Abstract: Inter-electrode spacing in an electrolytic diaphragm cell is controlled by the attachment of a spacer to the anode edge which is closest to the cathode wall. In addition to providing the proper inter-electrode spacing the spacer serves as a guide for the anode during the positioning of an anode between adjacent diaphragm covered cathodes while assembling in cell. This minimizes damage to the diaphragm during assembly.

Abstract: An apparatus for depositing a fibrous diaphragm on electrodes having foraminous surfaces which includes a tank having a bottom and side walls. A dividing means, such as a rack, having a plurality of frames, each having a top edge, and side edges, is positioned in the tank. The rack may be attached along one of the side edges of the frames to one of the side walls of the tank or it may be secured to support members positioned on the bottom of the tank. The frames of the rack are spaced apart from each other by a distance related to the spacing between electrodes. The frames may have cross members joining the side edges and have rollers on the top edge and the cross members.The apparatus is suitably used in depositing a fibrous diaphragm on electrodes having a large surface area and narrow spacing between adjacent electrodes. The apparatus prevents bridging of the fiber between electrodes and also prevents adjacent electrodes from being drawn together during the application of a vacuum to deposit the diaphragm.

Abstract: Granular calcium hypochlorite particles having a core of calcium hypochlorite encapsulated in a plurality of layers of calcium hypochlorite are produced from an aqueous slurry of calcium hypochlorite by spraying a pumpable and sprayable slurry of calcium hypochlorite particles onto suspended particles of solid calcium hypochlorite above a moving bed of said particles in a fluidized bed. The solid particles coated with the slurry are heated to simultaneously evaporate and remove water from the slurry whereby said particles are coated with a layer of solid calcium hypochlorite.A portion of the moving bed of coated particles is removed from the spraying zone and further processed, if desired. In one embodiment, the coated particles with or without sizing are further dried to produce granular particles having the desired moisture content.

Abstract: An improved apparatus is provided for operating the sliding closure of a railroad hopper car in which the hopper has a discharge opening at its lower end. The sliding closure or gate has a pair of arms attached to and extending from the closure, a gear attached to each of the arms and an opening in at least one of the gears. The improved turning means for the gears includes an adapter for insertion in the opening in the gear, a holding means for the adapter, a worm gear mounted on the holding means and a worm mounted on a worm shaft for engaging the worm gear and a means for driving the worm shaft is provided. A housing is provided for the worm gear and adapter holding means and the turning means can be readily removed after use.The apparatus provides means for operating the closure without requiring manual force. The apparatus can be readily installed or removed and results in longer life for parts by reducing the frequency of replacement required.

Abstract: An electrode assembly is provided for use in electrolytic cells employing metal electrodes. The electrode assembly utilizes an electrode plate, an electrically-conductive surface and a conductive support having a first section attached to and substantially perpendicular to the electrode plate; and a second section substantially parallel to the electrode plate and attached to the first section and to the electrically-conductive surface.The electrode assembly is employed in electrolytic cells for producing chlorine and caustic soda or oxychlorine compounds by the electrolysis of alkali metal chloride solutions.

Abstract: An electrode assembly is provided for use in electrolytic cells employing metal electrodes. The electrode comprises two electrode surfaces, positioned in parallel and having a space between them, and at least one conductive support having one end attached substantially perpendicular to the electrode plate and having a section attached along a side of the electrode surface. This section has a portion having a curvature from about 2.degree. to about 30.degree. from an axis substantially perpendicular to the electrode plate.The electrode assembly is employed in electrolytic cells for producing chlorine and caustic soda or oxychlorine compounds by the electrolysis of alkali metal chloride solutions.

Abstract: The rapid removal of dissolved oxygen from aqueous solutions is accomplished by treating the solution with an effective proportion of a liquid organic hydrazine compound. The method of this invention is particularly useful in the removal of dissolved oxygen from aqueous solutions such as boiler water, thereby inhibiting corrosion of the metal surfaces of the boiler.

Abstract: An improved anode adjustment means for mercury cells is disclosed in which a plurality of worm gears are employed to adjust the height of a plurality of anodes attached to arms secured to a central anode support member which is operated by the plurality of worm gear apparatus. Utilization of this novel worm gear apparatus eliminates the need for individual adjustment of each anode in the cell and thereby minimizes the overall operating costs.

Abstract: A diaphragm cell is provided having a continuous net between the anodes and the diaphragm. The continuous net permits the minimum anode-cathode spacing to be employed while maintaining uniform anode-cathode spacing throughout the cell. In addition, the diaphragm is retained and prevented from adhering to the surface of the anodes.Employing the diaphragm cell of the present invention in the electrolysis of aqueous alkali metal halide brines results in lower electrical energy requirements and reduced operating costs.

Abstract: An improved method and apparatus for the measurement of amounts of free available chlorine in solution which is independent of the pH have been developed. The apparatus includes a sensing electrode, which is internally buffered and self-cleaning, and a reference electrode supported within a container. A potential measuring means is connected between the electrodes. The solution containing the available chlorine is introduced to the container through an inlet and is released through an outlet.The improvement comprises employing as the sensing electrode a porous conductive material having means for internally supplying a pH control solution.Employing the apparatus, residual amounts of an oxidizing or reducing agent in solution can be continuously measured, independent of the pH of the solution. In addition, the electrode surface is continuously cleansed by the pH control solution.

Abstract: A continuous process for the manufacture of calcium hypochlorite in which an aqueous slurry of lime and sodium hypochlorite is chlorinated in a mixing zone to form a sodium chloride solution containing large crystals of calcium hypochlorite which are readily separated and dried. The resulting solution containing some dissolved calcium hypochlorite is reacted with an alkali metal hydroxide to precipitate lime, which is separated and recycled to the mixing zone slurry. The lime-free solution may be used as bleach liquor or processed to precipitate solid salt useful in the preparation of brine. The remaining solution is recycled to the mixing zone slurry. Purification of fresh lime is also disclosed.The process provides an improved separation of calcium hypochlorite and sodium chloride, and recycles all solutions to minimize pollution of water resources.

Abstract: Calcium hypochlorite compositions, suitable for bleaching and sanitation uses, are provided which have improved resistence to exothermic decomposition. These novel compositions are granules comprised of a core of calcium hypochlorite encapsulated with a coating comprised of a mixture of calcium hypochlorite dihydrate and a water soluble inorganic salt which is non-reactive with and stable in contact with calcium hypochlorite. Generally the coating comprises from about 5 to about 60 percent by weight of each granule and the proportion of water soluble salt ranges from about 0.1 to about 15 percent by weight of each granule. The granular product also resists dusting and caking and has improved retention of its available chlorine on storage.

Abstract: A process for the production of methylene-bridged diaryl isocyanates by the reaction of .alpha.-halomethyl aromatic compounds with aromatic isocyanates in the presence of a catalyst. The catalyst comprises a metal salt of an aliphatic or cycloaliphatic organic acid where the metal is zinc, cadmium or mercury.Methylene-bridged diaryl isocyanates are suitably used in the production of polyurethane elastomers and foams.

Abstract: An adjustable electrode for use in electrolytic cells is provided. The electrode comprises two electrode surfaces positioned in parallel and having a space between them. A rotatable element is attached to each of the electrode surfaces. Upon rotation of the element, the space between the electrode surfaces may be varied. Variation in the space between electrode surfaces is desirable when assembling the electrodes in the cell and in providing the optimum gap between electrodes of opposite charge.The adjustable electrode is employed in cells for providing chlorine and caustic soda or oxychlorine compounds by the electrolysis of alkali metal chloride solutions.

Abstract: Selected methylene-bridged diaryl polyisocyanates are used as stabilizers in the production of high resilience polyurethane foam.

Abstract: An electrode is provided for use in electrolytic cells employing metal electrodes. The electrode comprises two electrode surfaces positioned in parallel and having a space between them: and at least two conductive supports one conductive support separately attached to each electrode surface and positioned in the space between the electrode surfaces. The conductive supports are also attached to and are substantially perpendicular to an electrode plate.The electrode assembly is employed in electrolytic cells for producing chlorine and caustic soda or oxychlorine compounds by the electrolkysis of alkali metal chloride solutions.