STR2## and m represents an integer from 1 to 3 and n represents 0 (zero) or the integer 1. This electrolyte composition can further comprise phosphoric acid.The fuel cell electrolyte composition can include a gelling agent and can be effectively used in fuel cells wherein the fuel is hydrogen, the oxidizer is oxygen and the operating temperature is between about 100.degree. C. and 250.degree. C.

Abstract: Polyether urethane foams that are heat laminatable are prepared by incorporating within the foam an effective amount of an organophosphorus additive. This organophosphorus additive can be an organophosphite, an organophosphonate, an organophosphate, and a mixture thereof. This foam can also include an halogenated flame retardant.

Abstract: This invention relates to a novel intermediate temperature fuel cell electrolyte, fuel cells containing this electrolyte and a process for operating these fuel cells.The fuel cell electrolyte composition comprises one or more phosphonic acids. Typical phosphonic acids are compounds of the formula ##STR1## wherein R is a moiety derived from hydroxyalkyl, alkyl, phenyl, alkylphenyl, vinyl, haloalkyl, halophenyl, halomethylphenyl, vinyl, amine, ammonia and ##STR2## and m represents an integer from 1 to 3 and n represents 0 (zero) or the integer 1. This electrolyte composition can further comprise phosphoric acid.The fuel cell electrolyte composition can include a gelling agent and can be effectively used in fuel cells wherein the fuel is hydrogen, the oxidizer is oxygen and the operating temperature is between about 100.degree. C. and 250.degree. C.

Abstract: A process for preparing substituted phthalic anhydrides, e.g. 4-methylphthalic anhydride, in which the Diels-Alder addition product of a conjugated diene, e.g. isoprene, and maleic anhydride is reacted with sulfuryl chloride in the presence of pyridine and an optional solvent, e.g. chlorobenzene.

Abstract: A process for preparing substituted phthalic anhydrides, example 4-methylphthalic, in which the Diels-Alder addition product of a conjugated diene, example isoprene, and maleic anhydride is reacted with sulfur in the presence of a catalyst. The catalyst is zinc oxide and 2-mercaptobenzothiazole. This reaction is carried out at elevated temperatures. A resulting thio derivative by-product can further be reacted with water at elevated temperatures in the presence of catalytic amounts of a base to form 4-methylphthalic anhydride. This base can be sodium hydroxide or N,N,N', N'-tetramethylguanidine. o-Dichlorobenzene can be added to prevent solids distillation during the process.