Abstract: For reducing Internet congestion caused by multiple flows of the same popular content transmitted to different destinations, a single flow of content is transmitted from the content hosting server to an Internet regional domain using a conventional exterior routing and in the regional domain, using an interior flow routing. Inside of regional domain, packet destination address is replaced by a flow number, which is used as a local and temporary alias of content. This enables recipient devices that have requested the same content and have been provided with the flow number to receive the same flow of packets and thus to prevent congestion and delays in content delivery that may be caused by multiple separate flows of the same content transmitted from the content hosting server to recipients at different recipients' addresses. The technology implementation is local to a singly administered regional system and does not require any change to the global Internet infrastructure.

Abstract: For digital media, audience evaluation is performed as a result of transmitter-receiver interaction similar to a lottery game. The transmitter provides receivers with a preliminary audience estimate and a “winning” number, both placed in control packets multiplexed with a media stream. Each receiver generates a random number within a range of numbers proportional to the audience estimate and if the winning number is generated, the receiver sends a “claim” back to the transmitter over a return path. The transmitter increases or decreases the audience estimate placed in control packets if the number of “winners” is statistically greater or lesser than theoretically predicted for correct estimates until the number of winners becomes as predicted. Reducing the volume of data transmitted over the return path and keeping the volume independent from audience size, the system prevents the return pass capacity overload and provides an accurate measurement of any audience no matter how large or small it is.

Abstract: A push-up device has at least one tubular element, a spring means located inside the tubular element and providing a spring resistance, and a handle associated with the tubular element and a movable by a user against the spring resistance applied by the spring to provide exercising for a user.

Abstract: A system for protecting commercials included in a digitally distributed and recorded video that minimizes user's inconveniences resulting from restrictions imposed on playback of the video. The video is encrypted at the distributor side and playback of the encrypted video at the user side is limited in such a way that fast forward and reverse playing is not performed, and a lower limit is imposed on skip forward and backward so that only parts of video whose playing time is greater than the time of typical commercial break can be skipped. This arrangement prevents a user from selectively skipping commercials without missing pieces of program itself and thus discourages skipping when the user wants to watch an entire program, but still enables quick browsing before watching the entire program as well as moving fast to any part of the program for watching that part again.

Abstract: A method and system for concealing from an outside observer the source and destination of information transmitted over computer network. Two types of data packets are defined: content packets that are carrying application data, i.e. real information, and announcement packets that are carrying data providing delivery of content packets. A flow number is assigned to a flow of packets carrying specific application data from a source host to a destination host and the number is included in the content packet header instead of the source and destination addresses. Applying public/private key encryption to announcement packets, which are delivered according to the standard IP protocol, a network server provides the flow number to the source and destination hosts and each router along the path between them, thereby building an anonymous virtual circuit for delivery of application data.

Abstract: A data broadcast network with a return channel providing a guaranteed error-free data delivery simultaneously to multiple receiving devices. The network transmits data in packets and uses the return channel for audience measurement and packets recovery. Whenever a corrupted packet is detected, the multiple receiving devices play a kind of “lottery game” running generators of random numbers, and only “winners” submit retransmission requests over the return channel. While in the game each receiver acts on its own, it is advised by the sender on the audience size, i.e. the overall number of receivers. It allows setting the game so to limit the number of retransmission requests to just a few and to keep it independent from the audience size. The sender performs the audience measurement by transmitting packets with wrong error-checking values and evaluating receivers' responses.

Abstract: The invention is an Internet access system that puts together interactivity of the Internet and congestion-free content delivery inherent in broadcast media in order to reduce delays in content presentation. The system delivers any web object (web page, music file, video etc.) in two steps. First, a single copy of object is downloaded according to a standard Internet protocol into a server provided at a broadcast center no matter how many client computers have requested the object; then the copy is transmitted over a broadcast channel according to a data broadcast protocol so that all clients could download it simultaneously. A web object is transmitted as a flow of packets and the transmission is preceded with an announcement specifying a broadcast channel and a flow number. The packet header contains a flow number and a destination address that could be a client address or a broadcast address, thereby enabling an efficient handling of both one-to-one and one-to-many transmissions.

Abstract: A system of active protection system of objects has a central control panel, and at least one unit arrangeable on a protected object and including a target detection device, a protective ammunition connected with the target detection device, a device for moving the target detection device and the protective ammunition device, and a case accommodating the target detection device, the protective ammunition, and the moving out device, so that when the target detection device of the at least one unit detects a target, the ammunition of the at least one unit is moved out of the case and fired.

Abstract: A method evaluating a measuring electron microscope, comprising the steps of setting such modes of operation of a microscope, that will be used for subsequent measurements of sizes and line edge roughness; introducing a test-object which has a known straight edge into a chamber of objects of the microscope; orienting the test object on a stage of the microscope; scanning the test object with an electron beam; obtaining an image of the edge of the test object and saving the image in a digital form; localizing the edge of the test object and saving the image in a digital form; localizing the edge of the test object on the image on each line of scanning; producing storing a set of values of a coordinate X(i) which correspond to a position of the edge of an i-th line of scanning; approximating the sets of values X(i) with a straight line; calculating deviations P(I) of coordinates X(i) from a straight line on each line of scanning; analyzing a set of values of the deviations ?(i); calculating an ?ave and a maxima

Abstract: The invention is an Internet access system reducing Internet traffic and delays in content presentation. It puts together interactivity of the Internet and congestion-free content delivery inherent in broadcast radio and television. An access server located at a broadcast center receives clients requests for Internet objects (web pages, music files etc.) via a two-way medium, downloads from the Internet a single copy of that object no matter how many clients have requested the object and then retransmits the copy in a broadcast manner so that all clients requested the same object could download it simultaneously. The system provides a repeated transmission of objects in high demand to reduce interaction between Internet clients and access server while operating in two modes of content delivery: an immediate delivery on request and a planned delivery according to a schedule. In both modes users receive Internet content of their choice at the time of their choice.

Abstract: A system of sterilization of spaces and surfaces which includes a container having a plurality of walls which jointly define an inner chamber, a cover connected with the container turnably between an open position in which the inner chamber of the container is open and a closed position in which the inner chamber is closed; a plurality of compartments formed in the inner chamber and including a sprayer compartment; a mask compartment, a glove compartment, at least one encapsulant compartment, and a fungicide compartment which are separate from one another and do not communicate with one another; a uniform compartment provided in the cover; means for locking the cover with the container and unlocking the cover from the same; and elements for sterilization including a sprayer removably arranged in the sprayer compartment, a mask removably arranged in the mask compartment an encapsulant removably arranged in the at least one encapsulant compartment, a fungicide removably arranged in the fungicide compartment, at

Abstract: A universal friction tester for testing tribological properties of materials comprises a frame with a carriage sliding in vertical guides and supporting a slide moveable in a horizontal direction. The slide supports a stationary upper specimen, which engages a moveable lower specimen, located in a replaceable module attachable to a base plate of the frame. The modules may be of a rotary, reciprocating, a block-on-ring, or any other type, required for different test conditions. Testing can also be carried out with heating or with the supply of oil in the zone of contact between the specimens.

Abstract: The device of the invention is intended for measuring a loading force and a friction force in a tribological tester. The device consists of two deformation-sensitive sensors for simultaneous equal deformation in two opposite directions for eliminating misbalance created in the measurement system when a single sensor is used. Each sensor is a deformable beam having through longitudinal slots extending in different and non-parallel directions and overlapped within the body of the beam. The sensor deforms in one direction under the effect of a loading force measured by two pairs of strain gauges located on opposite sides of the beam near one end of the beam and in another direction under the effect of a friction force measured by another two pairs of strain gauges located on opposite sides of the beam near the other end of the beam.

Abstract: An apparatus for controlling a polishing process, in particular for detecting an end point of the polishing process, comprising a rotating platen with a pad, a rotating head that supports an object to be treated, e.g., a semiconductor wafer, and performs radial movements with respect to the platen, and an end-point control system comprising a plurality of groups of various sensing devices for detecting an end point of the process. In the illustrated embodiment one group of the sensing devices is a group of electrical-conductive elements located on the surface of the pad and connected via contact pins embedded in the material of the platen to respective resistance measurement unit. A second group of sensing elements is represented by capacitance probes having conductive elements on the surface of the pad and connected via contacts embedded in the body of the platen to the capacitance measurement unit.

Abstract: The invention provides a sputtering system which consists of an ion beam and a target of a sputterable material. A distinguishing feature of the system of the invention is that the sputtering target forms a guide channel for an ion beam and sputtered particles, so that a portion of the ions collides with the walls of the target inside a closed volume of the target and forms neutral sputterable particles impinging the object. The other part of the ions goes directly to the object and participates in an ion-assisted overcoating. Thus, the special form of the target improves efficiency of sputtering, prevents scattering and the loss of the sputterable material. The system can be realized in various embodiments. One of the embodiments provides a multiple-cell system in which each cell has an individual ion-emitting slit formed by the end of a cathode rod of one cathode plate and the opening in the second cathode plate.

Abstract: Purification of physiological liquids of organism is performed by passing a physiological liquid with toxicants removed from a patient through a material which has a size a shape, and a structure selected so as to remove toxic compounds in the molecular range of 300 to 30000 Dalton from the physiological liquid and which is composed of a porous hydrophobic divinylbenzene copolymer which initially has surface exposed vinyl groups in which thereafter the vinyl groups are chemically modified so as to form different surface exposed functional group.

Abstract: A method of producing a thermal generator has the steps of forming two working branches including a negative branch and a positive branch, so that at least one of the branches is composed of a non-porous semiconductor material, subdividing the one branch composed of semiconductor material into two sections, and providing between the two sections a semiconductor zone having a disordered structure so as to reduce heat conduction between a hot end and a cold end of the thermal generator due to the zone with the disordered structure.

Abstract: A double thread chain-stitch sewing machine with a platform containing a needle, a needle plate with a slot, a pressing leg, a looper and a toothed rack for transporting a material, characterized in that it additionally has autonomous disk-shaped cam thread tensioners for a top and a bottom thread and a pusher for the bottom thread installed with the possibility of executing an oscillating movement around its axis, and the looper is installed with the possibility of executing a rotary movement in a vertical plane, parallel to the stitch line and with the possibility of performing two revolutions per one cycle of movement of the needle and the pusher.

Abstract: A motor vehicle comprising a first vehicle having a vehicle body defining a first inner space and a first drive for driving the first vehicle, and a second vehicle having a second vehicle body defining a second inner space and having a second drive for driving the second vehicle, the vehicles being substantially identical with one another, and elements for connecting the vehicles with one another, the first and second vehicle bodies having openable and closeable parts which close the first and second inner spaces of the first and second vehicles correspondingly and are formed such that the parts can be closed, the connecting elements disconnected and the vehicles can be used separately, and also the parts can be opened so as to communicate the first inner space with the second inner space, the connecting parts connect the first and the second vehicles with one another, so that the first and second vehicles form a joint motor vehicle for joint driving.

Abstract: A device for holding a plurality of coins has outer sheets including at least one outer layer composed of transparent material, an intermediate layer arranged between the two outer sheets provided with a plurality of throughgoing openings for insertion of coins, and a unit for connecting the sheets with one another long edges of the sheets.